1881 Russian Pogroms

1881 Russian Pogroms
The Russian Pogroms of 1881 were a series of devastating events in Eastern European Jewish history. The 1881 pogroms immediately followed the
assassination of Czar Alexander II. Due to industrialization, the Russian government plunged into turmoil, and the masses were living impoverished
and discontented lives. The assassins were a radical group called Narodnaya Volya, consisting entirely of Atheists, only one who was born Jewish.
Anti–Semitic groups claimed the Jews were the ones who killed Czar Alexander II. Riots ensued: Jewish homes and businesses were destroyed, and
people were killed and injured. Historians debate whether the 1881 pogroms were really just a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of Czar
Alexander II, or whether they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the newspapers were an important ingredient in preparing for the pogroms and adding to the anti–Semitic feeling of the times, they do not
support any master plan nor government approval. Multiple articles in the Novorossisski Telegraf never call for physical violence against the Jews.
They specifically say to fight the Jewish exploitation with money, not with violence. Rumors were a way of life in Russia and not part of a master plan
by the government. In fact, Kutaisov writes when investigating the pogroms, "because of the government's faulty communication with the people,
rumors would circulate..." (93–94). Aronson supports the spontaneity of the pogroms by showing how the pogroms mostly occurred on a religious
holiday or a Sunday when there was a lot of drinking and when religious feelings were high. It's much easier for violence to break out at these times.
Also, the pogroms never occurred on any rumored dates. Aaronson further states that there was not a specific pattern to all the pogroms. There was not
as much uniformity as previously believed. The time frame and the amount of damage differed from pogrom to pogrom. Although many of the
pogroms were the predictable three days, the three days were only because most of the time the pogrom broke out in the afternoon, the military then
arrived by the next day and only was able to stop the pogrom the following day. Aaronson agrees that the government's inaction perpetuated the pogroms
but their inaction was not because they organized the pogroms. The government was ill equipped and couldn't handle the large urban centered
pogroms. They had only previously dealt with small peasant rural uprisings. In
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The Melting Pot Play Summary
The Melting Pot by Israel Zangwill is a four–act play that speaks about immigration, assimilation, fusion, pluralism, prejudice, and discrimination. A
main character of the play is David Quixano who immigrated to the non–Jewish boroughs of New York. However, David is Jewish and escaped from
Russia. The other main character of the play is Vera Revenda. Vera is a Christian who also came from Russia. When David and Vera speak out
about their love for one another, their families both disapprove because of who one another are. Similar to Romeo and Juliet, Israel Zangwill
produced a play but with a happy alternative ending. The feud between these two families is due to Vera's father who was responsible for the death
of David's family in a pogrom. A pogrom is an organized massacre of the Jewish people in Russia. It was in a pogrom that David lost his sister and
mother, causing a great tension... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immigrants are defined as people who come to a foreign country to live permanently. People can immigrate for many of different reasons. During the
period that this play was written many immigrants were coming to America to establish new lives, which included religious freedom, escaping famine,
escaping death, or better wages of profits. David Quixano and his grandmother Frau Quixano immigrated to the United States to escape the pogroms
that were happening in Russia. Whereas, Vera and her family immigrated to the United States after being under the notice of Czar's police. While
each family member of this play adjusted differently this is, something all immigrates had to do. Some immigrants like David had an optimistic look
on coming to America. However, Frau was living the same life she did while in Russia and wanting no changes. Vera who initial was very prejudice
overcame her Christian and family ties, whereas David overcame his traumatic memories of his

Analysis Of. Shapiro 's ' The Cross ' And ' Images On A...
Lamed Shapiro's "The Cross" tells the story, in vivid and disturbing detail, of a Russian Jewish man who is attacked in a pogrom, alongside his
estranged mother, and is branded on the forehead with a cross by his attacker. Blume Lempel's "Images on a Blank Canvas" tells another story, in
equally vivid and disturbing detail, of a woman mourning the death of her friend, a prostitute who committed suicide. In these two stories, there is one
striking similarity: The survivor is portrayed by the non–survivor. In "The Cross," the Russian Jew is depicted by his mother as the brutally murdered
non–survivor of a pogrom. In "Images on a Blank Canvas," Blume Lempel, the survivor, is depicted by her fallen friend Zosye. Through the depictions
of survivors by non–survivors, Shapiro and Lempel are able to unpack the trauma stemming from a pogrom and a suicide and its effects on the
survivors. "The Cross" begins with Shapiro's description of the man who would become, simultaneously, the survivor and non–survivor. Shapiro, after
noticing the man's physical features, sizes up his forehead: "Then I saw his wide forehead. It was marked with a sharply cut brown cross, a shallow
wound–two knife cuts, crossing each other." This simple declaration at the beginning of the story foreshadows the fate of the man with the cross, and
allows Shapiro to lead us into the riveting body of the story, a flashback into his unnerving past. The man's own confession – "...I've been an outsider
for years now" –

Kristallnacht: The Night Of Broken Glass
Kristallnacht, also known as the November Pogroms or The Night of Broken Glass, is a dramatic and violent moment in history that would lead to
anti–Semitic laws in Germany and the Holocaust. The Night of Broken Glass was the night of November 9–10, 1938 (Berenbaum). During
Kristallnacht, synagogues were burned, Jewish businesses were vandalized, and Jewish homes were pillaged (Berenbaum). Jews were blamed and fined
for the November Pogroms, which was only the beginning of the punishment that German–Jews would receive (Staff). Caused by a young man
distraught at being exiled by his own country, The Night of Broken Glass is one of the most violent and destructive things that a country has ever
done to itself; this night played a large role in WWII and the Holocaust. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Later that fall, the 17–year–old Polish Jew learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents from Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family
had lived for years; as retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated young man fatally shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat (Staff). Rath died
two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral (Staff). This event was dramatized and lead to an attack on Jews and their property in
Germany, annexed Austria, and parts of Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia of November 9–10, 1938, which was led by Nazi storm troopers, the SS, and
the Hitler Youth (Kristallnacht). After the pogroms had ended, the night was blamed on the German–Jewish population and they were fined four
hundred million U.S. dollars (Staff). This tragic event had an impact not only on Germany, but on many other

Not Like Us : Immigrants And Minorities
Daniels, Roger. Not like Us: Immigrants and Minorities in America, 1890–1924. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997.
In his book, Not Like Us: Immigrants and Minorities in America, 1890–1924, Roger Daniels explores the true history of American nativism in a time
period where immigrants entered the country in greater numbers than ever before, or since. Instead of focusing on politics or economic growth at the
turn of the twentieth century, Daniels instead discusses the social context of the time and the treatment of immigrants and minorities. Born in New
York City and educated at both the University of Houston and UCLA, Daniels holds a Ph.D. in History, is the Charles Phelps Taft Professor at the
University of Cincinnati, and has written several books on the matters of race and ethnicity.
In Chapter 4 of his book, which is aptly titled "Postwar Passions", Daniels chooses to focus on the experiences of African–Americans in the post–WWI
era, specifically focusing on race riots that occurred during the "Red Summer" of 1919. (104) There is a long–standing history of racial discord
between whites and African–Americans, but the post–WWI years are a unique time. It has been more than fifty years since slavery has been abolished,
but it will still take another forty plus years before discrimination on the basis of race is made illegal in America. Industrialization after the turn of the
century and blatant racism in the South led to the migration of millions of African–Americans to northern

Letter To Brin's Pogroms
Dear Diary I am writing to you this day of December 19, 1909 that my Papa Said would be a good hobby for me and would also help in my new
language that I am learning in class which is English. He said that this would help our family in the future I have a feeling that due to the latest
pogroms that are happing here in Poland that our family might need to relocate to where our cousin have gone 3 years ago someplace west I forgot the
name of. Tonight there was a terrible commotion outside there were two men on horseback riding thru our community and shooting their pistols in the
Air they were shouting racist and Anti Semite remarks my dad then decided that it was time to go.
We boarded a Tramp Steamer for America and Spent two long weeks traveling

Holocaust Research Paper
In New York, United States a new wave of Jewish refugees is going to create a new American identity among society. To the skepticism of the grand
percent of the Jewish community, America was indeed the gateway from dictatorship, prejudice, persecution, and death to Jews. An impressive 85% of
Jews have experienced or witnessed anti–Semitic remarks at some point in their lives, according to a poll by the World Zionist Organization's
International Center for Countering Anti–Semitism. During the early 20th century, Jews are going to experience hardships in their daily life that will
force them to evacuate or adapt to new rules. Peter Knight expresses in his book that during the nineteenth century American Jews "rarely [experienced]
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jews in Russia were forced into the Pale. Meanwhile, in the United States, a group of Jews established the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society which
provided immigrants with clothing, shelter, and other necessities. Jews were drawn to the big cities in search of opportunities for a better livelihood
(Feinstein Oct/12/2017). Consequently, the First and Second Aliyah to Palestine represented an open gate to new possibilities in Israel. However, the
Second Aliyah was a combination of both Zionist sentiment and the violence that was ongoing in the Czar Empire. The Zionist movement had the
chance of infusing the sentiment of a homeland once Russia became more restrictive and discriminatory against the Jewish community. According to
the Ministry of Aliyah and Integration, the Second Aliyah immigrants established several kibbutzim and strengthen the Hebrew language. Some
immigrants settled in what is known now as Tel Aviv and other decided to move across the Atlantic to the United States. By 1903, the Kishinev
pogrom kills 49 Jews and wounds 92 during a massive attack against the Jews that got international attention. This pogrom was a key event that
motivated Jews from leaving Russia for the Palestine or West.
In response to the violence, economic distress, and legalized oppression Jews from all over came to the United States as an escape of a powerless
lifestyle. United States, the land of the free, is going to receive a

The Right Of Selling Articles
their own work. This restriction looks simple enough but is was used, for example, to restrict the sale of anything if the packaging was not made by the
seller. A licensed guild merchant did not give them the right of selling articles not of their manufacture.
Residence
After the Polish partitions, Russia inherited 2 million Jews. The government restricted these Jews residence in only 25 political districts, called the
Pale of the settlement, with few exceptions. Russia established this Jewish area after partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) Territorial divisions
of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Unequal Punishment
Jews were liable for more severe punishments than non–Jews for committing the same offenses.
Pogroms
Pogrom ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The latter were arrested because they ventured to stay near their homes. The following morning, the Christians were released and allowed to swell the
ranks of the pillaging mob, while the Jews were kept in jail until the following day and freed only when the governor arrived.
On the following day, March 30, at four 4:00 am, the leader of the ruffians summoned five thousand armed peasants, who proceeded to finish the job
of the day before. The police and fire brigades helped them as reconnaissance and spy operatives.
The police did nothing. Accordingly, The pogrom of Balta was not by the mere inactivity of the police, but the actual direct activity of the local
authorities.
The result. Forty Jews dead; one hundred, seventy slightly wounds. . There were more than twenty cases of rape. Many Jews, particularly the women
became insane from fright.
There was considerable damage of houses, dwellings, stores, etc. from fire and looting. Indeed, the aftermath of this pogrom resulted in more than
fifteen thousand people without shelter or livelihood.
The material damage and dislocation were great; loss of life and casualties relatively minimal.
Prior to the May Laws, there were stirrings to emigrate from Russia, be it Palestine or another country. Russian officials in charge of Jewish Affairs
stated that the "Western frontier" held an escape for the Jews. The Russian–Jewish press

Pogrom Research Paper
Pogroms: Pogroms are violent riots that are often aimed at a massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews.
They are commonly associated with Nazi Germany, although anti–Jewish massacres have been known to take place long before the 20th century. The
Fez Massacre, Granada Massacre, Crusades, Rintfleisch Massacre, and Black Death accusations are just the beginning of persecutions of Jews in what
we would call a pogrom. More than one government or ideological group executed these horrendous acts. The pogrom we talked about most during
class is one called, Kristallnacht. Ninety–one Jews were killed, and over 30,000 were arrested. However, the terror didn't stop there. Almost 1,000
synagogues were burned, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clair expedition. Since then, Congress has authorized the investigations of hundreds of Congressional matters. Some of the most notable Congressional
investigations include probes into KKK activities, the sinking of the Titanic, and of course, Wall Street banking practices. Of course the most
memorable investigation is that which is now known as the Watergate scandal under President Nixon. Alleged malfeasance that took place in the
executive branch was the main cause of the probe. It was instrumental in bringing about the resignation of President Nixon. The process of a
Congressional investigation is quite lengthy in nature. For the most part, each select, or special committee enables the investigations. Depending upon
the scope of the inquiry and identity, information can be found accordingly. Though congressional investigations are fairly common, they do face
challenges. Such trials include the executive branch's refusal to cooperate, and the misusage of probes due to partisan politics. Historically,
congressional investigations are an important oversight tool that is protected as an implied congressional power. Below is a photo of Representative
Trey Gowdy, chair of the Select Committee on Benghazi, during a Congressional

Essay On Asylum In Russia
Throughout history, Russians have left their homeland to apply for asylum in other countries. A large number of Russians came to the US to apply for
asylum during the 1980s and the 1990s because of all the problems occurring in the Soviet Union and the freedom that the US offered. The main issues
that took place in Russia included Jewish persecution and pogroms. Although they endured a tough life in their homeland, Russians came to the US
with hopes of being granted asylum. Luckily, many Russians were granted asylum, so they could live a free, successful life in the US.
The main reason why Russians have left their homeland was because of Jewish persecution. During the 1980s and the 1990s, the Jewish religion was
forbidden to be practiced in the Soviet Union, along with a few other religions. Russia consists of one of the world's largest Jewish communities, so
many Jews living in Russia were discriminated against and faced prejudice. Jews living in the Soviet Union were under strict government control. For
example, Hebrew study was banned and printing Jewish calendars was prohibited. In addition, it was forbidden to print Jewish books. In fact, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because Russia has a high population of Jews, pogroms usually happened. Although pogroms were more common throughout the 19th century, they
often occurred during the 1980s. Anti–Jewish feelings still existed, so pogroms would be set up to severely attack Jewish populations. As a result of
the violent pogroms, Jews were injured and killed. Also, Jewish communities, businesses, and synagogues were either destroyed, burned down, or
vandalized. Jews didn't feel safe in Russia due to all of the pogroms occurring. This well founded fear of being severely punished for belonging to a
certain religion was formed by both Jewish persecution and pogroms. Many Russian Jews left their homeland, seeking for freedom of religion in
different countries. (The Jews in

The Impacts Of The Holocaust And The Holocaust
The Holocaust, a genocide which lasted from 1942 to 1945 in which around 6 million European Jewish people were killed, was the result of the Ideals
of the the past chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler. Hitler came into power by capitalising on world–wide events such as the great depression in 1929
resulting from the Wall Street crash. He began spreading his ideals of anti–semitism to the German population in preparation for the 'Final Solution',
which became known as the Holocaust with the assistance of propaganda, violence, and an economic boycott. Most of the impacts resulting from his
methods proved to be extremely valuable to the success of the preparation as they efficiently and effectively brainwashed a hateful image of the Jewish
population into the minds of the German people and aligned them with Hitler's ideals of anti–Semitism. However, some of his methods did were not
valuable to preparing the German people as they were not able to depict a hateful image of the Jews.
Propaganda was arguably one of the most effective ways for ideas to be spread around rapidly, In his autobiography, Mien Kampf, Hitler states:
"Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people..... Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint of an idea and makes them
ripe for the victory of this idea." It shows that Hitler understood the effectiveness of propaganda and used it to spread his anti–Semitist ideals towards
the German people to create a negative image of the Jewish

Pogroms Of 1881 Analysis
For many years, it was widely accepted that the Russian pogroms of 1881 were organized attacks towards the Jews spearheaded by the Russian
government. This conspiracy theory was created by historians of the time. Historians living during the time of these disastrous heinous pogroms looked
for an instigating hand behind the pogroms. In May of 1881, L. Schloss in a meeting of the Anglo–Jewish association stated "it was impossible that
outrages could take place, and last in some instances more than 24 hours, in a country which bristled so with police and soldiery as Russia, without the
authorities winked at them for their own purposes (Klier 384)." The Levin Memorandum in 1882 summed up the conspiracy theory. Levin said what
the contemporary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Klier supports the theory that the 1881 pogroms were an ethnic riot. He writes, "ethnic identity creates boundaries and divisions between "us" and "the
other" (p. 79)." In Eastern Europe, Jews were not only different based on their religion, they were different in their entirety. They wore different
clothes, had different occupations, lived in different areas, spoke different languages, and followed different holidays. In the years prior to the
pogroms, there was a true dislike of the Jews by the government and the people. The Jews were treated as a separate class, a different people. Klier
discusses the anti–jewish policies of Tsar Nicholas I and then the liberalization of some of these policies under Tsar Alexander II. The new policies
by Tsar Alexander II actually led to increased debate over the Jewish question and increased "Judeophobia." By 1881, the differences between the
Jews and non Jews were accentuated not only by government legislation, but also by economics as some Jews were starting to flouish, rumors, and
newspapers. The ultimate transgression that led to the pogroms was the rumor that it was the Jews that murdered the Tsar! In the first pogrom of 1881
in Elisavetgrad, the incident that triggered the start of the pogrom was a brawl in a tavern that started the shouts, "The Jews are beating our people!" The

The, Gift Of God 's Grace
Chapter 17 Assignment #3 (Ryan Cho) 17.3
Joseph II of Austria, Toleration Patent 1781, pogroms, Pietism, John Wesley, Methodism, "gift of God's grace"
1)Joseph II of Austria. Joseph II of Austria was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790, and served as ruler of Habsburg from 1780 to
1790. Joseph strongly emphasized an enlightened version of absolutism, which gained him much needed support at the time. During his tenure, Joseph
sough truly radical changes in government through Enlightenment ideas. His commitment to modernizing reforms, although, endangered him and
allowed significant opposition to gain power against him. For that reason, he never fully implemented his plans of absolutism, as he died without an
heir to the throne.
2)Toleration Patent 1781. The Toleration Patent of 1781, also known as the Edict of Toleration, was an edict that was issued in 1781 by Joseph II of
Austria. The edict allowed members of minority faiths (not of Christianity, for example, Protestant religions) to perform religious practices without
being persecuted. This was very important for minority faiths it finally allowed them religious freedom and separation from the Church, which led to
the growth of Protestant populations
3)Pogroms. A pogrom is a somewhat organized, and violent riot or massacre aimed against a specific group or ethnicity. One, for example, was aimed
specifically at the Jews. The word pogroms spread and was entered the dictionary because of the countless

Detroit's Rebellious History
Detroiter or Philosopher?
A Closer Look into Detroit's Rebellious History
I received the opportunity to interview one of my father's close friends and business partners, Mr. Joseph E. Hutchison Sr., for the purposes of exploring
how he perceived the Detroit riots of 1697. Mr. Hutchison is an African American man, which has lived in multiple neighborhoods throughoutDetroit
all his life, and has raised a family in the city as well. Furthermore, Mr. Hutchison has a funeral home on Detroit's East Side, which has been thriving
for more than forty–years. Moreover, he has a love for the city, no matter what condition the city is in. Pursuing this idea further, Hutchison has
experienced about three race riots throughout his life, in which he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hutchison, so that I could understand what his early life was like. This aided me in examining the effects of the riots on his perception of Detroit,
as well as his life after the rebellion. Some useful background information about Mr. Hutchison is that he was born and raised in the city of Detroit,
as well as raising a family within the city, and starting Hutchison Funeral Home on the East Side of Detroit. When I asked about his first job in
Detroit, he explained that he provided multiple services throughout his neighborhood, such as a paper route, scrubbing floors, and carrying
groceries. I thought it would be beneficial to know about what time Mr. Hutchison moved out of his childhood home, he replied, "On Elmhurst St.
That's Central Detroit." I then inquired about his age around the time of the riots, and he explained," Take your calculator out *laughs* I was born
in 1932; 42, 52, 62... About 35/36 years of age." Mr. Hutchison explained that around the time of the riots, he was a working man as well as a family
man, and did not go out often, nor did he participate in the riots. In addition to this, I asked Mr. Hutchison what his work life was like in the 1960's,
he responded, "I was working for the Excel Corporation. They made aircraft parts."1 then asked him about what the racial demographic of this
corporation, and he explained, "Basically Caucasians." Finally, I asked about the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood that himself

The Change in Status and Position of Jews in Russia,...
The Change in Status and Position of Jews in Russia, France and Germany in the Years 1880–1920 Throughout history Jews have been persecuted. I
am going to write about how their status and position changed from 1880 to 1920 in the countries France, Russia and Germany. Anti–Semitism, the
persecution of Jews, was introduced centuries before the year 1880. In Ancient times Jews were used as slaves by the Egyptian's, the Babylonian's
and the Roman's. In many countries Jewish temples, synagogues were destroyed and Judaism was banned. As Christianity grew so did the persecution
of Jews. Christians blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus Christ and the Bible calls the Jews, 'The children of the Devil'. Many... Show more content on
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This cleared his debt. The Crusades war also proved a huge problem for European Jews. The Crusaders were Christian's travelling from Northern
Europe to Jerusalem to fight in the Holy War. On the way they stopped at towns around Europe and massacred many Jews, in some cases the
Archbishop of that town tried to stop the Crusaders, only to fail. Anti–Semitism was originated long before 1880 and was not invented by Adolf Hitler.
In France Jews had been treated fairly by Napoleon; he freed many ghettos that were occupied by Jews, they were also given full civil rights before
any other European country, in the late 18th Century. It was even the earliest country in Europe to have Jewish cabinet ministers; the first time a Jew
entered the cabinet was in 1848. Many other countries did not allow Jews into the cabinet until the 20th Century, including Britain. Unfortunately, all
this deteriorated because of two scandals that happened near the end of the 19th Century. In 1880 a canal was to be built linking the Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans, which was to be called the Panama Canal. French people invested a lot of money into the scheme, but the plan had too many
problems and by 1889 lots of money had been lost. It was found the money had been used to bribe politicians into supporting the canal in public. Then
it was found many of the

Racism And Hate Exposed In The Pogrom Against The Jews
In the Pogrom against the Jews, there is an incredible underlying tone of pure hate and racism. Clearly they do not wish to taint the "Russian Blood"
that makes up their civilization. The thought of any Jews interrupting their day of the lord on Easter was greatly frowned upon and would likely result
in a massacre according to the script. A sense of irony is present when they talk about theJews and their hatred towards them and their lord and savior,
when he himself was a Jew. They strongly believed that any other race or religion that came into their country would taint everything that their
hard–working Christians had built up. They had a very specific way that they all Intended to run Russia and keep its political status. The center of

The Holocaust And The Holocaust
The Holocaust was a genocide which lasted from 1942 to 1945 in which around 6 million European Jewish people were killed. It was the result of
the Ideals of the past chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler. Hitler came to power in 1933 by capitalising on worldwide events such as the great
depression in 1929 resulting from the Wall Street crash. He began spreading his ideas of anti–Semitism to the German population in preparation for the
'Final Solution' with the assistance of distribution methods like propaganda, violence, and an economic boycott. Most of the impacts resulting from his
methods proved to be extremely valuable to the success of the preparation as they efficiently and effectively carved a hateful image of the Jewish
population into the minds of the German people and aligned them with Hitler's ideas of anti–Semitism. However, some of his methods were not
valuable to prepare the German people as they were not able to depict a strong enough bias against the Jews.
Propaganda was arguably one of the most effective ways for ideas to be spread around rapidly, this was shown in Hitler's autobiography, Mien
Kampf, in which he states: "Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people..... Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint
of an idea and makes them ripe for the victory of this idea." It shows that Hitler understood the effectiveness of propaganda and utilised it to spread his
anti–Semitist ideas towards the German people to create a negative image of the Jewish population. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Webpage states that the Nazi propagandists "exploited pre–existing images and stereotypes, and portrayed Jews as an "alien race" that fed off the host
nation, poisoned its culture, seized its economy, and enslaved its workers and farmers." This hateful depiction of the Jewish people was enough to
create fire in the minds of the German population and drove them into an anti–Semitic frenzy, resulting in the German people expressing their rage
against the Jews through violent means. The impact on the German people that was created by the slanderous depictions of Jews was extremely
valuable to prepare them for the Holocaust, as the hatred for the Jews was so deeply

The And Collective Anti Semitic Violence
Collective acts of violence during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century became more prominent and apparent since the Civilizing
Process meant that violence was no longer an inherent part of everyday life. Ideology, namely, 'a historically rooted, descriptive and normative mental
map of both the way the world works and the way the world should work' , played a prominent role in influencing collective violence. This essay will
focus primarily on pogroms and collective anti–Semitic violence in order to gain a more in depth understanding of collective violence. Anti–Semitism
works particularly well to understand collective violence since it occurred throughout Europe, without being specific to one particular country or...
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One of the main reasons for anti–Semitic collective violence was the fear of the outsider. Jews as the minority group were often seen as a threat to
nationality, and attacking them became a symbolic way of strengthening patriotism during times of political upheaval. In Eastern Europe, the onset of
the Russian Revolution meant that anything that was deemed un–Russian was perceived as a threat. When examining the 1905 pogrom in Odessa it
becomes clear that the political developments during 1905 created a polarization of political opinions . The course of actions leading to the pogrom,
with riots and demonstrations either for or against the Tsarist regime created tension, eventually leading to the pogrom. Jewish resentment began with
the belief that they were not contributing to the Russo–Japanese war, and was strengthened by blaming Jews for being responsible for the cities'
disorders. It is clear that political unrest felt before the Russian Revolution worked as a trigger for attacking a group that was ideologically deemed an
outsider and a threat. The LwГіw pogrom of 1918 similarly had elements of political polarity that acted as an immediate cause of the pogrom . With the
end of the First World War, the communist revolution and the battle for independence between the Ukrainians and the Poles, all cultural and ethnic
outsiders immediately became perceived as enemies . Jewish neutrality

Socialist Jews Confront The Pogroms Summary
Some thing that I found interesting in the reading Socialist Jews Confront the Pogroms was that the Jewish intelligentsia would abandon their own
people and disregard their struggles. Secondly, I found it interesting that the Russian intelligentsia would ignore the pogroms and not do anything about
them, they even started supporting them. I found these two things to be interesting because it would be more beneficial to the Russian Socialist to
have more people in their revolution regardless of who they were. This would also help further move their agenda along, which was to help the middle
class, which a majority of Jews were apart of as well. Some reasonings as to why the Pogroms had happened could be that the Russian elites wanted to
scapegoat the Jews in order to prevent the Socialist from overthrowing the Russian government. By scapegoating the Jews the Russian Socialists were
now distracted by having to deal with a new new enemy. This process could have been made easier to do, since the Jewish intelligentsia believe that
the jewish masses were illogical in their interest in wanting to improve the jewish condition and therefore were inferior, and not worth their concern or
time. The Russian Intelligentsia may have been influenced by theses opinions, while they were working with the Jewish ... Show more content on
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In the situation of the Jews and Russians, this would have been beneficial for them to have worked together, as it would give them more of an
advantage in overthrowing the government, in order to start a new socialist/communist government. The Russians and Jews working together would
also be important to the socialist agenda because marxism promotes economic equality for everyone in that country. Since the Jews lived in Russia it
would be beneficial for them to participate in the revolt in order to gain economic

The Holocaust And The Survivors Of The Holocaust
Even five years after the Holocaust, there were still survivors with nowhere to go.19 Few survivors attempted to return home, and most of those who
did stayed only a short time. They learned it was nearly impossible for them to be in places so closely linked to their childhoods.20
Everything in their cities, towns and villages would remind them of years of humiliation of unthinkable atrocities, of tragedy and irreparable loss.21
Those few survivors that did decide to return to their home towns did not have it easy. Many survivors lost almost everything; not just their families
and friends, but also their properties, businesses and belongings. Some survivors returning to their homes found them to have new tenants in them
refusing to move. Others found out that their belongings like valuables or household items had been sold to fund the October 1943 rescue. By
September 1945, 1,300 survivors of the Holocaust still had no permanent homes.22 Many returning survivors faced taunts and threats from people in
their villages.23
There were also the physical aspects of attempting to return home. One Polish Jew named Dora Rytman had survived the Holocaust and wanted to
go home. It was very difficult for anyone to return home because a lot of the tracks and roads were in pieces because of previous bombings. Because
of this, Dora had to take many different trains to try to get home. It was very difficult to reach her home town because it was snowing, and not many
trains were going that

Jewish Massacre In Russian Pogroms
In 1881 a Jewish massacre occurred in Russia known as the pogroms, which is an organized massacre of a culture group. The start of the pogroms
was after Tsar Alexander II, the ruler of Russia, was killed in 1881 and it was suspected that the murderer was a Jewish man. (Antin 72) For Russia
to get back, they placed all the blame on the Jewish people and the only way to get revenge was to kill each and every person who identified with
the Jewish religion. In this paper my goal is to explain what the pogroms are, the major events that occurred in this time period, and what was learned
from this time in history. As Karl Max said, "History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce. The Jewish populations in Russian society
were always... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Doyle Pogroms of 1881) The plan to solve this issue was to use propaganda showing how bad the Jews were and why they needed to be eliminated.
The government's use of propaganda backfired as violence arose. One example of this, is in Yelizavetgrad City. The rioting became so out of
control that the army had to get involved to break up the fighting. (Doyle Pogroms of 1881) While, the Russians believed that using military force
would stop the people and calm them down just the opposite had occurred. People began becoming more violent and more people joined in the
rioting. This was seen ten days later in the city of Kiev, an attack that lasted for over three years. (Modern Jewish History) In this three–year time span
over 250 attacks occurred around Russia and the citizens of Russia followed the government's lead as they were adjusting to their new government.
(Parkansky 32) To revenge his brother's death Tsar Alexander III decided to pass harsher laws on the Jews. This is when he passed the May Laws
in 1882. The May Laws took almost all rights away from the Jewish people. Some of the laws were that only ten percent of Jewish students could
attend college, Jews could not trade on Sundays, and they also had to move away from their local villages and towns. (Joyce 19th Century Russian
Pogroms) The overall plan Alexander III had failed as over two million Jews left Russia to go to America and the two thirds of the population that
stayed in Russia were very influential to taking down Czarist

Discrimination Against Catholics
Discrimination is defined as negative attitudes or behavior between people with differences. Frequently, opponents label each other with spiteful words.
However religious discrimination can lead to violence. Many times religious discrimination can cause judgment during employment, limited
educational opportunities, and restrictive social interaction. Throughout the centuries, Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam have been negatively persecuted
by numerous communities. Religious discrimination has impeded the right and ability of Jews', Catholics', and Muslims' to practice freedom of religion
rights worldwide. One of the most horrific examples of discrimination resulted from discrimination against Jews, and was called The Holocaust.
Catholics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a Jew practiced freely during turbulent times such as The Holocaust and the Russian pogrom, then he would most likely be killed or severely
injured. The people of the world have been blind and judgmental many times. A different culture and different beliefs caused Judaism and the other
ways of life to butt heads. This caused freedom of religion to be removed from the lives of the Jewish people experiencing these tragic trials.
Discrimination against Catholicism restricts Catholics' ability to practice freedom of religion. Discrimination against Catholics began from the
creation of this religion; however, one of the most prominent times that it occurred was during presidential elections in America. It arose when Al
Smith, a Catholic ran for president. His career started in New York as a governor, and soon after "... he had become one of the most powerful and
popular...politicians of that time." Nevertheless along with popularity came disapproval. In 1924, he was denied the presidential nomination because
the Ku Klux Klan objected to his religious beliefs. Shortly after, he was the unanimous choice for the 1928 election over Herbert Hoover, but "the
religious issue continually haunted Smith throughout the campaign" (Dolan 1). During the campaign, the KKK burned crosses wherever he traveled,
and many groups portrayed Smith as a drunkard, making up slogans such as "A vote for Al is a vote for rum A vote to empower America's scum."
When voting time came,

Kristallnacht During The Holocaust
During World War II, a cruel event called the Holocaust was in effect. The Holocaust was a genocide of all people deemed inferior by Hitler and the
Nazis, mainly the Jews. During the Holocaust, many different acts of terror took place. This included the pogrom of "The Night of Broken Glass," or
Kristallnacht, which actually means "Night of Crystal." Kristallnacht was a violent protest that caused great damage and distress among the Jewish
community in the late 1930s. Kristallnacht was a violent protest that caused great damage to Jewish owned buildings and businesses. It was on
November 9, 1938 that it began and though the Nazis despised Jews, they claimed that there was more to the pogrom and why it happened. "The
pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish–Jewish student, Herschel
Grynszpan. (Berenbaum 1)" This means that the main excuse for Kristallnacht was the shooting of a German Official by a Jew. This shooting had
angered the Nazis and led to the pogrom. "In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of
public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. ("Kristallnacht." 1)" After the event, German officials told the public that
Kristallnacht happened suddenly due to the assassination of one of their own, and they were not entirely responsible for it. The Germans were actually
blaming the Jews for the destruction of their

The Trial Of God Book Analysis
In the book "The trial of god" by Elie Wiesel and the movie "God on Trial" directed by Andy de Emmony, there are many similarities and
differences throughout the film and the Novel. Both the author and director capture the points of their stories. The settings of both stories are
emotional. "Trial of god" by Elie Wiesel it takes place right after a pogrom. They perform a play putting god on trial and accused him of staying in
silence while they faced evil. "God on Trial" directed by Andy de Emmony is about a legend that a group of concentration camp prisoners gave a trial
convicting God for letting his people get killed. The compare and contrast aspects will be theme, setting, and situational irony. It will be discussed on
how both stories... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the movie, "God on Trial" there was a rabbi named Akiba, performed by Antony Sher with the other men in the concentration camp. Rabbis are
Jewish religious leaders that are always looked at for guidance. In the movie the rabbi was said to be one of the thirty–six rabbis. The character Idek
states, "He is the rabbi of Zamkevitz. Melamed and is a healer... They say that he is one of the thirty–six... the lamed vovnik. The secret saints who are
carrying us on their shoulders. They have set their souls on God, and for their sake He does not destroy us." (God on Trial, Dir. Andy de Emmony.
Per. Blake Ritson.) In other words, Melamed is a term in biblical times denoted a religious leader or teacher. In Jewish terms the thirty–six means life.
This brought some hope and light to some of the men in the bunker. Right before the judges were going to give the verdict, the rabbi gave a
speech. He complicates the matter further when he says, "When David defeated the Moabites, what did he do? He made them lie on the ground in
lines, and he chose one to live and two to die. We are become the Moabites. We are learning how it was for the Amalekites. They faced extinction at
the hands of Adonai. They died for his purpose. They fell as we were falling. They were afraid as we were afraid. And what did they learn? They
learned... that Adonai, the Lord our God... is not good. He is not good." (God on Trial, Dir. Andy de Emmony. Per. Antony Sher) He

Lucasville prison riot Essay
Around 3:00 pm on Sunday April 11, 1993 a riot started when prisoners returning from recreation time attacked prison guards in cell block L. The
guards held the keys to the entire cell block and it did not take long for the prisoners to take full advantage of the keys. Four beaten guards were
released within hours of the attack but 8 were retained. The riot was started for many reasons but the most obvious reason was TB testing on
Muslims, they do not believe in using needles to take blood or for injections. Soon after the take over of the cell block Warren Tate shut off the power
and water in the cell block. A "Death Squad" was formed in the beginning hours of the riot and black prisoners killed 5 white inmates. After this
happened the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of what the public thinks about the riot is most likely false information. One reporter said that 172 inmate bodies were piled up inside the prison,
when only 11 died.
The reporters did not help the negotiations at all. Inmates with battery powered TV's were able to see sharpshooters position themselves on the roofs.
Some negotiators believe the riot could have ended hours after it had started when prisoners tried to negotiate using bullhorns but could not because of
helicopters hovering so low. The media wasn't always a bad thing though one reporter was able to exchange a hostage to allow an inmate some air time.
When the riot started the guards went into small rooms called safe wells. The rooms were made out of 2 layers of block and had steel reinforced
doors. The doors did their job but the prisoners started to beat at the block walls with weight lifting bars. Soon they busted a hole into the room and
dragged the guards through the walls. The guards were assigned men to watch them; these men were ordered to kill the guards if the prison came
under attack. A few of the guards were protected very well because they affiliated with the AryanBrotherhood. These few lucky guards were even
given weapons to defend themselves incase of a race riot within the prison.
During the riot

The Romanov Dynasty That Ruled Russia From 1613
The Romanov Dynasty that ruled Russia from 1613 until 1918 was subject to the period seismic shifts of increasing connection, modernization, and
technological advancement that shook the rest of Europe during the same timeframe. The Tsars of this dynasty faced this challenge directly through
foreign military conquests and economic and political reformation, yet a distinctive foundational element stayed true throughout their reign. Tsars of
Russia consistently used a reverence for Orthodoxy to establish a continued persecution of minority religious groups within their control. The Jews
bore the brunt of this persecution as they experienced strict laws governing their rights and constant threats of violence. Tsars throughout the Romanov
history acted to strengthen their Orthodoxy by punishing the Jewish population in order to drum up support for their own regimes and domestic and
foreign policies. The status of Jews in Eastern Europe was never a pleasant or hospitable one. Jews lived lives banned from certain parts of the area
and within ghettos within cities. There was truly a fear of Judaism, especially that of a fake tradition of blood libel. This fear falsely declared that Jews
killed Christians to use their blood in ritualistic traditions. These fears lead to many mass killing of Jews and their expulsion from major towns in
1526 (Miller 93). Many Christians justified their discrimination of Jews based on the Gospel blaming the Jews for the death of Jesus Christ.

Anti-Semitism in the West from Constantine to the...
Anti–Semitism in the West from Constantine to the expulsion of Jews from Spain
OUTLINE
Introduction
I.Constantine and Christianity as the state religion
A.Legislation concerning Jews
B.The Justinian Code
C.Anti–Semitic Church Fathers
II.The Crusades
A.The march to Jerusalem
B.Fourth Lateran Council
C.Host desecration and blood libel
D.Pogroms
III.The expulsion of Jews from Spain
A.The Inquisition

B.The Conversos
C.Expulsion
Conclusion
Anti–Semitism is defined as prejudice or discrimination against, and persecution of, the Jews as an ethnic group. Historically, this has been practiced
for many different reasons, by the ancient Egyptians before the Exodus, under the Babylonian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hippolytus writes:
Now then, incline thine ear to me and hear my words, and give heed, thou Jew. Many a time does thou boast thyself, in that thou didst condemn Jesus of
Nazareth to death, and didst give him vinegar and gall to drink; and thou dost vaunt thyself because of this. Come, therefore, and let us consider
together whether perchance thou dost boast unrighteously, O, Israel, and whether thou small portion of vinegar and gall has not brought down this
fearful threatening upon thee and whether this is not the cause of thy present condition involved in these myriad of troubles.5
As the Church came into power in the fourth century, it turned on the synagogues with even greater intensity. Jewish civil and religious status was
deteriorating, thanks to the influence the bishops had in the political arena. Laws were passed making it a capital offense for any Jew to make a
convert, they were excluded from various professions, denied all civil honors, and their autonomy of worship was being threatened. In every way, they
were being discriminated against. Christians felt that this growing evidence now supported their belief in divine punishment.
Hilary of Potieres spoke of the Jews as "a people who had always persisted in iniquity and out of its abundance of evil glorified in wickedness."6
Ambrose defended a fellow bishop

Analysis Of The Book Thief
ECHOES FROM KRISTALLNACHT Marielle Innah S.Valmores 100309183 History 1115: 1900
–1939 Dr. Marjory Lang Oct. 11, 2017 Topic:
Kristallnacht– the attack on Jewish civilians in Germany Nov 9/10 1938 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.The Book Thief. Directed by Brian
Percival. 2013. US: 20th century Fox Home Entertainment, 2014. DVD. The Book Thief divulges to viewers the life of different people and the
transition of their society towards the Nazi regime. The film presents the story through the eyes of Liesel Meminger as she innocently witnesses
the growing threat and aggressions of the Nazi ideologies starting on the piles of books being burned and it also shows the dangers and sacrifices
of being a Jew during that time. Percival's film adaptation of Zusak's book paints a bigger picture of the various conflicts and behaviors of German
civilians as they also try to survive in this era. This movie illustrates the side of those Germans, Liesel's family, who are willing to put their lives at
risk to save a Jewish life in the face of imminent danger thus helping me shape the characteristic and voice of non–Jewish German witnesses. It also
elaborates on the struggle of a Jewish teenager like Max during this regime as he starts living his life in hiding and continuous terror. 2.The Night of
Broken Glass: Eyewitness Accounts of Kristallnacht. Edited by Uta Gerhardt, and Thomas KarLauf. Translated by Robet Simmons, and Nick Somers.
English ed. Malden, Mass.:

Night Of Broken Glass: The Jewish Pogroms Of Kristallnacht
A major tactic of Joseph Goebbels was to remind Germans of their previous struggles against foreign enemies and their supposed issues arising from
Jewish subversion. Goebbels claimed that the "Jewish penetration of the professions" (law, medicine, property, theatre, etc.) and a foreign Jewish
boycott of Germany necessitated the Nazis' "counter–measures." Through these ideas and the measures which he took to present them, Goebbels was
able to pave the way for the creation of an environment that was accepting of hostility toward Jews, even before any actual legislation or executive
measures had been taken. This was evident through the Jewish pogroms of Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht translates as "night of crystal" in English and is
typically referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." On the night of November 9–10, a number of supposedly spontaneous protesters took to the streets
of Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops, breaking into synagogues and
Jewish–owned shops through the windows and arresting as many Jews as they could. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time of Kristallnacht, no anti–Semitic legislation had been implemented by the Nazis, and while most of those engaged in the violence were
either Nazi Party officials, members of the Sturmabteilungen Assault Detachments, or participants in the Hitler Youth programs, the overall passivity
of the German people in regard to the violence exhibited against Jews on that night indicated to the Nazi government that they could move forward
with more radical measures. Subsequent legislation banned Jews from practicing most professions in the public and private sectors, and made further
strides in removing Jews from public

Nuremberg Laws Dbq
The election of Adolf Hitler in Germany as Chancellor in 1933 brought many gradual changes to the struggling state, which had been greatly affected
by the damages of World War I. These changes, through the use of legislation and government, were directed towards the minorities, especially the
Jews. The actions of Hitler caused the death of millions and many other negative side effects to Germany and their people. One major enactment that
was directed against the Jews were the Nuremberg Laws, which consequently stripped the Jews of their German citizenship. These helped establish the
widespread persecution against the Jewish community, which eventually led to the British getting involved with the transportation of thousands of
refugee children. Britain had some history with the immigration of a large amount of children during World War I from Belgium. They once again
took up the humanitarian effort with the Kindertransport, which saved the lives of many children from Germany. The Nuremberg Laws were
supported by other actions against the Jews such as boycotts and degatory signs that targeted them. The Jews, with the loss of their citizenship, now
had to carry around identification papers and other signs to single them out from the rest of society. "On October 28, 17,000 Jews of Polish
citizenship, many of whom had been living in Germany for decades, were arrested and relocated across the Polish border. The Polish government
refused to admit them so they were interned in

Pogroms During The Holocaust
Kara Nuding
Miss Reed
Block 3
January 24, 2017
Pogroms
In November of 1938, riots were swarming the streets. Then the riots started murdering Jews, destroying and demolishing other people's property. That
night was called Kristallnacht. By far, Kristallnacht was the largest, most destructive, and most clearly orchestrated of the pogroms. Pogroms is a
Russian word meaning "devastation." In the first three months of Hitler ruling, over forty Jews were murdered. Hitler ruled from 1934 to 1945. He
decided that he was going to try to rule during The Great Depression because millions were unemployed at the time. In 1932, Hitler ran against an
84–year–old named Paul von Hindenburg (aka: Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg)

Soloman Schultz Essay
My Great–great Grandfather, Soloman Schultz, was part of a huge historical event that impacted my family and its history significantly. Along with two
million Russian–Jews, Soloman Schultz left Russia to get away from anti–Jewish rioters called Pogroms. In 1903 when Soloman Schultz lived in
Russia, the second wave of pogroms arose. Pogroms are most often present during periods of political crisis in a country to escape punishments or
penalties from their actions (Modern, AICE). A pogrom is an outbreak of mass violence directed against a minority religious, ethnic, or social group
(Modern, AICE). In 1903 in Russia, there were groups made up of Christians that had organized massacres and riots against Jews. The organization of
the Pogroms was led by monarchist societies, and a group known as the Black Hundreds was the main organizer (Modern, AICE).
The Pogroms' motive towards harming Jews was caused by the Russia government and its encouragement of anti–Semitism with propaganda. The
Russian government gave the Russians a free hand to engage in anti–Jewish incitement (Modern, AICE). The first of the incitements against Jews was
an attack on Passover of 1903, which left 45 Jews dead, hundreds wounded, and 1,500 Jewish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From doing this project, I learned an extraordinarily amount of information that I would have never known. I learned some fascinating information,
especially about Joseph Schultz, who was the attachГ© to the emperor of Japan and dedicated his life to educating. One big thing that I took away
from this project was the story of my great–great grandfather, Soloman, who escaped anti–Jewish rioters by coming to the U.S. That is a story that I
will definitely never forget and a story that I will pass on to the Miller future generations. The achievements of my ancestors shocked me from doing
this project, and I hope to do the same when someone years from now does this project about

Russian Jewry Research Paper
The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world.[7] Within these territories the primarily
Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural
traditions, while also facing periods of antisemitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. Russian Jewry consists predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews
but also comprises a number of other Diasporan Jewish groups, such as Mountain Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews, and Georgian
Jews.
The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish
population ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general.[18] Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet
Union, the highest award in the country.[19]
More than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi–occupied territories. As a result of the
persecution, both state–sponsored and unofficial, Anti–Semitism became deeply ingrained in the society.[vague]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many Soviet Jews took the opportunity of liberalized emigration policies, with more than half of the population
leaving, most for Israel, and the West: Germany, the United States, Canada, and Australia. For many years during this period, Russia had a higher rate
of immigration to Israel than any other country.[20] Russia's Jewish population is the third biggest in Europe, after France and United Kingdom.[21]
The government of Vladimir Putin takes an official stand against antisemitism, while some movements, parties, and groups have explicit antisemitic

James Baldwin's Harlem Riots Essay
Collecting the Harlem Riots
?It would have been better to have left the plate glass as it had been and the goods lying in the stores. It would have been better, but it would have also
have been intolerable, for Harlem needed something to smash?
This quote by James Baldwin pertains to his relevant thoughts on the Harlem Riots of 1943. A copy of Newsweek from August 9,1943 described theriot
in great detail, ?Within a half hour Harlem?s hoodlums were on the march. Windows of pawnshops and liquor and grocery stores were smashed and
looted. The Negroes began wielding knives and the police their guns? Thousands of police reserves, many of them Negroes, were rushed to the
district?All traffic was re routed around Harlem?It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
curfew delivered by Mayor LaGuardia. The Mayor also halted vehicle traffic except for service vehicles until everything had calmed down about two
days after the riots. Stores closed either due to damage or due to fear of repetition of damage, and they did not reopen until about two days after as
well. The Mayor also enacted prohibition throughout Harlem during and immediately following the riots (NY Times 8). La Guardia also brought
emergency food supplies to relieve burned out shops and houses, which gained him popularity among the black population. The amount of damage the
riots entailed not only affected the people and city of Harlem, but the race relations all over the country.
The Harlem Riots had a definitive start, but the build up to rioting varied among the sources used. According to an article in the NY Times on August
5, 1943, ?The City Council who charged on Tuesday that Harlem had been starved of park and playground facilities?The City Council denied the
charge that inadequate policing was responsible for the disorder.? This article stated that Harlem lacked the parks and recreation needs of its people and
therefore caused the riot, along with the fact that police did not handle the situation correctly. Another article in the NY Times quoted Rev. Dr. Samuel
Henry about the rioting in Harlem, ?Heightened suggestibility due to mass living

Kristallnacht
The Night of Shimmering Glass Kristallnacht, "Night of Crystal," was a turning point between Germany and the rest of the world. On November 9th,
1938, an uprising against the Jewish residents of Germany and Austria occurred. This attack against the Jewish was referred to as a pogrom.
Kristallnacht was the first marked nationwide action against religion. The Nazi regime and their wish to implement Nuremberg's laws helped
push–start the process of degrading Jews to an inferior level in life by giving reason to start the riot. The accumulation of events and new laws leading
to Kristallnacht forced thousands of Jews to be stuck on the border lines of Poland and Germany, thus setting the stage for Germany's justification for
the genocide yet... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"1938 March 31 – The Polish Senate passes he Expatriots Law, canceling citizenship for Polish Jews living outside the country, unless their
passports are checked and stamped by Polish consular officials by the end of October." (7) In other words, if Polish citizens living abroad failed to
meet with appropriate officials, they were no longer welcomed to the country. This conflict of German and Polish laws left thousands of Polish
Jews on the border, between Poland and Germany, in the cold and with little or no provisions. This deportation also led to the next step accelerating
the events of Kristallnacht. In the crowd of Polish Jews being held at the border, the Grynszpan family acted as the detonator to Kristallnacht. On
November 3rd 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, at the time living in Paris, received a postcard from his family informing him of their conditions and
asking for his help. (8) Angered and annoyed by the situation and how it was being handled by both the Germans and the Polish, on November 7th
Grynszpan walked into the German Embassy in Paris and fatally wounded a German official named Ernst vom Rath. On November 8th, following the
murder of Ernst vom Rath, attacks and destructions of Jewish property already had started. Vom Rath's death, declared on November 9th, gave the
Nazi regime a perfect reason to organize a pogrom. On November 9th and 10th, 1938 the Nazi's staged a monstrous anti–Jewish

The Message of Hate in Babi Yar Essay
The Message of Hate in Yevgeny Yevtushenko's Babi Yar
There are very few people in the world who are willing to go against the popular trends and do what they feel in their hearts is correct. But Yevgeny
Yevtushenko is one of those people. In his poem Babi Yar, he tells the story of the modern persecution of the Jews, focusing onatrocities like those of
the massacre at Babi Yar and the pogroms at Beilostok, and also the general anti–Semitism that killed men like Dreyfus and pervades the entire Russian
people. The poem uses many literary devices, such as graphic imagery and contrasts, while painting a very clear picture of the scenes of pure horror.
Babi Yar is written in many different voices, all of which, however, have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He says that he too must be a Jew for he is afraid of what his people and his society have become. Many years ago, in the "ancient days," it would
not be such a shock to see the Jews enslaved in Egypt or crucified as a means of torture and death, but even in modern times the same things are going
on–he still has the marks from where the nails pierced him. The author has used classical examples of Jewish persecution which every one knows is
gone in the physical sense, but show how they still exist in the theoretical aspect, as the persecution is still occurring.
In the next three stanzas, the poem takes the standpoint of three figures whose stories are pertinent examples of what Yevtushenko is trying to rely in
this poem. First the voice of Dreyfus is used, and the stanza describes how horribly and unfairly he was treated, and how the country and its leaders
turned their backs on him.
There are two important literary devices used in this section. First the author puts the word "pettiness" on a line by itself. This is used as a declaration
of what the author feels anti–Semitism is based on. It is because of pettiness that Dreyfus was accused and further because of pettiness that he was not
pardoned when it was proven that he had not committed any crime. The next important device is the description of ladies with their umbrellas. This is
an image to the wealthy

Explaining the Holocaust
The question of whether the Holocaust could have been predicted or prevented goes well beyond determining the guilt or innocence of the German
people during the 1930s and 40s. The question matters because understanding how the Holocaust was able to happen and what presaged its
occurrence is the only way to prevent similar atrocities in the future. A popular answer to this question depends on absolving the German population
of any sort of collective guilt, on the assumption that they simply could not have predicted the scope of Hitler's plans. Walter Laqueur argues that
"there was no precedent in recent European history for the murderous character of German National Socialism," and as such it would be "ahistorical"
to suggest "that everyone should have known what would happen once Fascism came to power" (Laqueur 233). However, Laqueur's own approach is
ahistorical, because he implies somehow that Naziism sprung up out of uniquely novel circumstances, and that its ideology had no precedent in
Europe. In reality, as author Daniel Goldhagen argues, the precedent for the actions of Hitler and the Nazis can be found in "ideas about Jews that
were pervasive in Germany, and had been for decades" (Goldhagen 9). When considered in the context of the historical treatment of Jews, as well as
other periods in history when radical ideologies went unchallenged, it becomes clear that the Holocaust was not an unpredictable, anomalous event, but
rather the naturally and entirely–expected

The Trial of God by Elie Wiesel
The Trial of God is a play that was written by Elie Wiesel. The play was first published in 1979. The play was set in a feudal European settlement
where three travelling Jewish artistes put God on trial to answer for His quietness during a pogrom. It is a powerful drama with historical and
especially post–Shoah concerns surrounding faith. While imprisoned in Auschwitz, Elie Wiesel witnessed a trial. It was not unusual for prisoners to
witness trials, this one would be different and very unusual. It was unusual because of the defendant. God was on trial. God was tried for turning
his back and ignoring the Jewish people in their ultimate hour of need. God was tried in absentia. I mean how you can put God on the witness
stand is a question all in itself. There was one problem, no one was willing to take on the role of God's attorney. God was eventually found guilty.
After the verdict was announced, the "court" prayed. How is that for an oxymoron? But this incident, which served as the inspiration for The Trial
of God, is part of the long Jewish tradition of arguing with God. Elie Wiesel was born in 1928 in Transylvania, which is now Romania. He and his
family were deported by the Nazi's in 1943 to the most notorious concentration camp of all time, Auschwitz. He regained his freedom in 1945 when
the camp he was at, he was transferred to Buchenwald with his father, was liberated by the allies. After the war, Elie studied writing and became a
journalist in Paris. It was

Biafran Freedom Movement
Rise and Fall of the Republic of Biafra Throughout the course of history, ethnic and racial issues have always been on the rise across the globe. In fact,
there have been many horrific atrocities committed world–wide under the name of ethnic cleansing. However, it is important to note that ethnic issues
have risen up to a new level in the late 20th century. One such example of a horrific atrocity of the 20th century was the Holocaust, in which
Germany's leader Adolf Hitler decided to exterminate the Jewish people because he believed that Jews were dominating Germany in all fields.
Furthermore, in words of Samuel Huntington in the era of globalization the clashes will occur between civilizations rather than ideologies because due
to rise of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pogroms according to OED, is an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group. Additionally, pogrom is a word Russian which basically means to
wreak havoc, to demolish violently.[iv] Therefore, it can easily inferred from the definition of Pogroms how theIgbo people began to feel insecure and
unsafe in Nigeria after the counter–coup and government sponsored pogroms. For instance, Achebe in his book, There was a Country writes that the
July 1966 counter coup and the pogroms against the Igbo people, "killed over thirty thousand civilian men, women and children were slaughtered,
hundreds of thousands were wounded, maimed and violates, their homes and property looted and burned– and no one asked any questions."[v]This
statement of Achebe clearly illustrates how because of the horrific counter–coup and the government implemented pogrom policy against the Igbo
people have generated doubts in Igbo people's mind on their stand whether one united and peaceful Nigeria can actually exist or not. Also, this
statement again emphasizes the fact that how the mass violence and murders of Igbo people escalated the tensions between the Igbos and other
Nigerians groups and tribes, which eventually led to emergence in the Biafra's liberation movement among the Igbo people. Moreover, Achebe writes,
"ethnic riots happens everywhere in the world. But in this particular case a detailed plan for mass killing was implemented by the government–the
army, the police–the very people who were there to protect life and property."[vi] This statement of Achebe further indicates how when the Igbo people
began to see that their own government is planning on exterminate them, the anti–Nigerian feelings began to emerge in the Igbo people. It can be even
said that at that point the Igbo

1881 Russian Pogroms

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1881 Russian Pogroms