This document discusses sample collection in clinical biochemistry. It outlines the essential steps in sample collection including patient identification, sample collection and processing, and storage and transport. It describes the proper procedures, equipment, and additives used for collecting different sample types like blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and arterial blood gas. Potential errors are discussed along with ways to avoid errors like hemolysis, clotting, and contamination. Maintaining proper procedures is important for obtaining accurate laboratory test results.

1. SAMPLE COLLECTION IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Dr. Ajit Kumar Singh
(MD Laboratory Medicine)
PGT 1st year
Guided by
Dr. Garima Chauhan
MD BIOCHEMISRTY
CHITTRANJAN NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
KOLKATA.

2. USE OF LABORATORY TESTS
 Lab test are often part of routine check up to look for change in our body.
 Help doctor to diagnose medical condition.
 Plan or evaluate treatment.
 Predicting disease severity
 Monitoring disease prognosis.
 Research purpose.

3. ESSENTIAL STEPS IN SAMPLE COLLECTION
 Patient identification
 Preparation of patient
 Collection of the specimen
 Processing
 Storage and transport

4. PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
 Patient identification is Most important step.
 It must be active process.
 Identification with name, medical record number, age.
 Two unique identification be use to properly identify the patient.
 Special situation like paternity testing and medicolegal important cases need
additional patient identity.

5. REQUISITION FORM
 Patient information
 Details of the physician
 Billing information
 Test selection
 Specimen information if sample is
from indoor patient department (ipd)

6. Test requisition form
Patient name……………AGE …………………………….SEX;M/F
LOCATION ............BED NUMBER…………… PATIENT ID…………………….
Doctor’s name…………………. Date and time of collection………..
Date and time of sample receipt…………………….. RECEIVED BY………..
RELEVENT RESTRICTION FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
INVESTIGATINS:
BLOOOD INVESTIGATION:-
HEMATOLOGY:
BIOCHEMISTRY:
IMMUNOLOGY:
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
MOLECULAR STUDY:
ANY OTHER INVESTIGATION
SIGN OF DOCTER
DATE………….

7. Preliminary steps before sample collection
 Identify the patient & explain the process.
 Look for local infection.
 Specialized test like genetic diseases request a signed consent form
from the patient.
 Dress in personal protective equipment.
 Patient should be comfortable seated or supine.
 Preparation of site
 Timing
 Order of draw

8. Equipment
 Evacuated collection tubes
 Needles
 Needle holder
 Torniquet
 Gauze sponges
 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes
 Gloves
 Syringes
 Adhesive bandages

9. Blood specimen collection: VENIPUNCTURE
(Venous blood is generally used for most hematological
examination and for bio- chemistry test)
 Visually identify the vein
 Apply the tourniquet 3-5 cm above the puncture site
 Anchor the respective vein by non-dominant hand
 Insert the needle at 15-30 degree angle
 Insert the evacuated tube and allow it to fill completely

10. Biomedical waste management

12. Color coding
 Culture bottle
 Blue color vial
 Pink color vial (EDTA)
 Lavender color vial(EDTA)
 Red color vial
 Yellow color vial
 Gray color vial
 Green color vial

13. TUBE ADDITIVE’S
ADDITIVE FUNCTION OF ADDITIVE COMMON LABORATORY TESTS
3.2 % SODIUM CITRATE prevent blood clotting by binding
with calcium ion
coagulation testing
POTASSIUM EDTA prevent blood clotting by binding
with calcium ion
hematological and blood bank
SODIUM/LITHIUM
HEPARIN
prevent clotting by inhibiting
thrombin and thromboplastin
stat and routine chemistry
SODIUM FLURIDE AND
SODIUM POTASSIUM
OXALATE
Fluoride inhibit glycolysis and
oxalate prevent clotting
glucose (especially when testing
will be delayed), blood alcohol,
lactic acid
Serum tube with or
without clot activator or
gel
clot activator promotes blood
clotting with glass or silica particles.
chemistry, serology, immunology

14. ORDER OF DRAW
1. Blood culture
2. Citrate tube (light
blue)
3. Serum separator tube
(gold color)
4. Serum tube (red with
clot activator)
5. Heparin tube (green )
6. EDTA tube (lavender)
7. Fluoride tube(gray)

15. LABELING OF SAMPLE
 Patient full name.
 Patient id (hospital medical record number, date of birth, (both are matched
with requisition form).
 Date and time of specimen collected.
 Recipient name and collectors ID.
Effect of wrong order draw
 Additive contamination.
 Carryover of additive could virtually increases or Decrease lab value.
 Waste of health care resources.
 Negative effect on patient healthcare.

16. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS test (abg)
Blood draw from artery (m/c radial)
Analyzed for:-
Oxygen content
 Oxygen saturation
 pH acidosis and alkalosis
 Partial pressure of 02
 Partial pressure of co2
Bicarbonate and bass excess

17. URINE ANALYSIS
Method of urine sample collection
Invasive Non invasive
1. Supra pubic aspiration (SPA)
- Require skilled hand
- Very reliable
- Quick
- Minimal contamination
2. Catheterisation
- Low contamination rate
- Reliable
- Useful even when bladder has
low volume of urine
1. Mid stream urine sample
- In children who can not void on demand,
need to wait for spontaneous voiding.
Disadvantage:-
-Moderate risk of contamination
2. Bag sample
- Not recommended due to high rate of
contamination

18. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS
CSF is usually obtained through a Lumber
puncture (Spinal tap)
 During the procedure a needle is inserted
usually between 3rd and 4th lumber vertebrae.
 Pre numbered tube 1 ,2 & 3 with tube 1 being
the first tube filled,
 Three tubes with 2 to 3 ml each of CSF are
collected. These tubes are labeled as
1. Tube 1 for chemistry and serology.
2. Tube 2 for microbiology studies.
3. Tube 3 for hematology studies

19. REASONS FOR SPECIMEN REJECTION
 HEMOLYSIS and LIPEMIA
 Clot present in an anticoagulated specimen.
 Sample collected without the indications met.
 Improper blood collection tube.
 Short and/or wrong draw.
 Improper transportation of sample to laboratory.
 Discrepancy between requisition and specimen.
 Unlabeled or mislabeled specimen.

20. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO PREVENT HEMATOMA
 Puncture only the uppermost wall of the vein.
 Remove tourniquet before removing the needle.
 Use the major superficial vein.
 Make sure the needle fully penetrates the upper
most wall of vein.
 Apply pressure to the venipuncture site.

21. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO PREVENT HEMOLYSIS
 Use correct needle size for blood collection
 Improper tube mixing
 Incorrect filling of tube
 Excessive suction
 Prolonged tourniquet
 Difficult collection

22. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO prevent CLOT
 Allow the blood collection tube to fill until the
vacuum is exhausted.
 Mix the specimen immediately.
 Be sure that the entire inner surface of blood
collection tube is coated with blood while
mixing.

23. Preanalytical error
 Missing sample or test request.
 Wrong or missing identification .
 Contamination from infusion route.
 Hemolyzed collections.
 Inappropriate container.
 Inappropriate blood to anticoagulant ratio.