Chapter 7 Violent Ideologies Terrorism from the Left and Right The Classical Ideological Continuum · From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe · Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies. · Far-left: Radical and extreme interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent. · Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role. · Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies. · Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government intervention. · Far-right: Strong and extreme adherence to social order and tradition. · Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority. · Ideologies and Ideals · Ideologies: Systems of belief. · Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control. · Propaganda by the deed. · Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat. · Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-communist belief in law and order. · Often ethnocentric and militaristic. Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism · Class Struggle · Orthodox Marxism. · Relationship to the “means of production.” · Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat. · Leftist Nationalism · Selective application of Marxist theory. · Rooted in Cold War rivalries. · Wars of national liberation. · Special-Interest Extremism · Single-issue terrorism. · Cases: Environmentalism and peace movements. · Problems on the Radical Left · Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world. · Infighting about the revolutionary party. · Soviet versus developing world Communism. · Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary consciousness. The Terrorist Left · Case: Latin America · Colombia · FARC · National Liberation Army · Peru · Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) · Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) · Argentina · Montoneros · Case: Europe · Italy · The Red Brigade · Years of Lead · Germany · Red Army Faction · June 2nd Movement · Northern Ireland · Provisional Irish Republican Army · Irish National Liberation Army Right-Wing Activism and Extremism · Political Parties and Dissident Movements · Reflect the distinctive features of national environments. · Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America. · Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements. · Tradition and Order · Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.” · Scapegoating enemy groups. · Right-Wing Nationalism · Notion of a superior national group or race. · Loyalty to the superior group. · Subordination of inferior groups. · Religion and Mysticism · Not universal traits on the reactionary right. · Common in America. · Less common in Europe or Latin America. · The Terrorist Right · Case: Europe · Germany · Usually street-level confrontations. · Italy · Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups. · Turkey · Grey Wolves. · Northern Ireland · Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) Violent Ideologies ...

1. Chapter 7
Violent Ideologies
Terrorism from the Left and Right
The Classical Ideological Continuum
· From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
· Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist
or other leftist ideologies.
· Far-left: Radical and extreme interpretations of Marxist or
other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.
· Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights.
Expectation of positive government role.
· Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.
· Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government
intervention.
· Far-right: Strong and extreme adherence to social order and
tradition.
· Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in
ethnonationalist or religious superiority.
· Ideologies and Ideals
· Ideologies: Systems of belief.
· Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.
· Propaganda by the deed.
· Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of
the proletariat.
· Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-communist belief in law
and order.
· Often ethnocentric and militaristic.
Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism
· Class Struggle
· Orthodox Marxism.
· Relationship to the “means of production.”
· Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.
· Leftist Nationalism

2. · Selective application of Marxist theory.
· Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
· Wars of national liberation.
· Special-Interest Extremism
· Single-issue terrorism.
· Cases: Environmentalism and peace movements.
· Problems on the Radical Left
· Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.
· Infighting about the revolutionary party.
· Soviet versus developing world Communism.
· Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary
consciousness.
The Terrorist Left
· Case: Latin America
· Colombia
· FARC
· National Liberation Army
· Peru
· Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
· Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
· Argentina
· Montoneros
· Case: Europe
· Italy
· The Red Brigade
· Years of Lead
· Germany
· Red Army Faction
· June 2nd Movement
· Northern Ireland
· Provisional Irish Republican Army
· Irish National Liberation Army
Right-Wing Activism and Extremism
· Political Parties and Dissident Movements
· Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.
· Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.

3. · Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.
· Tradition and Order
· Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”
· Scapegoating enemy groups.
· Right-Wing Nationalism
· Notion of a superior national group or race.
· Loyalty to the superior group.
· Subordination of inferior groups.
· Religion and Mysticism
· Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
· Common in America.
· Less common in Europe or Latin America.
·
The Terrorist Right
· Case: Europe
· Germany
· Usually street-level confrontations.
· Italy
· Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
· Turkey
· Grey Wolves.
· Northern Ireland
· Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
Violent Ideologies in the New Era
· The “New Terrorism”
· Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” terrorism.
· The Terrorist Left in the New Era
· Defeat of the urban guerrillas.
· A few remaining “rebels in the hills.”
· Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.
· The Terrorist Right in the New Era
· Continued scapegoating.
· Rightist reactions to unpopular agendas.
Chapter 6

4. Violence in the Name of the Faith
Religious Terrorism
Primary and Secondary Motives: The Idiosyncratic Quality of
Religious Terrorism
· Understanding Jihad as a Primary Motive
· Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right.
· Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.
· The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a Secondary
Motive
· Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.
· Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.
Historical Cases
· Judeo-Christian Antiquity
· Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.
· Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.
· Christian Crusades
· A series of Western Christian military campaigns.
· Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.
· The Assassins
· Founded in 11th-century Persia to purify the faith.
· Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.
· A Secret Cult of Murder
· Thuggee cult in 13th to 19th century India.
· Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.
· Modern Arab Nationalism and the Rise of Islamist Extremism
· A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.
· Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural
differences.
· Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda
· Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.
· Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.
State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism
· National Case: Iran

5. · Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.
· Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian
Islamists.
· Regional Case: Pakistan and India
· Hindu–Muslim conflict.
· Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).
· Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple
massacre.
Dissident Religious Terrorism
· Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East
· Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
· Cases: Grand Mosque, Hebron Mosque, Rabin Assassination
· Movement Case: The International Mujahideen
· Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.
· Organization Case: The Al-Qa’ida Network
· A movement and loose network.
· Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.
· Belief that Islamist armed resistance is required.
· Nation-Building Case: The Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant
· Goal is to reestablish the Caliphate.
· Aggressive asymmetrical warfare
· Case: The Abu Sayyaf Group.
· National Case: Boko Haram in Nigeria
· Sectarian conflict in northeast Nigeria.
· Boko Haram’s opposition to Western influence.
· Transnational Case: The Algerian Jihadis
· Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.
· Violent Islamist uprising.
· Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in Iraq
· Sectarian conflict between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.
· Presence of Al-Qa’ida inspired Sunni Islamists.
· Backlash by Shi’a majority.
· Cult Case: Aum Shinrikyō
· Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.
· At peak, 9,000 members in Japan and 40,000 worldwide.

6. · March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.
· 5,000–6,000 people were injured.
The Future of Religious Terrorism
· Extremist religious propaganda cannot be prevented
· A new generation of Islamist extremists has been primed.
· Al-Qa’ida has become more than an organization; it evolved to
become a symbol and ideology.
· ISIS has become a symbol and inspiration for resurgent
violence by Islamist extremists
· The jihadi movement has become a globalized phenomenon
· Christian extremists continue to promote a religious
motivation for the war on terrorism