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sample collection in clinical biochemistry
1. SAMPLE COLLECTION IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Dr. Ajit Kumar Singh
(MD Laboratory Medicine)
PGT 1st year
Guided by
Dr. Garima Chauhan
MD BIOCHEMISRTY
CHITTRANJAN NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
KOLKATA.
2. USE OF LABORATORY TESTS
Lab test are often part of routine check up to look for change in our body.
Help doctor to diagnose medical condition.
Plan or evaluate treatment.
Predicting disease severity
Monitoring disease prognosis.
Research purpose.
3. ESSENTIAL STEPS IN SAMPLE COLLECTION
Patient identification
Preparation of patient
Collection of the specimen
Processing
Storage and transport
4. PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
Patient identification is Most important step.
It must be active process.
Identification with name, medical record number, age.
Two unique identification be use to properly identify the patient.
Special situation like paternity testing and medicolegal important cases need
additional patient identity.
5. REQUISITION FORM
Patient information
Details of the physician
Billing information
Test selection
Specimen information if sample is
from indoor patient department (ipd)
6. Test requisition form
Patient name……………AGE …………………………….SEX;M/F
LOCATION ............BED NUMBER…………… PATIENT ID…………………….
Doctor’s name…………………. Date and time of collection………..
Date and time of sample receipt…………………….. RECEIVED BY………..
RELEVENT RESTRICTION FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
INVESTIGATINS:
BLOOOD INVESTIGATION:-
HEMATOLOGY:
BIOCHEMISTRY:
IMMUNOLOGY:
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
MOLECULAR STUDY:
ANY OTHER INVESTIGATION
SIGN OF DOCTER
DATE………….
7. Preliminary steps before sample collection
Identify the patient & explain the process.
Look for local infection.
Specialized test like genetic diseases request a signed consent form
from the patient.
Dress in personal protective equipment.
Patient should be comfortable seated or supine.
Preparation of site
Timing
Order of draw
9. Blood specimen collection: VENIPUNCTURE
(Venous blood is generally used for most hematological
examination and for bio- chemistry test)
Visually identify the vein
Apply the tourniquet 3-5 cm above the puncture site
Anchor the respective vein by non-dominant hand
Insert the needle at 15-30 degree angle
Insert the evacuated tube and allow it to fill completely
12. Color coding
Culture bottle
Blue color vial
Pink color vial (EDTA)
Lavender color vial(EDTA)
Red color vial
Yellow color vial
Gray color vial
Green color vial
13. TUBE ADDITIVE’S
ADDITIVE FUNCTION OF ADDITIVE COMMON LABORATORY TESTS
3.2 % SODIUM CITRATE prevent blood clotting by binding
with calcium ion
coagulation testing
POTASSIUM EDTA prevent blood clotting by binding
with calcium ion
hematological and blood bank
SODIUM/LITHIUM
HEPARIN
prevent clotting by inhibiting
thrombin and thromboplastin
stat and routine chemistry
SODIUM FLURIDE AND
SODIUM POTASSIUM
OXALATE
Fluoride inhibit glycolysis and
oxalate prevent clotting
glucose (especially when testing
will be delayed), blood alcohol,
lactic acid
Serum tube with or
without clot activator or
gel
clot activator promotes blood
clotting with glass or silica particles.
chemistry, serology, immunology
15. LABELING OF SAMPLE
Patient full name.
Patient id (hospital medical record number, date of birth, (both are matched
with requisition form).
Date and time of specimen collected.
Recipient name and collectors ID.
Effect of wrong order draw
Additive contamination.
Carryover of additive could virtually increases or Decrease lab value.
Waste of health care resources.
Negative effect on patient healthcare.
16. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS test (abg)
Blood draw from artery (m/c radial)
Analyzed for:-
Oxygen content
Oxygen saturation
pH acidosis and alkalosis
Partial pressure of 02
Partial pressure of co2
Bicarbonate and bass excess
17. URINE ANALYSIS
Method of urine sample collection
Invasive Non invasive
1. Supra pubic aspiration (SPA)
- Require skilled hand
- Very reliable
- Quick
- Minimal contamination
2. Catheterisation
- Low contamination rate
- Reliable
- Useful even when bladder has
low volume of urine
1. Mid stream urine sample
- In children who can not void on demand,
need to wait for spontaneous voiding.
Disadvantage:-
-Moderate risk of contamination
2. Bag sample
- Not recommended due to high rate of
contamination
18. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS
CSF is usually obtained through a Lumber
puncture (Spinal tap)
During the procedure a needle is inserted
usually between 3rd and 4th lumber vertebrae.
Pre numbered tube 1 ,2 & 3 with tube 1 being
the first tube filled,
Three tubes with 2 to 3 ml each of CSF are
collected. These tubes are labeled as
1. Tube 1 for chemistry and serology.
2. Tube 2 for microbiology studies.
3. Tube 3 for hematology studies
19. REASONS FOR SPECIMEN REJECTION
HEMOLYSIS and LIPEMIA
Clot present in an anticoagulated specimen.
Sample collected without the indications met.
Improper blood collection tube.
Short and/or wrong draw.
Improper transportation of sample to laboratory.
Discrepancy between requisition and specimen.
Unlabeled or mislabeled specimen.
20. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO PREVENT HEMATOMA
Puncture only the uppermost wall of the vein.
Remove tourniquet before removing the needle.
Use the major superficial vein.
Make sure the needle fully penetrates the upper
most wall of vein.
Apply pressure to the venipuncture site.
21. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO PREVENT HEMOLYSIS
Use correct needle size for blood collection
Improper tube mixing
Incorrect filling of tube
Excessive suction
Prolonged tourniquet
Difficult collection
22. AVOID FOLLOWING ERROR TO prevent CLOT
Allow the blood collection tube to fill until the
vacuum is exhausted.
Mix the specimen immediately.
Be sure that the entire inner surface of blood
collection tube is coated with blood while
mixing.
23. Preanalytical error
Missing sample or test request.
Wrong or missing identification .
Contamination from infusion route.
Hemolyzed collections.
Inappropriate container.
Inappropriate blood to anticoagulant ratio.