Chapter 9: Emerging Terrorism Environments, Gender Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism

1. Chapter 9:Chapter 9:
Emerging Terrorist EnvironmentsEmerging Terrorist Environments
Gender-Selective Political Violence &Gender-Selective Political Violence &
Criminal Dissident TerrorismCriminal Dissident Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

2. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

3.  Gender-Selective Terrorism Against MenGender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
 During conflict and unrest.During conflict and unrest.
 Elimination of potential fighters.Elimination of potential fighters.
 Cases:Cases:
 Armenian genocide.Armenian genocide.
 Anfal campaign.Anfal campaign.
 Rwandan genocide.Rwandan genocide.
 Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

4.  Cultural Repression and Violence Against WomenCultural Repression and Violence Against Women
 Women as second-class citizens.Women as second-class citizens.
 Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia.Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia.
 Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
 Violent cultural repression of women.Violent cultural repression of women.
 Case: Honor killings.Case: Honor killings.
 Case: Female infanticide.Case: Female infanticide.
 Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).
 Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

5.  Terrorism Against WomenTerrorism Against Women
 State terrorism against women.State terrorism against women.
 Campaigns of conquest during wartime.Campaigns of conquest during wartime.
 Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
 Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”
 Dissident terrorism against women.Dissident terrorism against women.
 By insurgents or paramilitaries.By insurgents or paramilitaries.
 Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
 Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990’s.Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990’s.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

6.  Responding to Gender-Selective TerrorismResponding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
 No collective response until late 20No collective response until late 20thth
century.century.
 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda.for Rwanda.
 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

7.  The Criminal and Political Terrorism NexusThe Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
 Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.
 Common characteristics:Common characteristics:
 Secretive.Secretive.
 Antisocial.Antisocial.
 Underground.Underground.
 Smuggling and “special-order” goods.Smuggling and “special-order” goods.
 Selling to the highest bidder.Selling to the highest bidder.
 Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

8.  Traditional Criminal EnterprisesTraditional Criminal Enterprises
 Motivated by sheer profit.Motivated by sheer profit.
 Politically passive when left alone.Politically passive when left alone.
 Politically violent when challenged by governments.Politically violent when challenged by governments.
 Cases:Cases:
 Chinese Triads.Chinese Triads.
 Japanese Yakuza.Japanese Yakuza.
 American La Cosa Nostra.American La Cosa Nostra.
 Russian Mafia.Russian Mafia.
 Italian Mafia.Italian Mafia. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

9.  The Logic of Narco-TerrorismThe Logic of Narco-Terrorism
 ““The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectivesThe use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives
of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”
 Drug-related violence.Drug-related violence.
 Latin AmericanLatin American narcotrafficantesnarcotrafficantes..
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

10.  AsiaAsia
 Golden CrescentGolden Crescent
 Golden Triangle.Golden Triangle.
 EuropeEurope
 Italian and Russian organized crime.Italian and Russian organized crime.
 The “Balkan Route.”The “Balkan Route.”
 Latin AmericaLatin America
 Drug cartels.Drug cartels.
 Cases: Colombia. Mexico. Peru.Cases: Colombia. Mexico. Peru.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016