A Brief Note On Water Supply And Sanitation

A Brief Note On Water Supply And Sanitation
Water supply and sanitation is a problem in developing nations as they lack the proper resources to
install a water collection foundation. Bolivia can be considered a developing nation that has a water
supply problem as they do not necessarily have the proper infrastructure to supply their population
and they also lack a water regulation program. The village of Lupalaya is a small settlement located
at approximately –16.195 degrees latitude, –68.841 degrees longitude with an estimated elevation of
12,600 ft above sea level on the shore of Lake Titicaca. The village is also located 60 miles NW of
the largest populous city in Bolivia of La Paz. Due to Lupalaya's proximity to La Paz the village is
greatly affected by the La Paz–El Alto concession which led to the privatization of water supply and
sanitation.
Introduction
Bolivia is a landlocked country located in central South America. The village of Lupalaya is located
five miles from the west–central border with Peru on shore of Lake Titicaca. The village is also
located in a small mountain valley no more than .35 miles across. Lupalaya is also found on the
Altiplano at the high elevation of 12,600 ft above sea level. Even though Lupalaya is a small village
they are surrounded by many other villages and cities including the most populous city in Bolivia,
La Paz. Bolivia has a wet and a dry season throughout the year and this can turn into a problem
when the need for water is great but the groundwater levels are low,
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Global Water Crises Around The World And The Effects They...
2800 Kensington Drive
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
December 09, 2016
Minister Sushri Uma Bharti
6, Akbar Road
New Delhi, Delhi 110011
Dear Minister Sushri Uma Bharti,
My name is Vynateya Purimetla, and I am an eighth grader currently attending East Hills Middle
School, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Presently, we are in a hydrogeology unit and we have been
researching global water crises around the world and the effects they have on people who inhabit
those regions. I am writing this letter to address the issues of inadequate sanitation, untreated
sewage in groundwater, and holy rivers being polluted due to a host of reasons. These problems are
occurring in both rural and urban areas, and are affecting more than 80% of the Indian population
who depend on water polluted with untreated sewage, nitrate, and agricultural runoff for basic
survival needs, (The Huffington Post). As the leader of the Ministry of Water Resources, River
Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, I hope that some of the solutions outlined in this letter could
be helpful to you in solving India's water crisis.
A problem that affects the daily life of more than a hundred million people is inadequate sanitation
and a lack of proper sanitation facilities. For example, only 87% of Indians in urban areas have
access to a sanitized latrine, while only 33% of Indians in rural areas have access to a toilet, (The
Guardian). This statistic is alarming, as it increases the susceptibility to diseases such as

The On The Isle Of Wight Council
14 November 2016
FAO: Planning Officer
Isle of Wight Council
County Hall
High Street
Newport
Isle of Wight
PO30 1UD
Dear Sir or Madam
I am writing this letter in order to turn your attention to two different sites on the Isle of Wight. I
have been contracted by DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs) to assess the
current state of the southern coast of the island. The Isle of Wight is always susceptible to landslides
and coastal erosion. Hence investigations need to be done regularly in order to minimise the
negative impacts of these events. The sites I will be talking about include:
1. Alum Bay
2. Hanover Point
Alum Bay
Alum Bay is situated on the west coast of the Isle of Wight within close proximity with the Needles
(rock formation). The bay is famous for its multi–coloured sand cliffs, which make it a perfect
tourist attraction as well as a point of interest for geologists. There is a series of vertically bedded
soft sand and clays, which are weak rocks due to being geologically very recent. The vertical beds
are formed over time due to tectonic plates pushing into each other (in this case the African plate
pushing into the Eurasian plate). The rock bed started off horizontally and due to plate pressure, the
distance between one side of the crust to the other was shortened and hence a vertical bed was
formed in the middle.
Just through searching for Alum Bay on Bing maps it is possible to spot problems straightaway.
There are

Disposing Of Radioactive Waste From Meagan Carrier
Disposing of Radioactive Waste
Meagan Carrier
30611115
April 10, 2015
EESC 323
Dr. Yuan Chen
The human population has continued to exceed seven billion people as of 2012. This large increase
in population has created substantial alterations to earth's environment and created heavy reliance on
nonrenewable resources it provides us. Currently the human population consumes nonrenewable
resources at an unsustainable rate. If this consumption continues to be unsustainable it will lead to
the depletion or loss of the resources that we currently rely largely on. The use of natural resources
generates waste products (Faure, 1998), and as nonrenewable resources continue to be of high
demand they will create increased amounts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Repositories After removing radioactive waste from nuclear reactors it can take over 10,000 years
for it return to it's safe ore grade (Faure, 1998). Since long periods of time are required to decrease
the waste's radioactivity, it must be stored in a place where it can be confined from the biosphere
(Faure, 1998). Currently the safest place to store radioactive waste is in underground repositories
because they can withstand the radioactive heat generated from the waste, and have the ability to
prevent contamination into groundwater (Faure, 1998). There are many advantages for using
underground repositories. One is that the host rock can absorb and dissipate the heat generated from
the radioactive waste (Faure, 1998). Another is that repositories do no require maintenance because
once they are closed they must remain sealed (Faure, 1998). Although the repository must remain
sealed, an addition advantage is that the radioactive waste can be retrieved if it must be removed in
the future (Faure, 1998). Lastly, the construction of repositories is feasible and they are flexible
because they can be build in different kind of host rocks (Faure, 1998). However the only drawbacks
to underground repositories is that lots of studies and research must be completed in order to know
the stability and all the geochemical processes that occur in

Hydrology Personal Statement
Coming fresh out of high school, earth sciences was never on my radar as a potential future career
field. There were no earth science classes available at my schools from kindergarten to 12th grade; I
was only briefly exposed to the idea of it during a Georgia history class in middle school. I entered
college as a biology major, but subsequently went through the common stage of frantic major
switching after I encountered organic chemistry. In the end, I settled with geology after conducting
mildly extensive research on what the major entails, the broad range of career opportunities, and the
job availability; however, having no exposure to anything earth science–related, whether it be
classes, hiking, or camping, I was initially hesitant in pursuing unknown territory. Yet, after a year of
geology courses, I attained a compelling fascination with the subject, and particularly with the water
science/hydrogeology aspect of the field.
Collecting water samples, recording water quality, and measuring stream discharge and velocity at
the Northern Unit of the J. Phil Campbell Sr. Research and Education Center and Tanyard Creek
peeked my interest in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example government job would be to work for the United States Geological Society (USGS) as a
hydrologic technician, or as a water resource specialist for a specific county or state government. I
have contemplated attending graduate school for a masters in geology; however, I will postpone
graduate school until I am fully committed to the idea of continuing in academia for two to three
years. If I eventually accept this commitment, it would be well into my career as a hydrologist, and
would most likely be to advance to a higher ranking or senior position at my

Mining Hazards Are Caused By Mining Activities That Impact...
Mining hazards are caused by mining activities that impact the nearby environment. Irreversible
damages were caused around the globe since the beginning of mining.
On January 22, 1959, an underground coal mine located in Pennsylvania, U.S.A., suffered one of the
major disasters in the American coal mining industry. The River Slope Mine, an underground coal
mine under the Knox Coal Company administration, was flooded by the Susquehanna River after
their experienced personnel followed orders and continued mining the Pittston vein area.
Catastrophic consequences followed after reaching the safety stop line beneath the Susquehanna
River. From a total of 82 men that were present at the time of the occurrence only 38 men evacuated
successfully and were able to find their way out with no other assistance than the desperation to live.
After enormous effort 32 men were rescued later that same day. The subsequent mine damage was
extensive and sadly 12 men were trap, despite the relentless effort to rescue them the task was
impossible to complete, their bodies were never recovered.
The purpose of this study is based on engineering geology, assuring that the geological factor
regarding the location, design, development, operation and maintenance of the River Slope Mine
(Knox Mine) were recognised and accounted for.
The monitoring of active mining operations are performed by the owners and by the mining
authorities, but depending on the knowledge and standards at the time, hidden

Causes And Remedies Of Water Pollution
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
ABSTRACT
Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly
available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water
scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that
demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe
various causes and remedies for water pollution.
INTRODUCTION
As stated by Wikipedia, Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,
oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly
discharged into water bodies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport
model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil
characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. A
number of contaminants are responsible for ground water contamination including a wide variety of
chemicals and pathogens. Most these lead to reduction in normal oxygen content in water and hence
make it unfit for consumption.
Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs
(persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health. Water–borne
diseases and water–caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent
management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability,
and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of people who are guaranteed
safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there
has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally
have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas. Even within an area there is variation:
areas that can pay for the services have access to safe water whereas areas that cannot pay for the
services have to make do with water

Water Quality Guidelines For Agriculture
Water quality for different usages depends on type and concentration of dissolved materials in it. So,
while a sample is deemed appropriate for drinking usage it may not be employed for other usages in
industry or agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has
published the water quality guidelines for agriculture. The agriculture sector consumes about 94
percent of total annual water in Iran as the biggest stakeholder (Alizadeh and Keshavarz, 2005).
Given the effects of irrigation water on soil and crops, monitoring and assessment of groundwater
quality are very important. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment is one of the most important
environmental issues across the world for decision makers. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Passing through different layers of soil and geologic formations, water quality changes from
recharge to discharge. Again, perception of hydrochemical evolution is still a challenge for
hydrogeologists (Singh et al., 2013). Furthermore, the suitability of irrigation water is influenced by
different factors such as soil type, soil drainage, salt tolerance and crop types (Michael, 2008).
Therefore, groundwater quality, soil information and socioeconomic condition of the stockholders
should be also considered in groundwater quality assessment to achieve the integrated water
resources development (Kawy, 2012). The main focus of the present study is on groundwater quality
rather than other factors.
The frequently used criteria for water quality evaluation are the SAR, SSP, RSC, PI, MAR, KR and
EC. SAR is another important parameter for determining the suitability of groundwater for irrigation
purposes which indicates alkalinity hazard to crop (Raghunath, 1987). Excessive sodium content in
irrigation water may produce deteriorating influences in growth of plants and soil structure such as
dispersion of clay particles, soil hardness, surface crusting, hydraulic conductivity in most soils
(Todd and Mays, 2005; Suarez et al., 2006; Ramesh and Elango, 2012) Since

Human Activities Like Dam Construction
Motivation and Objective
Human activities like dam construction, dredging, and agricultures cause large amount of sediment
transports in rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Erosion and sedimentation is a global issue that tends to be
primarily associated with water quality. Pollution by sediment has two major types. For a physical
dimension, erosion leads to excessive levels of turbidity in waters and the turbidity limits
penetration of sunlight thereby prohibiting growth of algae and rooted aquatic plants. High levels of
sedimentation lead to physical disruption of the hydraulic characteristics of the channel which have
serious impacts on reduction in channel depth, and it can cause increased flooding. For a chemical
dimension, the silt and clay fraction (<62mm) is a primary carrier of adsorbed chemicals originated
from agricultures like phosphorus, chlorinated pesticides and most metals transported into the
aquatic system. The use of numerical hydrologic, hydraulic, and sediment transport models has
greatly expanded to predict and interpret behavior of erosion and sediment runoff for controlling
sediment pollutant and keeping water resources safe. Unfortunately, predictions from such models
always contain uncertainty, and the overall uncertainty is poorly quantified and deterministic
predictions have been used in most applications. Because those predictions are often used in
situations that involve the potential for economic losses, ecological impacts, and risks to human

Watershed Research Paper
Assignment:
You are to answer the following questions in your own words. Please post the questions with your
answers in the text box below to submit your work. Remember to use complete sentences, use
proper grammar, and don't forget to proofread and spell check your work before submitting it. This
may require additional internet research, so be sure to cite your sources.
Do not submit text that you have copied from sources, including websites. All of your work should
be in your own words. Using copied text would be considered plagiarism. For more information,
review our page on Plagiarism and Citation
1. Discuss the properties of a watershed and activities that can have a negative impact on
watersheds. The properties of a watershed are: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss the relationship shared between plants and wildlife in any wetland and the important role
that they serve for each other. To me the plants and the wildlife in any wetland is important because
I think of it as a chain. Without the plants many animals wouldn't live because their diet is eating
plants.
6. List and describe some of the ways that the wetlands are being threatened. 7. Explain why
restoration of the wetlands is important and also what some of the challenges are. 8. Do some
research to learn about what types of water conservation programs exist where you live. Write about
what you learned. 9. Explain what the EPA's Targeted Watersheds Program is as well as the goals of
the program. Provide an example of an existing project. 10. In your opinion, what are some ways
that water could be managed more efficiently to serve human and wildlife needs? Also include who
you think should be responsible for this (EPA, government – federal, state or local, individuals,
other, etc). Support your answer.
Use complete sentences to define the following terms or phrases in your own words:
11. Water Budget – is an accounting of all the water that flows into and out of a project

Lab Report
There is considerable interest in predicting the permeability arising from the detonation of
explosives emplaced in low permeability geological formations. These predictions would be useful
for applications such as hydrogeology (Sarbhukan, 1990), massive explosive stimulation of tight gas
reservoirs (Li and Xue, 2000), shale gas formations (Guo et al, 2014), coal gasification (Zhu et al,
2013), stimulation of geothermal reservoirs (Austin et al, 1973), and fracturing oil shale with
explosives (Miller and Johansen, 1976). It is well known that energy released during blasting causes
damage in the surrounding rocks in the form of micro to macro cracks, which increases the
permeability of rocks. It is therefore of prime importance in reservoir ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes certain physical characteristics related to explosion cannot be scaled to practical
experimental set up.
On the other hand, computational methods have been broadly applied to study blast–induced
fractures in rocks. The finite element method (FEM) (Zhu et al. 2008), discrete element method
(DEM) (Potyondy et al. 1996), combined finite–discrete element method (FEM–DEM) (Trivino and
Mohanty, 2015), combined discrete element method–smoothed particle hydrodynamics (DEM–
SPH) (Fakhimi and Lanari, 2015) and combined finite element method–smoothed particle
hydrodynamics (FEM–SPH) method (Gharehdash et al, 2016) have been successfully adopted to
investigate the blasting–induced fracture patterns in rocks. The approaches hold promise for this
class of rock fracture problems. Numerical predictions of these methods could provide useful
knowledge for blast induced fracture problems. However, dealing with the large deformation and
post–failure is generally a difficult task for FEM since this method is a grid–based technique. It thus
suffers from grid distortions, which lead to inaccuracies in the solution or even to failure of the
computation. DEM simulation does not have that limitation; however, specification of DEM
parameters is somewhat ambiguous, and reliable guidelines have not yet been clearly established.
Combined FEM–DEM, DEM–SPH and FEM–SPH

Ap Human Geography Chapter 14 Summary
17 STUDY FIELDS – DEFINITIONS
Geology– It is the study of the Earth, which materials compose it, and how they work together, their
processes (earthquakes, floods, erosion) and changes that they have gone through (mountains
emerging, valleys, etc.). It also studies the organisms that had been on earth (fossils). It is a wide
subject that can be subdivided into fields such as minerology, petrology and so on.
Mineralogy– An important part of Geology is the study of Minerals, their physical properties,
structure, and chemistry. It helps us understand how they react with one another depending on the
circumstances including weathering, fire, how deep, with living or non–living organisms.
Minerology is broad and interesting field of study.
Igneous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This area of Geology studies the Earthquakes and its energy.
Volcanology – This is another discipline of Geology that studies the Volcanoes and their energy,
energy that comes from the heat from inside the Earth and causes eruptions. This studies the
volcanoes and its impacts.
Structural Geology – When large bodies of rocks are formed these did not happen in one day. They
have history within that can be studied. Structural Geology discovers this history to be able to tell
what happened before, what kind of tectonic plate occurred. Structural Geology supports other
Geology areas such as Petrology to discover natural gas or petroleum to say the least.
Geomorphology – Is the area of Geology that studies the form of the land, processes, and forms
(Earth and other planets). The landscape of a Tundra or of a Dessert, or Glaciers now to disappear.
This discipline takes a good look at Tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, anything that can make
the landscape change or disappear.
Process Geomorphology – This studies anything that can make Earth's landscape change, such as
weathering, flood, and erosion. We as humans yield landscape changes

Essay on Wetlands
Wetlands
A clear and widely accepted definition of a wetland has yet to be established. Wetlands are of
various types and function, and occur in diverse locations, and climates which in part make them
difficult to define. Many definitions of a wetland have been posed by different groups and
individuals, some of the definitions include: "An area of land that has hydric soil and hydrophytic
vegetation, typically flooded for part of the year, and forming a transition zone between aquatic and
terrestrial systems (Brady and Weil, 1999)." A wetland is an ecosystem that depends on constant or
recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate (soil). The
minimum essential characteristics of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
96–01, NCDENR, Div. of Envir. Mngt. Water quality section.
Wetlands are defined for classification purposes as areas that under natural conditions posses three
factors including: hydric soil, wetland hydrogeology, and hydrophytic vegetation. Hydric soils are
soils that are anaerobic (without oxygen gas) for at least one week during the growing season (Lilly,
1993). Specific criteria to identify hydric soils are not easy to develop, but indicators have been
developed by scientist to aid in their delineation. Hydric soil indicators are listed in "Field Indicators
of Hydric Soils in the United States: A guide for identifying and delineating hydric soils" which was
printed by the United States Department of Agriculture in March of 1993. A publication written by
Vepraskas in 1993 entitled "Redoximorphic Features for Identifying Aquic Conditions" is also
available through the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Wetland hydrology criteria are
based on depth of the water table from the soil surface and the length of time the water table is at
any specified depth (Lilly 1993). Wetland hydrology is difficult to define due to its dynamic nature.
Wetland hydrology is subject to rapid changes due to rainfall and flooding and may occur only
during wet periods or seasons. Hydrophytic vegetation is defined as plants that prefer or require wet
soils. For a site

A Perspective On Craig T. Simmons ' Henry Darcy
A Perspective on Craig T. Simmons' "Henry Darcy: Immortalised by his scientific legacy" Craig T.
Simmons' text, "Henry Darcy: Immortalised by his scientific legacy", is an extract from Simmons'
hydrogeology journal which was written in 2008. It briefly discusses the relevant details of Darcy's
life, then in more depth covers the scientific contributions Darcy made, and finally gives an
overview of Darcy's research later in life. It is an insightful piece of writing with a lengthy
compilation of references for further research if desired. Throughout the course of reading it,
though, several questions and comments arose in my mind that are worth discussing in this essay –
through these I hope to extend the conversation on Darcy as an engineer and person. I will explore
what engineering and science possibly meant to Darcy, who affected Darcy's education and
personality, how I can incorporate certain traits of his in my own life, and finally Darcy's work as an
individual. For Darcy, engineering and science can be described as means to give back to the world.
Simmons emphasizes his selfless nature on multiple occasions in his journal, explaining that Darcy
had "compassion for the poor" and "fairness and dedication to community service" (Simmons). He
was said to use his intellect and education to work for the people without gaining any personal
benefit. The most definitive example of his selflessness was his waiving of fees for the water system
that he designed and built for

The Cooper-JACOB Time-Jacob Method
1.1 AQUIFER PAREMETER ESTIMATION
The transmissivity and storativity was estimated using the Cooper–Jacob (1965) time–drawdown
and Theis (1935) recovery methods. The field data was uploaded into the FC program for Aquifer
Test Analysis (2014 version) which calculated the values for each method manually.
1.1.1 COOPER–JACOB TIME–DRAWDOWN (1965)
Using the Cooper–Jacob method the T and S value had been estimated for early and late time,
respectively, by plotting the best fitted straight line on the time–drawdown plot (figure 18). The T
and S values are tabulated in table X. Borehole B2017 has been excluded from the plots as no
drawdowns have been measured. It should also be noted that UO–13 plot should be ignored as the
data obtained was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UP–16 and UO–25 falls outside this range. The T during late time is very consistent, ranging
between 6.1 and 7.2 m2/d, for four of the six boreholes. UP–15 and UO–23 have high T value
indicating water influx from the matrix as well as fractures. The existences of fractures are
supported by EC profiling and flow characteristics.
1.1.2 THEIS RECOVERY (1935)
The transmissivity of the eight boreholes was estimated by plotting the best fitted line on the Theis
plot. This was done using the FC program for Aquifer Test Analysis (2014 version) which produced
the plots in figure 19. The transmissivity is tabulated in table. By comparing the transmissivity
estimated by Theis method to the transmissivity estimated by Cooper–Jacob method, the
transmissivity corresponds moderately. According to Thies method the T ranges from 22.4 to 54.8
m2/d with B2017 to have an exceptional high T of 111.0 m2/d. According Cooper–Jacob method the
T ranges from 23.0 to 53.5 m2/d for early time and 6.1 to 28.0 m2/d for late time. By applying the
transmissivity standards (Gheorghe, 1978) six of the eight boreholes are classified as low potential
and two boreholes as moderate potential.
Since the test was done in a well in the Karoo Supergroup, it should be noted that the Theis method
tent to measure errors during the drawdown observed during the constant rate test, specifically when
the drawdown is measured manually (van Tonder et al., 2001a).
1.1.3 COOPER–JACOB

Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater is water that is contained underground in the soil, or in the pores of a rock. For some
places, groundwater is vital. In others, it's just an additional water source. Pollution is a harmful
substance that is introduced to an environment. Groundwater isn't exactly polluted in the sense that
toxic waste seeps into it, but that it is mixed in with other types of water that is exposed to the
surface. As for the overexploitation of groundwater, this paper will introduce ways to prevent it.
Considering groundwater is used, but contained underground, there is a process of filtering it can go
through to become cleaner, this is where an aquifer comes in. An aquifer is a porous rock that filters,
and transmits groundwater. Not only does the aquifer transmit the water, but it also contains it.
Aquifers can be a layer of sand, limestone, or some igneous, possibly metamorphic rock. Regions
that have a high population, and use groundwater extensively typically have larger aquifers.
Groundwater is often used in regions that suffer with water stress, meaning there is little surface
water available. A lot of times, these regions are incredibly populated, or extremely dry. For
example, places like Sahel, which is in between Sudanian Savanna, and the Sahara, where it has
little to no surface water. They need immense aquifers due to how water–thirsty the region is. There
are some areas like this in different places like Australia, Central U.S., India, Pakistan, and et cetera.
Sometimes in areas where there is a decent amount of surface water, groundwater is used as an
additional source. Pollution is not only a national problem, but a worldwide issue. A global problem.
From air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, to radioactive pollution, and so on.
It's almost as if anything has the capability to be polluted. It's scary how the inhabitants of Earth can
so terribly damage the Earth. Not only can surface water become polluted, but so can groundwater!
Unsurprisingly, groundwater can be polluted. It's a bit different, for litter, or garbage isn't exactly the
problem. It's more so things like salt water, toxic waste, gasoline, oil, and just anything harmful that
can seep beneath the ground's

Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater).
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases
the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural
biological communities.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Water pollution categories o 2.1 Point source pollution o 2.2 Non–point source pollution
3 Groundwater pollution
4 Causes of water pollution o 4.1 Pathogens o 4.2 Chemical and other contaminants o 4.3 Thermal
pollution
5 Transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non–point source.
[edit] Groundwater pollution
See also: Hydrogeology
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater
pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface
water pollution.[7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from
sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non–point
source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into
soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non–point source
pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the
plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport model or Groundwater model.
Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology,
hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
[edit] Causes of water pollution
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals,
pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While
many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium,
sodium, iron, manganese,

Genetically Modified Organisms And Its Impact On The World
With 92% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 94% of cotton being genetically modified and with
upwards of 75% of processed foods containing GMOs according to the Center of Food Safety,
GMOs are clearly a very important topic. According to Whole Foods, GMOs or genetically
modified organisms are organisms whose DNA has been altered. The reason for the creation of
GMOs was for the purpose of increasing plant productivity by engineering them to resist certain
diseases, produce their own pesticides, etc. and is mostly prevalent in North America ("GMO").
According to the Genome News Network, in 1973, Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were the first
to accomplish the direct manipulation of genes using genetic modification ("Genetics"). Because of
GMOs are such a new technology, there has been some debate over the safety of GMOs. Genetically
Modified Organisms have been considered to be controversial; however, they have had an overall
positive impact on the world.
Firstly, GMOs have positively impacted the world because they have improved food production.
According to Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences researchers, "The genetically modified
plants had stronger flower clusters that produced more seeds, meaning a greater yield of rice per
plant––close to 50 more percent by weight. And the starch content of those grains of rice was about
10 percent higher. In total, above–ground weight increased by about 30 percent, while below–
ground weight decreased by 35 percent" (qtd. in Johnson).

The Study Of Groundwater Flow Systems In Central Main...
4. Review of previous work
A number of studies have been carried out in central main Ethiopia rift valley. Most of the studies
have been carried out so far around and in the study area which directly or indirectly are related to
this thesis.
Among those Some of the works are briefly described as follows:
In the rift the localization of groundwater is strongly controlled by the rift faults. They have
contrasting role in the movement and occurrence of groundwater. Most of the faults acts as conduit
for groundwater flow. In contrast to the high hydraulic conductivity of the rift fractured volcanics,
some faults act as barriers of groundwater flow. This is a common case in areas of structures where
the faults deep against the topographic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Extensive and moderately productive or locally developed and highly productive porous aquifers.
 The aquifers consist of Quaternary sediments and alluvial, fluvial and colluvial sediments, and
scoria.
 The porous aquifer is a very good source of groundwater depending on the thickness, sorting and
recharge conditions. Lacustrine sediments and re–sedimented pyroclastics are mainly recharged by
direct infiltration by percolating rain water.
 Drilled wells in this aquifer on the Shashemene sub–sheet were observed groundwater at a depth
of 10–80 m with discharge of 2.7 to 8.3 l/s for the wells. There are also some shallow wells and dug
wells taping the shallow groundwater.
2. Local and moderately productive fissured aquifers. The aquifers consist of basalts, ignimbrite, and
rhyolite.
 Fissured aquifers developed in coherent volcanic rocks. The porosity of lava flows may be high
but the permeability is largely a function of primary (pores) and secondary structures (joints and
fissures) within the rock. In addition, the permeability of lava flows tends to decrease with
geological time.
 Wells developing groundwater from fissured aquifers located on the Shashemene sub–sheet have
a yield ranging from 0.3 to 18.3 l/s, documenting the moderate productivity of the aquifers.
 The groundwater level is about 20 to 60m in the

Thesis Statement For Gold Rush
Gold Rush in U.S.
Yvonette Sirisnor
Mr Davis
English III 10/17/17 Outline
Thesis Statement: The people moved from the east to west to mind for the gold; this first the indian
to moved in made the soil poor from mining.
Introduction:
I. The people move from east to west A. the reason the for they moved B.the moved the indian for
they can mine for gold
II.Indian
A.the indian did not wanted to moved the indian fight back for the land B.when the indian went
III.the soil A.the a effect B.what is be done now
Gold Rush in U.S.
The rationale of the gold's worth, individuals wished to maneuver from east to west to mine for
gold. The Americans pushed the Indians far from the land, so that they may mine for gold. The
Indians didn't wish to move, and that they fought back furiously to carry their own. Gold has had a
profound result on North America. the primary recorded discovery transpired 250 years later in
1799, in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. The last nice gold rush happened in Klondike in 1897.
because the company kicked off their journey to wash up the planet of it's gold, officers were
continuously questioned of wherever to let the companies dump all their waste and destroy the
ecosystem. Plant Nutrition Technologies came up with an innovative solution; they used residual
materials to counterpoint soil on farmland to make super

Water As Water Source For The Small Village Of Lupalaya On...
Bolivia is country that has many different water resources but in many areas of the country the
population does not have access to clean drinking water. This paper will discuss the viability of
ground water as water source for the small village of Lupalaya on the banks of Lake Titicaca.
Currently, the villagers obtain their water from a nearby spring that is very likely contaminated by
fecal coliforms. It is important to the health of everyone in Lupalaya that a safe source of drinking
water is found. To explore the feasibility of ground water the geology and subsurface hydrology of
Bolivia, especially the Altiplano and the area surrounding Lupalaya, will be discussed along with the
needs of Lupalaya and whether ground water is the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Lack of quality water supply and sanitation is large problem in Bolivia. Not having good quality
drinking water is a large health threat to the population of Bolivia. In 1992, there was a large scale
outbreak of cholera in Bolivia. There were over 24,000 cases (Roebuck et al. 2004). Diseases such
as cholera and other water quality related are a major cause of childhood deaths. According to
Roebuck et al. (2004), childhood mortality is extremely high at 116 per thousand live births. Many
lives could be saved if the population had access to clean drinking water.
To discuss the viability of ground water as water source this paper will examine the geology and
hydrogeology of Bolivia as whole. Then, the paper will discuss the geology and subsurface
hydrology of Lupalaya. Water supply and demand for the village will also be looked at in depth
along with other issues affecting the country and water supply in general.
GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF BOLIVIA
Bolivia has nine major departments. The departments of Bolivia are as follows Beni, Chuquisaca,
Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, and Tarija. The Village of Lupalaya is
located in the Department of La Paz near Lake Titicaca. The departments and location of Lupalaya
can be seen in Figure 1. Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America. More important to this
paper than the political boundaries of the different departments of Bolivia are the geological
provinces

Water Is A Vital Resource For Human Development
Water is a vital resource for human development; its natural mode of occurrence is governed by
climatic, geomorphic and geologic characteristics of the land surface. Water resources is a major
requirement and driver of socio–economic development. Economic sectors that water caters to
include domestic, agriculture and fisheries, industry, recreation, municipality, including
waste/effluent disposal, and water transportation. It also plays a prominent role in power and energy
generation (Oyebande., 2004) .
Urbanization, however, has increased the demand for alternative sources of potable water, which is
utilized to supply society's needs. Water is, in a sense, both artery and vein to the development of
urban life (Spieker, 1973). The rate of urbanization in Africa has increased exponentially, at 3.9
percent per year, urban population growth rates in Africa have been and will continue to be the
highest in the world (Vairavamoorthy, 2012). A projected increase in the size of the middle class,
population and economy in towns and cities might lead to a demand for better governance and better
services including more water services (World Bank, 2005). As water demand grows, urban towns
are forced to rely on water sources that are farther from the city and more expensive to develop. The
open surface water cannot be relied upon because of their high susceptibility to pollution and
inadequate supply. In addition to being vulnerable to pollution, surface water sources are also

Surface Water Interactions
1.1 Introduction
Groundwater is in contact with surface water. However, traditionally, groundwater and surface water
used to be considered as separate water resources (Winter, 1998). Because of that, management of
groundwater and surface water resources poses a risk of allocating the same water twice in the water
budget (Geosciences Australia, 2013). Not only two resources are in close contact rather they do
interact. So, Winter (1998) considered groundwater and surface water as a single resource.
Surface water commonly is hydraulically connected to ground water, but the interactions are
difficult to observe and measure (Winter, 1998). Interaction depends upon understanding the effect
of topography, geology and climate of the groundwater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Webb (2003) conducted numerical analysis of source–water dynamics of stream–bounded alluvial
aquifers, along the Ohio River in northern panhandle of West Virginia, with consideration of lateral
infiltration of groundwater from bedrock aquifer. However, the author did not verify her model to
the field data. On the other hand, Kozar and McCoy (2004) presented groundwater–surface water
interaction and simulation of groundwater flow in the alluvial aquifers from the northern panhandle
of West Virginia without considering recharge form adjacent bedrock and leakage from overlying
tributary streams. Although, Bader et al., (1997) and Unthank (1999) independently identified that
the alluvium along the Ohio River, West Virginia and Kentucky respectively is recharged by the
following means: (1) precipitation on the flood plain, (2) inflow from fractures in the bedrock
beneath and adjacent to the alluvium, (3) inflow from tributary streams through gravel deltas and
bedding–plane partings, and (4) induced inflow from the river. Water flowing in tributary streams
can percolate through the deltas to the gravel under the clay–silt layer (Grain, 1966). Unthank
(2013) updated model and reran it which generated significant difference between measured water
levels and model–computed water levels in the aquifer. The author concluded that more accurate and
site–specific estimates of field parameters, refined model geometry, and additional numerical
method improve

A Chapter On Design Considerations
CHAPTER 2– DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (METHODOLOGY) 2.1 GENERAL FEATURES
Nature of Project : Reorganisation and augmentation of water supply project of Ramnagar Name of
Town : Ramnagar Base Year : 2013 Intermediate Year: 2028 Design Year : 2043 2.2 Population
Projection Population of the town has been divided into three categories, viz. Residential
(Permanent) population, Floating population and Institutional population. It is reported that although
more than one lakh tourists visit Ramnagar annually, only few stay at Ramnagar while most of them
stay either in the rest houses of Jim Corbett National Park or other resorts close to it. According to
the stay of the population it can be divided into five types: Residential Population (Permanent
Population) Periurban Population Population of the Forest Area Institutional Population Floating
Population 2.1.1) Residential Population Census Year Census Population Decadal Growth of
Population % Decadal Growth of Population 1941 6216 – – 1951 9593 3377 54.33 1961 13014
3421 35.66 1971 17495 4481 34.43 1981 26013 8518 48.69 1991 37281 11268 43.32 2001 47099
9818 26.34 Table 4– Residential or Permanent Population of Ramnagar Year Projected population
by different methods Arithmetic Geometric Incremental Polynomial graph Semi log 2010 53231
63485 54333 59606 67203 2013 55276 70128 56976 63953 74374 2028 65496 115343 71931
88244 123484 2043 75717 189709 89784 116794 205021 Table 5– Summary of

History of Statistics
Palban, Marvic Trisha V. Palban
BSMA – 2
HISTORY OF STATISTICS
The history of statistics can be said to start around 1749 although, over time, there have been
changes to the interpretation of the word statistics. By the 18th century, the term "statistics"
designated the systematic collection ofdemographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th
century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened to include the discipline concerned with the
collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government,
business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have
allowed statisticians to develop "computer–intensive" methods. The Word statistics have been ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science.
Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations.
* Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as
the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive
medicine. * Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from
disciplines such as petroleum geology,hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography,
geochemistry, geography. * Operations research (or Operational Research) is an interdisciplinary
branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical
modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex
problems. * Population ecology is a sub–field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species
populations and how these populations interact with the environment. * Psychometrics is the theory
and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and
personality traits. * Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it
can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process

Hydrologic Cycle Essay
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE The hydrologic cycle is a constant movement of water above, on, and
below the earth's surface. It is a cycle that replenishes ground water supplies. It begins as water
vaporizes into the atmosphere from vegetation, soil, lakes, rivers, snowfields and oceans–a process
called evapotranspiration. As the water vapor rises it condenses to form clouds that return water to
the land through precipitation: rain, snow, or hail. Precipitation falls on the earth and either
percolates into the soil or flows across the ground. Usually it does both. When precipitation
percolates into the soil it is called infiltration when it flows across the ground it is called surface run
off. The amount of precipitation that infiltrates, versus the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The voids are spaces between grains of sand, or cracks in dense rock. All water beneath the land
surface occurs within such void space sand is referred to as underground or subsurface water.
Subsurface water occurs in two different zones. One zone, located immediately beneath the land
surface in most areas, contains both water and air in the voids. This zone is referred to as the
unsaturated zone. Other names for the unsaturated zone are zone of aeration and vadose zone. The
unsaturated zone is almost always underlain by a second zone in which all voids are full of water.
This zone is defined as the saturated zone. Water in the saturated zone is referred to as ground water
and is the only subsurface water available to supply wells and springs. Water table is often misused
as a synonym for ground water. However, the water table is actually the boundary between the
unsaturated and saturated zones. It represents the upper surface of the ground water. Technically
speaking, it is the level at which the hydraulic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. The water
level found in unused wells is often the same level as the water table. AQUIFERS An aquifer is a
saturated geologic formation that will yield a usable quantity of water to a well or spring. Ground
water occurs in aquifers under two conditions: confined and unconfined. A confined aquifer is
overlain by a confining bed, such as an impermeable layer of clay

Essay On Arsi Zone
Altitude of the Arsi Zone ranges from 862 to 4,098 m a.s.l. and the area is characterized by erratic
and poor distribution of rainfall over the year. The Zone faces frequent drought, crop failure, and
lack of permanent sources of water, which brings low crops yield and sometime it completely fails
due to shortage of water during the flowering or maturation stage. Hence, there is a need additional
water supply for dry season drought mitigation by improving water supply options.
In the rainy season that extends from June to September in which food crops are grown in this area,
the occurrence of rainfall is unreliable. Late or early occurrence, uneven distribution, interruption
and insufficiency of the rainfall are common in the area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to poor performance of the Autumn (last September to February first) seasonal rains led to
shortage of pasture and water and poor development of planted crops (UNICEF, 2014). Rainwater
harvesting is one of the best alternatives to mitigate the disaster harnessing as the water source to
address the water scarcity problem. For relatively small areas, a field survey carried out by
experienced people will be the best technique to select the appropriate sites and to determine the
suitable methods for RWH. But, for larger areas, the application of GIS and RS could be the most
relevant means (Prinz et al., 1998; Kumar and Jhariya, 2016). Geospatial technology provides tools
that can be used to better determine the potential of RWH to ensure sustainable development.
Nevertheless, selecting sites for potential RWH is a complex process, which needs technical,
physical, economic, social and environmental requirements. Such complexities demand different
influential factors consideration with several decision support tools such as GIS and multi–factor
analysis system.
In order to fill this research gap and solve the problem, an attempt was made in this research to
determine the rainfall–runoff depth and other determinant factors integrating Fuzzy–modeling
approach and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with GIS has implemented to determine the
potential sites for RWH. The fuzzy AHP modeling approach method

Groundwater Analysis : Groundwater Governance
This paper reviews the available groundwater governance literature with the specific aim of
highlighting and critically examining the role of knowledge in supporting "good governance" of
groundwater resources including how knowledge co–generation/co–production may contribute to
enhancing cooperation/reducing conflict over managing shared resources. While reviews of global
literature do exist, they have thus far only been used to make generic recommendations on the
importance of knowledge for groundwater governance, and have not been specifically examined the
role of knowledge in conflict management between different actors.
Governance is essentially a set of enabling framework and guiding principles through which
institutions or set of institutions would exercise an authority. In short it shows how the decision
making of this entity is taking place and how these decisions are implemented (Rogers et. al, 2006).
The "good" groundwater governance could be described by the transparency of the decision–making
process and its further effective implementation in meeting the sustainable and equitable
management of these resources. Although groundwater governance builds onto overall water
governance, the peculiarities of groundwater and the way in which it is formed, developed and
exploited by different stakeholders requires specific governance principles and analysis (Paul,
2015).
Often environmental issues need interdisciplinary approaches and analysis which may not be
possible

Groundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay...
"We have the ability to provide clean water for every man, woman and child on the Earth. What has
been lacking is the collective will to accomplish this. This is the commitment we need to make to
the world."
Jean–Michel Cousteau
The Issue:
Recently, the issue of drinking water quality has become a matter of great importance.
Hydrogeologists and water resource managers have realized that the increased demand for drinking
water, due to population growth, has placed a huge burden on our nation's groundwater resources.
Groundwater resources make up a minute 0.31% of the world's water supply. Groundwater quality
can be defined in terms of the concentration of its chemical constituents relative to a variety of
potential uses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these phenomena occur naturally. The chemical alterations that occur in the soil and
atmosphere during the hydrologic cycle are pivotal in maintaining the natural equilibrium. However,
due mostly to human intervention, the water is becoming poisoned as it seeps into the Earth.
The Science Behind the Issue:
The four main types of groundwater pollution are industrial, domestic, agricultural and salt–water
intrusion. Industrial pollution reaches aquifers through used waters as I have already briefly
explained. Used waters can contain chemical compounds and trace elements like metals at high
temperatures. Radioactive pollution from nuclear power plants is also carried by used water, as is
rain that infiltrates through waste disposal sites. Pipeline breakage as well as other unforseeable
accidents also add to industrial pollution. Irrigation and water carry away fertilizers, minerals, salts,
herbicides and pesticides. This activity is known as agricultural pollution, and it causes nitrate levels
to rise excessively. Environmental pollution is due in large part to seawater intrusion in coastal
aquifers (Fried 1975). Man–made pollution reaches the aquifer by rain and the rain subsequently
infiltrates sanitary landfills.
Road–runoff and domestic wastewater are non–point sources that also add to groundwater pollution.
Household productes, many of which contain

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Road Landslides
A KBS called XPENT (Faure et al, 1988; Faure et al, 1995; Mascarelli et al, 1992; Faure et al, 1991)
is a KBS used to assist in slope stability analysis. It diagnoses the type of landslide based on
information about the geology, vegetation, geomorphology and hydrogeology. It also advises
methods of stabilisation. SISYPHE (Asté, 1992) is a KBS used to analyse slope instabilities and is
also used in the diagnosis of hazard and landslides evaluation. This KBS has the ability to develop
3D models of the ground surface as well as slip surfaces and piezometric surfaces.
Wang et al. described a KBS used for the investigation of potential landslides (Wang et al, 1994).
The system contains knowledge relating to the geotechnical properties, the spatial distribution of an
unstable zone, methods of treatment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system will also give a cost estimate for each potential road corridor as well as a probability of
failure within its design life. It also includes a summary of the main advantages and disadvantages
of each alignment.
Goh describes a KBS named PAVEDKB, which was developed for the design of flexible road
pavements (Goh, 1993). The system also assists with selection of the properties of the pavement
materials as well as appropriate soil parameters for the subgrade.
Dukes et al described a KBS known as ROAD, used for the design of major and primary road
highways (Dukes et al, 1994). It is based on AASHTO design procedures, and includes the
geotextile layer. It also considers the filtration and mechanical properties of the geotextile in the
design.
Amirkhanian & Baker described a KBS used for selecting earthmoving operations equipment
(Amirkhanian & Baker, 1992). The system uses information concerning operator performance and
the soil conditions at the site and required earthmoving

Rain Water Reveal Analysis
Back then, people used to think that we had an unlimited amount of groundwater in our aquifers,
and we used to pump groundwater at insane rates. We were unaware of the unintended consequences
we were causing by draining this much water. In the 1930s farmers noticed the ground had begun
sinking. But by the late 1970's the ground had sunk by 30 feet. Now we know how pumping
groundwater can cause environmental changes. We realize our aquifers are running out of water.
Now we are doing everything we can to save and replenish our aquifers. Environmentalists have
come up with ways to decrease groundwater depletion and restore groundwater. Farmers could use
rain gardens to restore groundwater and water institutions could recycle stormwater to also ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping too much groundwater can lead to serious property and environmental damages and
changes.The extreme amount of pumping groundwater can cause the ground to sink up to 30ft in
Central Valley according to Joseph Poland of the U.S. Geological Survey. It made California pay
more than 1 billion dollars to fix all the damage. It caused sinking bridges, cracked canals, and
buckling highways according to the Water Foundation. And California spends 5% of their energy on
groundwater pumping and that's a 40% increase over the years according to a Reveal Analysis.
That's a lot of energy on just pumping groundwater and it could be used on something that's more
energy affordable. Pumping excessive amounts of groundwater could make the next drought worse
says Joseph Poland, a legendary hydrologist from the U.S. Geological Survey. This is because there
is less water underground and the aquifers got smaller. They had collapsed during the last drought.
With even less groundwater in the aquifers, the same amount of water being pumped made the water
tables fall extremely fast. Draining extremely deep for groundwater can cause saltwater pollution
and could cause people to pay more for water bottles or tap water.Pumping too deep for
groundwater can cause saltwater to mix in with the groundwater which causes salt pollution. Going
down further for pumping and having to filter the saltwater will make the bottles cost more. People
may think that these problems may not happen again because they are a couple years old, but these
problems were caused by high pumping rates of groundwater, and if we start pumping like our lives
depend on it, we may have these problems upon

Fracking : The Gas And Gas Industry
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, is the process in which oil and gas deposits are
extracted by pumping a tremendous amount of water and extremely hazardous chemicals into wells
at very great depths. The biggest concern about this process is the contamination of aquifers. And
different sources of potable water due to the poor control over toxic wastes. In addition, fracturing
requires millions of gallons of water per well. And, only in the U.S, fracking has been used more
than one million times. Bringing catastrophic consequences such as carcinogenic effects on different
communities, malformations, diseases on pregnant woman and all of this, due to the negligence of
the oil and gas industry. Now, the state of Florida has to decide whether to authorize the use of
fracking or just regulate it. However, a more intelligent decision would be to ban hydraulic
fracturing and, invest in renewable sources of energy. The state of Florida should implement a bill
prohibiting de use of fracking because it will prevent problems with aquifers contamination, it will
encourage companies to develop sources of energy that people can actually use, and it will reduce
harm done to the environment. Aquifers are defined as saturated rock trough which water can easily
move. There are permeable and porous aquifers. They are natural filters that trap sediments and
different type of bacteria which provide natural purification of the ground water and therefore it
cleans up the flowing

Houston : The Sinking City
Houston: The Sinking City By Marvin E. Washington Jr. Houston Community College Abstract This
research will provide detailed information about Houston regarding how extensive water pumping is
causing the city's foundation to sink, also explaining the history of Houston's subsidence level, and
the old and modern tools of detection. The study will provide an ideal solution as to how we can
improve the stability of Houston's base by decreasing the amount of water the city disperses daily
and testing to see if the collection of rainwater will reduce any problematic conditions. The solution
that will be explicated in this investigation will not only be able to answer, "Can rainwater collection
prevent the city of Houston from sinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In detail, as air gets mixed in with the water and soil, the soil begins to decompose creating peat.
(Sourced: Wiki). When groundwater gets removed it compacts the layers where water was in
between causing it to deteriorate. The extensive ground–water pumping, but also and not limited to
oil and gas extraction has caused an increase in the occurrence of flooding which badly damages
developed or developing substructures. These man made occurrences also increases the loss of
habitats. (Sourced: USGS.org) The History of Houston's Deformation Houston's main source of
subsidence is groundwater–related which results in a decrease in leveled ground. increasing the loss
of wetland habitat. (Sourced: USGS.org) The first record of subsidence occurred in the early 19th
century wherever groundwater, oil and natural gas were unearthed. This subsidence continued
throughout onto the 20th century. Near Pasadena greater than 10ft of subsidence was measured due
to extraction and compaction during the years 1900– 1995, and more than 1 ft. had sunken on a
distance of 3,200 square miles. In 1942 most of the Houston area were supplied using groundwater
causing major subsidence among the Northern and Western parts. This has increased the frequency
of flooding, since more than 10ft of subsidence occurred a shift in position of the coastline has

Map Analysis on Education Center in McNabs Island Essays
The main function of these maps is identifying the area that is suitable for building an education
center on McNabs Island. I divided my analysis maps into three parts which are slope and geology,
environment and cultural sites, and microclimate. For the slope and geology map, I combined the
slope, bedrock and surficial geology together because I think all of them can majorly determine and
describe the topography. Bedrock and surficial geology are the materials that are under the ground.
They might form different topography by the geological action including weathering and eroding
processes. Also, the slopes can decide whether the land is a plain or a hill. Furthermore, I think slope
and geology can risk of the environmental hazards like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think it can be the next consideration to think about the land development because human comfort
is important for people to live. For my final synthesis map, I just combined all of the information
from the analysis map except the bedrock geology to show where the best place on McNabs to build
the education center is. The reason that I do not add the bedrock geology because I think the
education center would not be a skyscraper, and it might only have four or five floors' height. So, the
foundation might not touch or influence the bedrock. In addition, I add viewing location to my
synthesis map. The reason is that I think the education center is the place to educate and to visit the
island. So, a good viewing location is necessary. From the synthesis map, you can see there are
some suitable to unsuitable places for the land development. Overall, there is approximately 70
percent of the land suitable for development with caution. For example, people should consider what
kind of slope it is like the steeper slope always has a high risk of mudslides, and what kind of
surficial material it is like tills are more stable than coastal sediments. Moreover, there is over 20
percent are suitable for development. Most of them occur around the coast. The reason is the coast
has unstable materials that is risky to do the construction. Also, the coastal area are risky

The Distribution And Mobilization Of A Groundwater Aquifer
Geochemistry plays an important role the distribution and mobilization of As in groundwater
aquifer. To find the influence of geochemical processes of As mobilization in groundwater of the
study area, the correlation matrix among As and various physio–chemical parameter are given in
Table 4. Pearson correlation matrices show that various physio–chemical parameters pairs of
groundwater samples have a significant positive correlations such as TDS–EC (r = 1.000), TDS–Na
(r = 0.587), TDS–Ca (r = 0.624), EC– Na (r = 0.617), EC–Ca (r = 0.618), Na–Ca (r = 0.564), and K–
Mn (r = 0.566) respectively. Similarly some pairs have also shown significant negative correlation
such as Mg2+–HCO3– (r = 0.590), well depth–Mn (r = 0.518). The concentration of As in
groundwater has insignificantly negative correlated to Fe (r=–0.260), Cl– (r=–0.081) and SO42–
(r=–0.062), while As has insignificantly positive correlated to Mn (r=0.185), NO3–( r=0.111),
HCO3– (r=1777), pH (r=0.226), Na+ (r=0.223), K+ (r=0.227), Ca2+ (r=0.262) and Mg2+ (r=0.199).
In this study, an insignificant positive correlation between As and Mn has observed, while an
insignificant negative correlation between As and Fe has existed in groundwater aquifer (Table 4).
This finding is in good agreement with the earlier correlation matrix analysis of arsenic by Ohno et
al. (2005) and Reza and Jean (2012) in the fine–grained core sediment samples in northwestern
Nawabganj district, Bangladesh where they reported no

Wakulla Springs Research Paper
Wakulla Springs is one of the largest and deepest freshwater springs in the world. The spring flow
rate is about two hundred million gallons of water a day. The water flow of the springs develops at
the caves of the Florida Aquafers. The water then forms the Wakulla River and flows 9 miles
southeast. After flowing 9 miles the Wakulla River joins the St. Marks River. The St. Marks River
then empties out into the Gulf of Mexico at the Apalachee Bay. Part of the Wakulla Springs water
system is the Wakulla underwater cave system. The Wakulla– Leo Sink cave system is the longest
underwater cave system in the United States (Friends of Wakulla Springs). Wakulla Springs is a
protected Florida State park; however human interference is still a major issue. The spring is often
advertised as an outdoors adventure. With that advertisement come outdoor activities like
swimming, boat tours, scuba diving, snorkeling, hiking, etc. The outdoor activities contaminant and
interrupt the natural environment of the springs. Noise pollution, waste exposure, trash, and runoff
are just a few of the human interferences the spring is exposed to. A major problem experienced by
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The animal analysis shows if the ecosystem is stable and what animals are thriving. Unfortunately,
the animal analysis for Wakulla Springs also reflects its decreasing condition. Although many
animals that are part of the Wakulla Spring ecosystem are listed as stable many animals are
struggling to reach that title. Animals listed as decreasing are the American alligator, the green
heron, the snow egret, the American widgeon, Limpkins, and many more. According to the wildlife
survey of 2013, the population of animals in the ecosystem are decreasing because of factors outside
of the environment. Aspects like water quality and human impact play a major role in the increase
and decrease of animal populations in Wakulla

Southwest Florida Water Management District
Cardno is pleased to submit this response to the Northwest Florida Water Management District 's
(District) Request for Proposal (RFP) No. 15–003, Contractual Services for Water Resources
Evaluations. Pursuant with the RFP, Cardno has signed Section 6 Submittal Categories and
Acknowledgement Form and we have attached that document immediately behind this introduction
to our team and services. Cardno has assembled for you a team of experts in aquatic ecology,
hydrologic modeling, data management and interpretation, statistical analysis, botany, wetland
science, wildlife ecology, restoration, Geographic Information Systems, and environmental
planning. Staff from our Tallahassee office, where this project will be managed, have successfully
completed hundreds of projects in northwest Florida including contracts with the District, as well as
the Suwannee River Water Management District, state agencies, and other municipal clients. Many
of the staff included in this proposal are experts in their respective fields with advanced degrees and
decades of experience working in water resources in Florida. Gregg Jones, PG, will serve as the
Program Manager for all five of the categories associated with this RFP to provide a high–level of
coordination between all staff involved in the project and to insure consistency and quality of all
work products. Mr. Jones is a Technical Director and hydrogeologist with extensive experience
managing large teams of engineers, hydrogeologists, and

Drought In California
The Right For Water
Visualize that citizens have to go 5 months without showering, living in filth, not being able to flush
their toilet. Horrible right? Well sorrowfully, for numerous cresidents in California, that is the life
they live. There is currently a 3–year drought in California. Innumerable citizens are compelled to
drive miles and miles away in order to acquire water and bathe, while for farmers, they have been
allowed to use aquifers frequently to grow their crops. We do not have enough water for both the
farmers and citizens to be used oftenly, which has precipitated an outage between the two.
Therefore, the California government is debating on whether to supervise the usage of aquifers. As a
result, I support California enforcing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Scientists are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water
managers estimate that water tables in some parts of the Valley have dropped 100 feet below
historical lows. As the water levels sink, the land can sink, too – in some places by about a foot per
year. Groundwater pumping could also put more stress on the San Andreas Fault" (Source 3). After
reading this quote it lets us understand that slowly we are affecting the state. In fact, California is a
tremendous state of agriculture. Therefore, if we establish everything together, we are slowly
affecting furthermore sinking California due to how much the state uses aquifers. As we all know if
there is disturbance among the San Andreas Fault, consequently it can lead to a significant
earthquake. "We are a one–way trajectory towards depletion. Toward running out of groundwater in
the Central Valley," warns Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist at UC Irvine. He points out that California
is the only western state that doesn't really monitor or supervising how much groundwater farmers
and residents are using"(Source 3). This is another immense reason why we need to administer the
aquifers because eventually at the pace we are going by not monitoring the aquifers, we could
eventually use all the

Air Trajectory : Gravitational Energy And Projectiles
Air Trajectory: Gravitational Energy and Projectiles Brian Kim and Andrew Lee Centreville High
School Abstract Science Olympiad is set up as a competition in the same way a track competition is
set up. Competitors extensively train for each of their events for several months beforehand in order
to perform well on competition day. There are 23 events that cycle through each year to accurately
represent the scientific challenges society faces today. For example, there are many events for
renewable energy or eco–friendly technology in response to the ever growing threat of global
warming. These events such as wind power or electric vehicle would be considered build events as
they require hands on experience to build well thought–out ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They have to design the device in a way that changing the air pressure to the given distance at
competition is both easy and fast. Methods known to modify air pressure have been to adjust the
weight's height or launching angle. I plan on contributing a lot of my time and effort into Science
Olympiad over the next two years. I love learning about science and how to apply it in real life.
Also, I want to help new members with their events much like how Justin Bui has helped me. He
has been really helpful in getting to know the ropes and I want to do the same to others. Air
Trajectory: Gravitational Energy and Projectiles Air trajectory is the physics of how an object moves
through a "fluid" which can be a liquid or a gas. In the event of Air Trajectory, students launch
projectiles a certain distance using gravitational energy in the form of a dropping weight. The
involved science is more about the most efficient method of launch rather than how the projectile
moves through the air. There are many approaches to this problem. The most common method is
creating a separate air chamber using an empty soda bottle. A weight drops on this bottle to exert air
pressure. This air pressure is then used to launch a projectile, adjusting the height of the weight as
needed. Although easy, this method is too imprecise and will yield inaccurate results. To begin, it is
needed to learn about how air pressure is created and the best way to achieve it. After

A Brief Note On Water Supply And Sanitation

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