Chapter 9 Emerging Terrorist Environments Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence · Gender-selective political violence is the discriminate use of force purposely directed against males or females of a particular group. · It is the product of communal discord. · The degree of violence varies. Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence · Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men · During conflict and unrest. · Elimination of potential fighters. · Cases: · Armenian genocide. · German war against the Soviets. · Anfal campaign. · Rwandan genocide. · ISIS offensive. · Bosnia-Herzegovina · Cultural Repression and Violence · Women as second-class citizens. · Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia · Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. · Violent cultural repression of women. · Case: Honor killings. · Case: Female infanticide. · Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM). · Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations. · Terrorism Against Women · State terrorism against women. · Campaigns of conquest during wartime. · Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group. · Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.” · Case: The Bangladesh Liberation War · Dissident terrorism against women. · By insurgents or paramilitaries. · Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina. · Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990s. · Case: The Janjaweed in Sudan · Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence (continued) · Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism · No collective response until late 20th century. · 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. · 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Criminal Dissident Terrorism · The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus · Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels. · Common characteristics: · Secretive. · Antisocial. · Underground. · Smuggling and “special-order” goods. · Selling to the highest bidder. · Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction. · Traditional Criminal Enterprises · Motivated by sheer profit. · Politically passive when left alone. · Politically violent when challenged by governments. · Cases: · Chinese Triads. · Japanese Yakuza. · American La Cosa Nostra. · Columbian and Mexican drug cartels. · Russian Mafia. · Italian Mafia. · Southeast Asian drug lords. · The Logic of Narco-Terrorism · “The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.” · Drug-related violence. · Latin American narcotrafficantes. Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism · Latin America · Arrellano-Felix Group · Los Zetas · Columbia, FARC, and AUC · Peru’s Shining Path · Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism · Asia · Golden Crescent · Golden Triangle Cases: · Afghanistan · ISIS · Tamil Tigers · The Phillipines · Europe · Italian and Russian organized crime. · The “Balkan Route.” Chapter 8 Terrorist Spillovers ...

1. Chapter 9
Emerging Terrorist Environments
Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident
Terrorism
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-selective political violence is the discriminate use of
force purposely directed against males or females of a particular
group.
· It is the product of communal discord.
· The degree of violence varies.
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
· During conflict and unrest.
· Elimination of potential fighters.
· Cases:
· Armenian genocide.
· German war against the Soviets.
· Anfal campaign.
· Rwandan genocide.
· ISIS offensive.
· Bosnia-Herzegovina
· Cultural Repression and Violence
· Women as second-class citizens.
· Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia
· Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
· Violent cultural repression of women.
· Case: Honor killings.
· Case: Female infanticide.
· Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).
· Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.
· Terrorism Against Women
· State terrorism against women.
· Campaigns of conquest during wartime.

2. · Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
· Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”
· Case: The Bangladesh Liberation War
· Dissident terrorism against women.
· By insurgents or paramilitaries.
· Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
· Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990s.
· Case: The Janjaweed in Sudan
· Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
(continued)
· Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
· No collective response until late 20th century.
· 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda.
· 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal
for the Former Yugoslavia.
Criminal Dissident Terrorism
· The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
· Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.
· Common characteristics:
· Secretive.
· Antisocial.
· Underground.
· Smuggling and “special-order” goods.
· Selling to the highest bidder.
· Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.
· Traditional Criminal Enterprises
· Motivated by sheer profit.
· Politically passive when left alone.
· Politically violent when challenged by governments.
· Cases:
· Chinese Triads.
· Japanese Yakuza.
· American La Cosa Nostra.
· Columbian and Mexican drug cartels.
· Russian Mafia.

3. · Italian Mafia.
· Southeast Asian drug lords.
· The Logic of Narco-Terrorism
· “The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of
certain governments and terrorist organizations.”
· Drug-related violence.
· Latin American narcotrafficantes.
Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Latin America
· Arrellano-Felix Group
· Los Zetas
· Columbia, FARC, and AUC
· Peru’s Shining Path
· Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Asia
· Golden Crescent
· Golden Triangle
Cases:
· Afghanistan
· ISIS
· Tamil Tigers
· The Phillipines
· Europe
· Italian and Russian organized crime.
· The “Balkan Route.”
Chapter 8
Terrorist Spillovers
International Terrorism
Defining International Terrorism
· The Spillover Effect
· The struggle “spills over” into the international domain.
· Domestic attacks against victims with an international profile.
· Operations in a foreign country.

4. · Unambiguous International Implications
· International consequences must be clear.
· Case: Attacks on embassies.
· Case: Ship and aircraft hijackings
· Terrorist Environments and International Terrorism
· International state terrorism.
· International dissident terrorism.
· International religious terrorism.
· International left-wing terrorism.
· International right-wing terrorism.
· International criminal terrorism.
Reasons for International Terrorism
· Modern “isms” and International Revolutionary Solidarity
· Imperialism.
· Neocolonialism.
· Zionism.
· Perceived Efficiency
· Potential for maximum publicity.
· Potential for inflicting maximum psychological anxiety.
· Pragmatism.
· Adaptations of Revolutionary Theory
· Fish swimming in the sea of the people.
· Enraging the beast.
· Liberating violence.
· Historical Reasons
· Why terrorism is unacceptable:
· Western governments have adopted an ideology of democratic
justice as a norm.
· West was often a target.
· West recognizes accepted methods of warfarE
· Why terrorism is acceptable:
· Many anticolonial extremists became national leaders
· Terrorism was used as a matter of practical choice during
insurgencies
· Cffective fusion of ideology and warfare
International Terrorist Networks

5. · Cold War Terrorist-Networking Theory
· Western theory that Soviet proxies were the source of
international terrorism.
· Uncomplicated and simplistic scenario.
· International Terrorist Environments
· Monolithic.
· Strong multipolar.
· Weak multipolar.
· Cell-based.
International Dimension of the New Terrorism
· Movement Case: The Afghan Arabs at War
· Mujahideen in Bosnia
· Organization Case: Al Qa’ida and International Terrorism
· International cells
· Air France Flight 8969
· Singapore Plot
· Northwest Airlines Flight 253
Postscript: The “Stateless Revolutionaries
· Movements that have no particular home country that they
seek to liberate and no homeland to use as a base,
· The Japanese Red Army
· Al-Qa’ida
· Palestinian Nationalism