The Fatigue Associated With Working The Night Shift

The Fatigue Associated With Working The Night Shift
The fatigue associated with working the night shift was brought into the spotlight after an aircraft
incident that occurred on June 10, 1990. British Airways flight 5390 had just departed from
Birmingham International Airport when the aircraft experienced a rapid pressure loss due to the
pilot's windshield blowing out of the aircraft. This resulted in the pilot being sucked halfway out of
the aircraft and another flight crew member grabbing the pilots belt and holding him from being
sucked completely out while the copilot to take control of the aircraft and land it safely at a nearby
airport. The official findings of the accident investigation linked the windshield blowout to the
wrong size bolts being installed. The bolts were installed early in the morning hours and the fatigued
shift maintenance manager who installed them didn't recognize that they were the wrong bolts. He
thought that the countersinking on the window was unusually large (Baron, 2009). This is just one
example of mistakes made on night shift due to fatigue. Fatigue is a dangerous human factor that is
present in the aircraft maintenance community.
There are ways to mitigate the risk of fatigue, though. It starts with the airline companies
themselves. Setting a work schedule that doesn't allow workers to work more than 12 hours will
allow their employees an opportunity to get the rest needed. It is also up to the aircraft maintainers
to ensure that their off duty responsibilities don't interfere
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Risk Management: United States Air Force-F-Four Rules
Risk Management – The ability to assure that risk is identified, evaluated, documented, eliminated
or controlled within defined program risk parameter. IMPORTANT: Ensure that your work
experience supports your answer. Your answer and associated work experience will be evaluated
further to validate whether the answer that you selected is appropriate. United States Air Force–F–4
Crew Chief As an aircraft maintenance specialist in the United States Air Force, one of my
responsibilities required me to conduct a final inspection, of the fighter aircraft, prior to the plane
taxiing to the runway. During one particular inspection, I identified a potential danger. I discovered a
screw protruding from one of the main gear tires. I documented

William E. Boeing's Influence On The Plane Making Industry
William E Boeing made a company that has changed the industry of plane making, but how much
influence did William E. Boeing have ton the plane making industry? Boeing's impact is large as the
company has influence the industry by several ways such as starting from a small company and
expanding to the world's largest company, making the first wide–bodied plane, and going the
distance in reinventing the company to rise above their competitors.
In August 1915 William E. Boeing applied to the Glenn L. Martin School in Los Angeles. After he
completed his courses he ordered a plane known as Model TA from the Martin Factory to learn more
about how planes are made. The Model TA inspired Boeing to construct aircrafts. He hired twelve
men and they began building the first Boeing plane. William E. Boeing combined a factory and a
seaplane hangar by Lake Union and made the first test flight of the first Boeing plane. His first
airplane was a seaplane, and he sold several of them to the US Navy to use as pilot training jet
during World War 1. Between World War I and World War II, the Boeing Company developed both
civilian and military aircrafts and their heavy bombers played ... Show more content on
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The plane that Boeing revealed is known as the Boeing 747. The Boeing 747 was a game changer
because it was the world's first wide bodied plane. According to the book "Flying over the USA:
airplanes in American Life, The plane would be able to carry hundreds of passengers and the airliner
would now charge less for flying and would not need as many aircrafts (Martin 13)." Another reason
why this plane is significant is because it was The Boeing Company's first plane to be entirely
designed on a computer. Designing planes on computer was one of the several changes that The
Boeing Company made to its company after the unveiling of the Boeing

Aircraft Manufacturing Industry : Aircraft Engines
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The aircraft manufacturing industry consists of completed aircrafts,
aircraft engines and engine parts and other aircraft parts and systems. Completed aircraft
manufacturing accounts for over 60% of the aircraft manufacturing industry, the largest sector.
Aircraft engines and other aircraft parts and systems account for smaller equal parts of the industry.
Please refer to figure 4. The aircraft segment includes completed large commercial aircrafts,
regional aircrafts, business jets, helicopters and ultra–light aircraft. Completed aircraft manufactures
also build completed aircrafts for the defense department and international defense agencies. The
aircraft engine segment also includes the manufacturing of single engine parts, as well as completed
engines. The other aircraft parts and systems segment includes products like propellers,
transmission, landing gear, etc. The aircraft manufacturing industry is a $233 billion industry
(Soshkin, 2015). In the past five years the industry as a whole has seen a 7.1% growth and is
projected to have a 4.1% growth through the next five years. The product segmentation of the
industry is 63% completed aircraft, 19.1% engine and engine parts, and 20.6% other aircraft parts
and systems (Soshkin, 2015). The industry is a mature industry. Products are sold two ways, to
commercial buyers and to government buyers. Over half of the products sold are sold to commercial
buyers, but the most expensive items are sold

Case Study : Aar Corp : AAirline Aviation Service
AAR CORP is a airline aviation service for airplane where the company service and sale parts for
airplanes. The AAR Corp along with its subsidiaries is engaged in providing products & services
including overhaul, repair & engineering services to aviation & government & defense markets. The
company Sale and lease OEM parts and products. It is also engaged in design, manufacture and
repair of transportation pallets. AAR 's also has an Services that supply shelters, command and
control (C4) systems, cold chain containers, and airlift operations for military and humanitarian
missions. This mission is to perform a variety of missions to aid those in need or any type of
humanitarian crisis.
AAR CORP HISTORY
Company's stock is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, AAR is a global provider of aviation services to the global aerospace and defense industry.
The Company's successful track record can be attributed to AAR's close–to–the–customer approach,
the entrepreneurial spirit of our people and the solid foundation of our past. The company started in
the 1950's and was called the I.A. Allen Industries. The company supplied radios to aircrafts for
confirmation aviation. Which was located moved to an office in Chicago in 1951. In 1962 the
company moved to Elk Grove Village, Illinois once again changing its name to Allen Aircraft Radio.
In 1965 the company move to a larger location and began an onsite FFA repair station, specializing
in avionics. In 1967 AAR went public with a share price of $10 raising over $1 million dollars. The
company reach $5.3 million in market capitalization. Again in 1969 the company changed its name
to AAR. In 1971 the company started and aircraft maintenance business at Will Rogers Airport in
Oklahoma. After adding four more hangars the company then changed its name again to AAR
AIRCRAFT SERVICES. In 1772 AAR Craft stock was listed on the stock exchange. In 1973 the
company merged with Stainder Inc which is another repair company in the same business. By 1980
AAR listed on the New York Stock Exchange. 1981 the company acquired Brook and Perkins Inc. a
manufacture of cargo increasing military markets. In 1982 the company opened a Singapore office.
The

The Value Of Foreign Currency
Fluctuations in the value of foreign currency impose a direct cost on foreign airlines as crude oil is
purchased in accordance with the US dollar to which it is pegged. Airline companies in North
America, which are associated with the SPDR S&P Transportation ETF, benefit from the fact that
crude oil prices are denominated in U.S. dollars; as opposed to airlines from other regions that are
susceptible to fluctuations in the exchange rate as well as the overall price of crude oil per barrel.
For example, Brazilian airline Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes's fuel costs accounted for 42% of its
operating costs, in comparison to its US rivals such as American Airlines and Delta Airlines. (IATA,
2015) 2.2.2 Interest Rates
Interest rates have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reasonable inflation and interest rates as well as relatively low unemployment have also contributed
to the evolving middle class. Members of this class tend to have the financial wherewithal to fly
rather than relying on slower transportation by sea. Per capita income is steadily raising as in
personal disposable income (Boeing, 2015).Low interest rates decidedly influence commercial
aircraft enterprises on the grounds that they prompt the speculation of new innovation and capital.
This will build the rate of return and expand the estimation of the base and administrations at lower
expenses, which will affect better quality and higher interest, which will fiscally advantage the
commercial aircraft ventures as the inflation rate will be low. If the interest rates go up it will affect
the inflation adversely (Ahuja, 2007) 2.2.3 Health & Safety
Health and safety is a vital factor that must be considered and monitored on a daily basis. There are
adequate rules and regulations to ensure the health and safety of the users and the employees. One
situation where this occurred was during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption in Iceland. This
natural event had a detrimental effect on the airline industry, after the eruption due to a giant cloud
of ash that could have damaged the engines. The situation mention earlier demonstrates that
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) was in effect (BBC news, 2010).
Another reason why health and

The Extent of Globalization in Global Retailing and Civil...
1. Introduction First of all, about this portfolio, the extent of globalization in global retailing and
civil aero engine manufacturing is main discussion statement. The PESTEL, CAGE distances and
Yip's driver theories also would be applied to support this discussion. Moreover, different firms of
these two industries would be used to illustrate above concept. Wal–Mart, Carrefour and Tesco will
be used to demonstrate global retailing. Then, another industry, civil aero engine manufacturing,
Pratt & Whitney and GE Aviation will be used to exemplify. When the companies want to keep their
development within the competitive economic environment, they should have a plan. This plan is
not only integrate the condition that means the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 20–30 years ago, they also seek for more marketplaces from their local countries to other
nations. Wherever they come from United Stated or United Kingdom, their brand can be found at
Asia, even Africa. All of them have different store types to separate business in suitable market
segment. As discussed above, all of them are the large grocery retailers. They have hypermarket
which is biggest scale in the grocery market in their scope. Tesco has 230, Carrefour has 1395 and
Wal–Mart has 2767 hypermarkets. Besides, they also have convenience store, discount store,
supermarket and warehouse club. Depend on the geographic region to launch suitable store.
Furthermore, the store brand might be different with original brand, but also like the subsidiary. For
example, Wal–Mart has 55 brand names in the world. This is an evidence to show how worldwide
they are. Therefore, Wal–Mart, Carrefour and Tesco are stand in same strategic group. Even Metro
AG and The Kroger Co. also be the top 5 of global retailers, however, the scope and resources of
them is not enough to compare with top 3. There are different criteria (e.g. the size of firms, extent
of geographical region, product diversity and the extent of branding) of these three firms are close
with each other. When 3 brands stand in same strategic group, they become direct competitor. As
mentioned before, they all compete at Europe, America and Asia. Even they are the brand came

American Airways Internal Environment
The main business of AMR Corporation's is in the commercial aviation industry. AMR was founded
in 1930, named American Airways Inc. due to many smaller companies acquired in a consolidation.
It operates wide range of international and domestic network of flights which pass from North
America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, and Asia. Their headquarter were in New York
City but later in the year 1979 was moved to Forth Worth Texas due to their expanding business.
They are known as one of the leading airline in the world which gives a big support to the US
economy by providing many daily flights around the world. Many big corporations look up to
American Airlines as a way of major income for them. They are mostly known for being the parent
company for American Airline.
AMR Corporation is one of the biggest corporations who has managed to have successful merger to
stabilize their cost and increase their profits even in era of recession and has a significant visibility.
As a well–known company they decide to go public in 1939. The name AMR Corporation ... Show
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This is to provide excellent service to their customers and to improve communication with their
passengers. Global One Alliance has been able to share and occupy other airlines assets and is made
up of about 20 of the biggest worldwide airline. This wonderful networking has leaded them to
agreements with major airlines in other countries which gave AMR even wider range to allow
passengers to travel. On November 29, 2011 it filed for Chapter 11 reorganization bankruptcy. It has
cut down many jobs and reported operating cuts to increase its revenue. This gave a negative swing
to their fast growing business. AMR Corporation handles the situation very respectably because of
that within two years once again they uproar as the strongest competitor for their rivals by merging
with US airways in

Aviation Industry After World War 1
The aviation industry was the largest American industry during World War II. There was a large
demand for military aircraft which made the aviation industry a booming one. However, following
World War II the American aviation industry found itself unsure of its future because of a situation
of demobilizational instability. The government had reduced its investment in the industry as the
armed services returned to skeletal levels. The Army Air Force was the largest example of this
problem. The Army Air Force was reduced from its height in 1945 of 243 wings, to months after the
war end it did not even have one completely ready squadron. The ending of the war presented a real
challenge to the American aviation industry. The majority of production ... Show more content on
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The Comet began service in 1952. The aircraft forced changes to be made by American aviation
manufacturers. The Comet was so successful, that it weakened the reluctance of conservative
American airlines to use jets. The advantage of jet over the piston engines is the power–to–weight
ratio that allows aircraft to grow in size and weight. The increased size and weight of aircraft
coupled with the necessity of strength in flight at high speeds required changes to be made to the
production systems of the manufacturers. The manufacturers changed from being basically sheet
metal processors to great machine

Dreamliner Research Paper
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner has come into the market as a revolutionary aircraft. There are many
advancements and with the advancements have come many problems. Ultimately, Boeing will be
able to restore the reputation of the Dreamliner, simply because the aircraft is state–of–the–art and
Boeing is doing its best to solve the problems that have occurred. The technology on the 787 is
revolutionary. It has many features unique to this aircraft. One of which is the smooth wing
technology. This is put into use on the trailing edge, the side towards the rear of the aircraft, of the
wing. The design of this particular edge is shaped to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency, when
compared to other similar aircraft. In addition to the shape, the trailing edge flaps are specifically
designed to incorporate smaller tracks than traditionally used on aircraft. The 787's pivot trailing
edge also has a simpler design that contains fewer parts than conventional aircraft, reducing both
weight and maintenance costs. The composite materials that the wing is ... Show more content on
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In January of 2013, a fire breaks out aboard an empty Japan Airlines 787 in Boston and United
Airlines reports a problem with the wiring near the main batteries. This prompts the National
Transportation Safety Board to launch a safety investigation. More reports of fires prompt Japan's
Transport Ministry to launch an investigation. Also occurring in January, an All Nippon Airways
flight to Tokyo Haneda Airport is diverted after a burning smell, which turned out to be a battery
fire. (Boeing 787) At this point a warning from US authorities prompted all 787 Dreamliners to be
grounded worldwide. (Topham) In April of the same year, the necessary repairs to the batteries were
completed to return the 787 to service. Between April and July there were even more problems
involving air pressure systems, braking systems, fires, and electrical problems. (Boeing

United Flight 232 Research Paper
On July 19, 1989 United flight 232, a DC–10 aircraft took off from Denver's Stapleton International
Airport on route to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. The DC–10 aircraft was manufactured
by McDonnell Douglas. It has three General Electric CF6–6 engines, two that were wing mounted
and one that was tail mounted. The number two engine, located on the tail, had a pre–existing defect
introduced when it was manufactured. It was known as a hard alpha inclusion which causes cracks
to form early in the lifetime of the fan disks. However, the cracks were too small to detect by the
naked eye and overtime grew to a size large enough to bring the plane down on that fatal day. The
fan disks located in the GE CF6–6 engine was initially rated for

A Report On The Air Service
On Dec. 17, 1903, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright spent over four years of constant research and
design efforts beginning with a 120 foot, 12–second flight in Kitty Hawk, N.C. This was the very
first flight in a heavier than air machine. Up till then people had only ever flown in balloons and
gliders. Leon Delagrange was the first passenger to fly in a plane, he flew with French pilot Henri
Farman from a meadow outside of Paris in 1908. Later that year Charles Furnas was the first
American passenger when he flew with Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk. The first proper air service
was in Florida on January 1st, 1914, a plane had been designed by Glenn Curtiss that was able to
take off and land on water and could be built larger than any ... Show more content on
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Another slower achievement was improving the aircraft designs, although when World War I
arrived, countries soon realised the importance of aircraft and the advantage they could give. In that
time the production had to increase considering the largely rising demands from governments from
both sides of the Atlantic. What was the most significant of the War was the development of more
powerful motors, these new motors aloud certain aircraft to reach seeps of up to 130 miles per hour.
These fast speeds more than doubles the speed of original war designed aircraft, this rise in speed
also aloud larger aircraft to be possible.
These and other early flights were headline events, but commercial aviation was very slow to catch
on with the general public, most of whom were afraid to ride in the new flying machines.
Improvements in aircraft design also were slow. However, with the advent of World War I, the
military value of aircraft was quickly recognized and production increased to meet the soaring
demand for planes from governments on both sides of the Atlantic. Most significant was the
development of more powerful motors, enabling aircraft to reach speeds of up to 130 miles per hour,
more than twice the speed of pre–war aircraft. Increased power also made larger aircraft

Aerodynamics of Planes Essay
Aerodynamics of Planes Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I
have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found
my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me
more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas
of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school
competition. History of Flight The history of flying dates back as early as the fifteenth century. A
Renaissance man named Leonardo da Vinci introduced a flying machine known as the ornithopter.
Da Vinci proposed the idea of a machine that had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Towards the end of the War the airplane becomes a practical device of war being able to carry
weapons. Anthony Fokker and Louis Bleriot create the most successful of early modern biplanes
known as the D–VII and D–VIII. Biplanes are eventually taken over by the monoplane, or one wing.
This new design allowed for faster flight and better visibility for the pilot. Air–cooled engines lead
the way for commercial aircraft, and Boeing introduces the first modern airliner the 247. Airplanes
are effected the greatest by supply and demand of war. New styles of war begun to emerge so did
new and improved types of aircraft. The population of the U.S. also begun to grow which leads to
the modern most sophisticated commercial airliner the 777. Most aircraft improvements are found in
the military and intelligence field. The most high tech aircraft known today for such things as spying
are the SR–71 Blackbird, and the U–2 Spy plane. The most complicated and best aircraft
performance is still held by the space shuttle and probably always will be. The last 200 years have
seen incredible changes in aircraft from the man with wings to heavier than air flying machines that
can travel at supersonic speeds. Lift Every single part of an aircraft is incredibly important, without
a piece of the airplane it just wouldn't fly. If there had to be a most important part of the aircraft, it
would mostly likely have to be the wing. The wing allows a heavier

Sustaining the Innovation Process: the Case of Rolls-Royce...
Sustaining the Innovation Process: The Case of Rolls–Royce plc William Lazonick The European
Institute of Business Administration (INSEAD) and University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell,
MA 01854 Email: william.lazonick@insead.edu & Andrea Prencipe Complex Product Systems
Innovation Centre SPRU, University of Sussex and Faculty of Economics University G.
D'Annunzio Viale Pindaro, 42 65127 Pescara, Italy Email: a.prencipe@sussex.ac.uk
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Joe Lampel for comments on an earlier draft of the
chapter. This research was funded by the Targeted Socio–Economic Research (TSER) Programme
of the European Commission (DGXII) under the Fourth Framework Programme, European
Commission (Contract no.: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also document the sources of financial commitment that enabled these strategic managers to
sustain the uncertain innovation process until it could generate financial returns. In focusing on the
roles of strategic control and financial commitment in sustaining the innovation process, this study
suggests an alternative to conventional agency theory for explaining the relation between the
governance of resource allocation and economic performance at Rolls–Royce. According to agency
theory, the entrenchment of Rolls–Royce's managers should have resulted in a squandering of the
company's resources, not superior economic performance. The fact that these managers exercised
strategic control, and developed the RB211, under very different ownership structures also raises
questions about the importance of ownership to corporate performance and the conditions under
which a high–tech company that must make uncertain and expensive investments in technological
development can be exposed to the demands of public shareholders. This study, therefore, sheds
light on the role of not only career managers but also public shareholders in the innovation process.
The next section describes how Rolls–Royce's attempt to develop the three–shaft engine for
Lockheed at the end of the 1960s resulted in bankruptcy. Then we detail how, as a nationalised
company from February 1971 to May 1987, Rolls–Royce 2

Organizational Structure Of ST Aerospace
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse ST Aerospace and identify the type of MRO
organization it belongs to, thus, allowing further insights on the market it targets in the aviation
industry across the globe. The paper further discusses the regulatory oversight that mandates and
certifies this MRO organization. Also, it analysis the company's organizational structure and its
corporate governance, which contributes to its success. Keywords: ST Aerospace, type of MRO,
market target, Regulatory oversight, organizational structure, corporate governance. ST Aerospace
ST Aerospace is a global company employing more than 8,000 employees around the world. ST has
been providing maintenance and engineering services to the Republic ... Show more content on
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An organization's competitive position is determined by how well its board of directors are able to
discharge their duties and responsibilities. The organization should consist of leaders who are able to
direct their company forward with the effective accountability and corporate social responsibility
(ST Engineering, n.d). Similarly, at Singapore Technologies (ST) the board of the company is
accountable to the shareholders for the overall company's performance. They are to ensure that there
is a transparency in the system and good governance is not only practised at the Board level but also
throughout the organization. ST organization comprises 14 Directors, and 1 alternate director
(Corporate Governance, 2014). The mission of the board provides leadership and guidance to the
management of individual sector of ST. All sectors within the company are guided by the corporate
governance framework developed by ST itself. The organization strongly believes that good
corporate governance is not only the responsibility of the board, but also the management and every
level of the company (Corporate Governance, 2014). Singapore Technologies use the top down
approach to ensure an affective and a systematic organization. The board of director and the
management of ST work hand in hand to formulate business strategies, directions, acquisitions,
divestments and risk policy. The decision–making process is critical to the success of the company,
thus, the engagement of its leaders and management to facilitate the board's decision–making
process is done through meetings and conferences (Corporate Governance, 2014). Furthermore, ST
Aerospace the arm of ST Engineering is committed with a culture to provide customer satisfaction
and works single–mindedly to meet their customer's requirements and deliver value beyond

Essay on Crisis Management
Situational Analysis: Flight 232 Cecille Hayes Argosy University Module 5 The purpose of this
assignment is to develop leadership and crisis management skills by using a real–life case study
example (Argosy Lecture Notes, 2013). Case Study This paper focuses on United Airlines (UA)
Flight 232, a DC10 aircraft that was en route from Denver to Philadelphia via Chicago. It was
forced to make an emergency landing in Sioux City, Iowa due to an engine failure. The flight carried
296 passengers and crew members (Argosy Lecture Notes, 2013). Part 1: Personal Profiles of Crew
Members who Played a Crucial Role in the Flight There were at least four United Airlines crew
members who played a crucial role in the flight: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was determined to do so despite having lost an engine and the ability to steer and control the
aircraft. The captain's commitment to this goal was evident in his valiant efforts to correct flight
issues that were coming up as a result of the engine failure and damaged hydraulic systems. He also
exhibited sheer determination to land that airplane no matter what. Personal Negotiation and
Leadership Skills Exhibited by Selected Character Captain Al Haynes showed remarkable personal
and leadership skills in a crisis situation. Some of these are as follows: 1) Bravery – He faced the
challenge head–on and dealt with it fearlessly. 2) Leading by Example – He was a hands–on leader
who made sure that the work that needed to be done was clearly understood by his crew. 3) Passion
– He believed in what they are doing to handle the situation and this was projected onto his crew
(Lewicki, Barry, and Saunders, 2006). 4) Confidence – He believed in his skills to accomplish his
goal. 5) Delegation – He delegated the throttles to Denny Fitch in order to focus on attempting to
steer and preventing the aircraft from rolling. A great leader knows that he cannot do everything and
is able to delegate effectively (Yoskovitz, 2007). Individual's Self–Knowledge and Ability to Adapt
Captain Al Haynes knew himself and his skills well to have the presence of mind

Zonk Airlines Incident
SFTY 330
Travis S. Chaffin
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
Accident Case Number: ERAU–330RL
Aircraft Type: 1980 PA–31–310
Tail Number: N517RL
Aircraft hours: 15,000 +
Crew: 1 pilot
Passengers: 4
Fatalities: 5
History of flight On November 7 2010, Zonk Air Charters flight 330 L was set to depart Lake Tahoe
Airport (KTVL), on a sunset photographic flight. The aircraft was supposed to fly within 20 miles of
the airport with a return to the same airport, or with the option to continue to Burbank California. At
dusk, the pilot and passengers load the aircraft and departed the airport. The flight departed under
visual flight rules and visual meteorological conditions. The weather was reported at ... Show more
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There were slipstream soot marks on the right engine nacelle, which identifies as burning in flight.
The right horizontal stabilizer had soot and tiny droplets of metal, this shows that the engine was
burning during flight. The right prop showed span and chord wise striations with S compressions on
the trailing edges. The blade tips were broken and jagged with missing pieces. It was determined
during laboratory teardown showed that the right engine was producing power during impact. The
left Engine nacelle showed evidence of vertical dark residue marks or soot trails. The prop was
intact, the tips were bent backwards and showed very little sign of trailing edge compression. This
possibly indicates that the engine was not running during the time of impact. It was also discovered
that the fuel line support bracket showed propagation cracks along the bolt holes that connect it to
the firewall. It did not separate from the firewall, and the fuel line showed no signs of loss of
integrity. The cockpit and passenger areas were destroyed. All of the instruments were destroyed as
well. The throttle quadrant was damaged, but it did show that all the levers, props, throttle, mixture
and feathering levers were pushed forward into the panel. Initial cable tracing showed remaining
integrity, but due to damage from the impact and the resulting fire, actuator positions were inclusive.
There were large metal trunks scattered throughout the

Fly By Wire Book Report
FLY BY WIRE Synopsis William Langewiesche, one of the finest minds in aviation industry, a
journalist and also an author who contributed with his experience in the aviation field to write some
marvellous novels. Fly by wire being one of his marvels, unravels the crash of US Airways flight
1549 with minute detailing of events that led the crash landing in the Hudson in 2009. The total
flight duration was no longer than the time required for reading this report. Both of the aircraft
engines had failed due to multiple bird strikes causing power loss following the take–off which
compelled the pilots to perform a controlled crash landing of the aircraft into the Hudson River.
Langewiesche expounds the entire incident with real time characters involved and the series of
events and emergency with finest details. Background ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author throughout the novel has given a lot of credit to Sullenberger's decision making and
piloting skills which led to the safe rescue of everyone on board. The aircraft took off from New
York heading to Charlotte, New Carolina and minutes later while the plane was still in its initial
climb configuration, encountered a mayday situation due to bird strikes. The pilots had taken
controls of the aircraft by disconnecting the autopilot right after a flock of geese struck both the
engines and got sucked in causing immediate emergency. Langewiesche appreciates Sullenberger's
quick analysis of the situation and his idea of landing the plane in water, which later proved to be
the best decision for everyone's safety. Part of the book talks about the airplane itself, Airbus and the
credit holder for its design, a former test pilot Ziegler. The assistance provided by the aircraft design
and computer systems to Sullenberger for gliding the plane to safety into the waters of Hudson
River has been clearly explained by the

Pilots Received Human Factors Training
g that Zonks' pilots received human factors training, company manual training, or procedures for an
SMS program. However, pilot's reiterated that the owner stated, "Never be unsafe, but try and be
creative before aborting a flight." 1.9 Final Analysis The pilot was a newly hired employee who was
currently outside of his window for qualifications of flight. He was overdue for this Part 135 check–
ride that was to be accomplished by the owner/operator of Zonk Airlines; however due to poor
documentation the owner/operator had let the unqualified pilot fly. The pilot had experience flying
this particular make and model of aircraft prior to the day of the accident; however, it was unclear
wither or not the pilot had experience flying in mountainous areas because the pilot's logbook was
never found. Furthermore, the pilot failed to follow proper procedures by filing a IFR or VFR flight
plan, acquiring a weather report, by failing to do a proper weight and balance of the aircraft, and he
failed to secure the cargo properly. Zonk employee's failed the pilot by failing to inquire about the
pilot's personal life that was obviously affecting his professional life. Procedures should have been
followed to take the pilot out of service until a proper determination could be made about his ability
to perform his duties properly. The HFACS model would have aided the supervision of Zonk
Airlines to perform a proper overview their company. Maintenance personnel at Wrench and Fix had

Role Of Innovation In Ww2
Innovations of World War II
World War II was a horrific event. Millions of people lost their lives. During this difficult time, there
were also many technological breakthroughs. These breakthroughs could be used for civilian or
military purposes. Many of these incredible devices were invented by either the United States of
America or Nazi Germany during the war. Throughout the war many new forms of tech would be
built, jet planes, rocket planes, and one bomb that levels a city. The war was necessary for human
improvement.
During World War II there was no greater fear of the allies than the Me 262, this was the first jet
fighter ever built. It was capable of speeds upward of 500 miles per hour and was faster than any
allied fighter. It was powered by two Junker Jumo 004 engines. The jet engine worked by spinning
turbines inside the engine, then igniting it and firing it out the back. When the fire went out the back,
the jet was propelled forward. These jet aircraft shot down 542 allied aircraft, more than most other
aircraft. This innovation that is still used today wouldn't be here without the war. ... Show more
These aircraft waited for the enemy to near the airfield before taking off and reaching speeds of up
to 1130 kilometer an hour. The most effective of these rocket planes was the Me 163 Komet. It
terrified the Americans that flew missions because it was too fast to see clearly. Often, it would
appear that the bomber had blown itself up somehow. These planes were more dangerous to the pilot
than the enemy, as the fuel was corrosive and often either melted the plane or blew up. Either way
killed the pilot. Another issue of early rocket planes was the lack of fuel storage, which limited the
Me 163 to six minutes of flight. This amazing aircraft paved

History of Civil Aviation
Civil aviation came about after World War one when pioneers explored new uses for aircraft, before
that aircraft were only used for war purposes. In 1908 the British army developed aircraft, a few
years before in 1904 J. E. Cooper, from the British war office, visited the Wright Brothers. His aim
was to bring back information and skills on aircraft. This did not happen because the Wright
brothers asked for $100,000 for the method of aircraft and a further $100,000 for the formulae and
theoretical knowledge. The war office was unwilling to pay this amount.
Later, during the First World War, the aeroplane matured rapidly. Aeroplanes had to stand up to the
war time maintenance. Although the Bi planes of 1918 resembled pre war types they ... Show more
Following D.H.4A and D.H.16 de Havilland designed a purely civil D.H.18, with a 450hp Napier
Lion engine and eight seats. This came about in 1920, used by Aircraft Transport and Instone.
Improved development brought about the Lion–powered eight–passenger D.H.34 which had its first
flight on March 26th, 1922 then went into service with Daimler Airway, just a week later, on April
2nd. This aeroplane type was also used by Instone and one was even exported to Russia.
Handley Page designed and built the W.8, based on its own 0/400 series, which had two Eagle
engines. The W.8 compared to the 0/400, had reduced wing span, better passenger accommodation
and a single fin and rudder in place of the 0/400s box–like structure. The W.8 had its first flight on
4th December 1919 and had limited service with Handley Page Transport. It was followed by three
12/14 seat Eagle powered W.8bs.
The aeroplane to become the best known through out all pioneering days or aircraft manufacturer
was the Vickers Vimy Commercial, named 'City of London'. It was in turn a modified Vimy bomber,
the aircraft that was first to make a non–stop transatlantic flight and England–Australia flight. The
'City of London' airplanes difference was that it incorporated a new fuselage having seats for up to
ten paying customers.
It soon proved that for an air route to be successful it would

Assignment: Quantitative Methods for Business
Name: Sun Puthir
Alpha Yagouba Balde
Class: MC0104 Quantitative Methods for Business
Name: Sun Puthir
Alpha Yagouba Balde
Class: MC0104 Quantitative Methods for Business
Case Study
Chapter 4
North–South Airline:
In January 2008, Northern Airlines merged with Southeast Airlines to create the fourth largest U.S.
carrier. The new North–South Airline inherited both an aging fleet of Boeing 727–300 aircraft and
Stephen Ruth. Stephen was a tough former secretary of the navy who stepped in as new president
and chairman of the board.
Stephen's first concern in creating a financially solid company was maintenance costs. It was
commonly surmised in the airline industry that maintenance costs rise with the age of the aircraft.
He quickly noticed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
.73 | 15,215 | | 75.638 | 9.092 | 9.092 | 82.673 | 10.73% | 2007 | 78.74 | 18,390 | | 83.889 | –5.149 |
5.149 | 26.509 | 6.54% | | | | | Average | | 4.646 | 27.969 | 6.61% | Intercept | 36.097 | | | | | MAD | MSE
| MAPE | Slope | 0.0026 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SE | 6.258 | | Forecast | 36.097 | | | | | Correlation | 0.877 | | | |
| | | | r–squared | 0.769 | |
Northern Engine Input Data | | | | Forecast Error Analysis | | | | Year | Engine Cost per Aircraft($) |
Average Age (Hours) | | Cost | Error | Absolute error | Squared error | Absolute % error | 2001 | 43.49
| 6,512 | | 37.785 | 5.705 | 5.705 | 32.550 | 13.12% | 2002 | 38.58 | 8,404 | | 42.786 | –4.206 | 4.206 |
17.690 | 10.90% | 2003 | 51.48 | 11,077 | | 49.852 | 1.628 | 1.628 | 2.651 | 3.16% | 2004 | 58.72 |
11,717 | | 51.543 | 7.177 | 7.177 | 51.503 | 12.22% | 2005 | 45.47 | 13,275 | | 55.662 | –10.192 | 10.192
| 103.872 | 22.41% | 2006 | 50.26 | 15,215 | | 60.790 | –10.530 | 10.530 | 110.878 | 20.95% | 2007 |
79.6 | 18,390 | | 69.183 | 10.417 | 10.417 | 108.524 | 13.09% | | | | | Average | | 7.122 | 61.096 | 13.69%
| Intercept | 20.571 | | | | | MAD | MSE | MAPE | Slope | 0.0026 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SE | 9.248 | | Forecast
| 20.571 | | | | | Correlation | 0.783 | | | | | | | | r–squared | 0.612 | |
Southeast Airframe Input Data | | | | Forecast Error Analysis | | | | Year | Airframe

A Short Note On Engine Aircraft And Its Impact On The...
The B707 was the first aircraft developed by Boeing in 1958, it is a narrow body , mid–size and a
four turbo–fan engine aircraft ( Pratt & Whitney ) . Some people call it ( seven oh seven ) and it has
different modules ( series ) that contains different capacity from 140–189 passengers .The Boeing
787 was produced in 2007 , it is a long–range , wide–body , twin turbo–fan engine ( GEnx or Rolls
Royce ) aircraft . Passenger's seat varies from 242–335 dependant on the series of the aircraft. Of
course both aircrafts varies from the internal structures ,but almost the same design for the outer
structure (body shape ) , and I'll demonstrate the differences and similarities between both aircrafts ,
from structure design to the innovations made to the B787 , that surely made us look at the Boeing
industry in a different perspectives.
(Anon, 2016) Boeing 787 (B707, 2016) Boeing 707
Now showing some interesting facts to compare between these two aircrafts such as, fuel costs,
ranges, fuel capacity, thrust and cabin. The fuel costs for the B787 is 26.23 $ per nautical mile
whereas the fuel cost for B707 is 24.89 $ , so obviously the B707 takes the win when it comes to
fuel costs , but next facts will show that the B787 supersedes the B707 ,starting with the flight
ranges for the B787 is 7.635 nautical mile , B707 is 5.750 nautical miles , and for the max cruise

Aviation Maintenance Trends
Aviation MaitenanceTrends To fly was a tremendous triumph for mankind, who was previously
sentenced to a life only walking the earth. Since the inception of the airplane, there has been aircraft
maintenance. However, this industry has changed dramatically throughout the years and now
involves highly innovative technologies and incredibly skilled technicians in order to best maintain
the incredibly complex aircraft that fly in today's skies. Maintaining an aircraft is a harmonious
blend between simple and intensely complicated procedures. Many procedures even still used to day
are relatively simple and have existed for generations, including the basic engine work, refueling
and other servicing procedures, and other after–market manufacturing that might take place on
particular planes. This is now combined with impressive and innovative technologies that are highly
regulated under a wide number of international agencies. Aviation maintenance history actually
begins long before the first airplane took flight. Aircraft have existed in numerous forms before the
iconic airplane, and as such, aviation maintenance had to deal with aircraft like balloons. The first
recorded incident where a human flew in a craft was in 1783, when Jean–Francois Pilatre de Rozier
flew in a balloon that was powered by a burning wood fire (Aircraft Maintenance Engineering,
2012). This obviously had a serious maintenance issue, as uncontrollable open flames posed serious
health and engineering risks.

Environmental Impact of Aviation Essay
Environmental Impact of Aviation For GE117 Michael Adams ITT Technical Institute
Environmental Impact of Aviation Aviation contributes approximately 2 percent of total greenhouse
gas emissions, a figure which is projected to grow through 2050. Although fuel efficiency has
improved by nearly 16 percent since the 1990s, future technologies–including better flight patterns,
more–efficient engines, and alternative fuels–have promise for further emissions reductions. The
profitability challenges of the early twenty–first century, however, affect the industry's ability to
invest in new technology. (Hill, 2010 17–22) Globally, air travel was estimated to be responsible for
approximately 480 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When these droplets settle to the ground, usually they are spread over a wide area, minimizing their
effect. (Environmental Impact of Aviation Operations, 2005) Noise analysis and impact criteria will
certainly undergo a profound change in the next millennium. Significant improvements in
technology, in conjunction with regulatory mandates, have reduced noise impacts steadily over the
last 20 years. This downward trend, which is based on today's evaluation metrics, is expected to
continue through 2025. However, as the volume of operations continues to increase, so too will the
overall noise impact and footprint. One would expect noise standards and models to change also.
For example, in response to public sensitivity, the U.S. National Park Service has already begun
review and consideration of new noise standards in wilderness areas. (Hill, 2010 17–22) A survey
completed by the Government Accounting Office of the 50 busiest commercial airports, accounting
for 80% of air carrier operations in 1998 revealed that noise, water, and air quality were the top three
concerns. About 90% of the management of these airports thought that balancing environmental
concerns with airport operations was much more or somewhat more difficult than it was in 1989.
Because 13 of these facilities were at or above capacity with another four considered to be at
capacity in

The Day Of The Desert
Three o'clock in the morning and I do not want to be here, sitting out on a concrete pad in the
middle of the desert for the last two hours. I should be a little more specific; I'm on the flight line at
Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, waiting for my final flight into Tallil Air Base, Iraq. I grab my fourth
bottle of water to quench my thirst; the dry heat killing me. I thought it would be cooler here in the
evening, nope a nice 89 degrees. Feels more like 103 I contribute this to the fourty–pounds of
military gear I am wearing. Not comfortable at all; the heavy flak vest, causing my shoulders to ache
and on top of that a sore neck because of the two and a half pound helmet. Boredom set in an hour
and a half ago since there is nothing to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second rule, touch nothing and followed the directions of the crew, after that I lost interest. Good
rules, I know nothing about flying and I am good at taking orders, so I will fit right in. I peered
inside the belly of the aircraft to see what type of accommodation it offered. Sparse lighting, but I
could make out four rows of orange jump seats, one row on each side facing the center and two in
the center facing the wings. The seats located toward the front of the plane, toward the back the
cargo area. Shiny aluminum or gray metal peered back from the inside of the aircraft; so utilitarian.
Military stencil here and there, nets, straps and electrical wiring running along the walls. Briefing
completed, the loadmaster directed us to grab a seat and make sure we distributed ourselves evenly
to balance the weight out. I choose my canvas seat with its net backing closes to the window, once
everyone settled; I had no room to move around. This is going to be a long and painful flight with
these seats. Four pallets of equipment were loaded toward the tail of the aircraft, and then the hatch
raised making a hydraulic buzz.
Completing his checklist items the loadmaster gave the O.K. to the pilot, he gave a thumbs up to one
of the crewmembers and the first of four turboprop engines started up. Even with earplugs I could
hear the engines whine as it slowly turned into a low hum, three more added to the noise. The hum
became more intense as we started to taxi out

A CASE ANALYSIS ON NORTH SOUTH AIRLINES
A CASE ANALYSIS ON NORTH–SOUTH AIRLINE
I. CASE BACKGROUND
Northern Airlines merged with Southeast Airlines to create the fourth largest U.S. carrier in which it
inherited both an aging fleet of Boeing 727–300 aircraft and Stephen Ruth.
As the new president of the airline, Stephen's first concern is to create a financially solid company
since it is a common presumption for airline industries that maintenance costs rise with the age of
aircrafts.
He noticed that there have been significant differences in the reported B727–300 maintenance costs
(from ATA Form 41s) both in the airframe and engine areas between Northern and Southeast
Airlines, with Southeast having the newer fleet. He asked Peg Jones, Vice President for Operations
and Finance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the regression equation, we can say that per average age hour (thousands), there will be 2.6
increases in the airframe cost.
b. Then, we also determine the regression equation and correlation between North's engine cost and
the average age of fleet. Please refer to Annex 3 for the QM results.
Regression line:
Engine Cost = 20.57 +.0026* Average Age (hour)
Coefficient of correlation = .78
Coefficient of determination = .61
For the engine cost, there is also a positive correlation thus; increase in this cost may also vary in the
increase in average age of fleet per hour. However, on this cost, only 61% is determined in the
regression equation. Like in the airframe cost, there will be additional 2.6 in cost for every hour of
average age in thousands.
c. We determine the regression equation and correlation between South's engine cost and the average
age of fleet. Please refer to Annex 4 for the QM results.
Regression line:
Airframe Cost = 4.60 +.0032* Average Age (hour)
Coefficient of correlation = .62
Coefficient of determination = .39For South Airlines' aircraft cost, there is also a positive correlation
which means that as average age increases, airframe cost may also increase. But in terms of
coefficient of determination, we can notice that only 39% of the airframe cost can be determined in
the regression line based on the average age per hour. Through the regression equation, we can say
that for every increase in average age hour

How We Broke The Sound Barrier
How We Broke the Sound Barrier
Submitted by
Joshua Reichler
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of AES2050 – Aerospace History
To
Instructor: William C. Hoffman
Metro State University Denver
On
25th of September, 2016 Instructor Comments: Abstract
For humans to go faster than they have ever gone before they had to research many different things
spend both money and time to finally reach this goal and this paper will take you through that
process of research done for that goal to be reached. With the possibility of faster flight people will
always want to see how fast they can push the aircraft they design. The development and research
that went into the aircrafts that helped break the sound barrier, took a long time and many people
co–operation. But after many years of research and testing with several different types of aircrafts
they were able to succeed in producing an aircraft that could surpass the sound barrier and bring us
into a new era of flight. The ideas on how to get an aircraft up to the speed and the designs of many
researcher had to come together in order for this feat to be accomplished. From the engineering
stages of the project to the research on how the air around the aircraft will react to an object moving
through it to at such high speeds and the equipment that needed to be made that can used during the
flight all had to be crated for this to work (John D. Anderson, Jr. (2001, 1) Research in Supersonic
Flight and the Breaking of the Sound

Aircraft Engine Specialists Are Responsible For Repair And...
Aircraft Engine Specialists Required job knowledge: For this position, the knowledge of machines
and tools, which includes design, uses, benefits, repair, and maintenance, are required. It requires the
individuals with understanding of engineering and technology. The individuals should have
knowledge of physics, mathematics, public safety and security, computers and electronics, design
technics, transportation methods, law, government and jurisprudence, and telecommunications. They
should be able to provide instructional method and training. 3. Decision–making: The individuals
should have the judgement and decision making skills. It is very technical job and some decisions
are made on spot. Therefore, the Aircraft Engine Specialists ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They should be able to make sure that every job is performed properly. Since the nature of this job is
very series and many lives depends on their accuracy of job performance, it is very important that
their job is exact and highly accurate. There should not be any consequence of error because a
mirror error can end up with taking many lives. Air Traffic Controllers The main tasks and
responsibilities of the Air Traffic Controllers are inform pilots about nearby planes or any hazardous
situation. They should be able to authorize the landing and take–off instructions. Control the
arriving flights and give the control of departing flights to traffic control. In case of emergency
landing, they should be able to provide flight path changes and directions, and also inform the
airport emergency service. The knowledge requirements for the Air Traffic Controllers are public
safety and security, transportation, customer and personal service. They should have knowledge of
different methods and principles of moving goods and people by air, and other forms of
transportation. They should be have active listening, speaking, and critical thinking skills. They
should be able to solve the complex problems too. The Air Traffic Controllers should be able to
make decision and solve problems. The information will be given to them and they should be
analyze, and evaluate the results to choose the best solution and make a good decision. According to
O'Net website, the decision

Future of Passenger Aircraft
The future of passenger aircraft and their manufactures has an amazing outlook. Every year the
brightest minds in aviation compile the greatest technological advances towards creating the safest
and most economical aircraft on the planet. No detail is over looked, and the bottom dollar is the all
controlling factor. From private aircraft to public aircraft, space exploration and beyond, the future
is bright for the passenger aircraft market, and everyone who purchases air travel should be excited
to see how industry unfolds.
Let's kick this off! For me, this topic hits home and in my pocket. My uncle, retired Coast Guard
Captain Brian Murray, fly's for Emirates Airlines out of Dubai. Growing up with aviation in our
family, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today Boeing has an aircraft that can seat over 500 people, and one that can fly over 9,300 nautical
miles in its 777x program. That's 1/3 of the way around the globe without stopping! Currently,
Boeing Commercial employs over 80,000 workers in the United States supporting the Pacific
Northwest and the South East portions of the country for main manufacturing headquarters. The
second airline company that holds a majority stock in the passenger airliner world is Airbus. Airbus
has a family of five passenger airliners as well, including the A320, A330, A340, A350, and A380
families. The flagship A380 double decker aircraft can carry over 525 passengers in three section
configuration, over 800 passengers in a single class configuration. Airbus has been highlighting
milestones and achievements for 40 years, boasting marks such as the first wide body twin engine
airliner producer in 1974 to its record breaking arrival of the A380 in 2007. All of Airbus' fly by
wire systems onboard its aircraft and modularity between models significantly cut operating costs
for the fleet which are passed to the consumer. Airbus employs over 59,000 in multiple locations
around the globe concerning its passenger airliner department.
Along with commercial airlines, private company aircraft also play a large role in the passenger
aircraft world. Companies like Gulf Stream, Bombardier, Hawker, Eclipse, Cessna, Dassault,
Embraer, Boeing, and Airbus all produce cutting edge

Pilots Performance Essay
Introduction The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of pilots flying multiple types
of aircraft in an experimental setting. Pilot performance will be assessed by written tests and
simulator sessions. This study will build on a previous field study, Pilots Flying Multiple Aircraft
Types or Multiple Flightdeck Layouts, which was conducted for AVS 4504 Aviation Safety
Analysis. The results of that study showed a need for a simulator study to further identify if pilots
have issues maintaining currency in multiple types of aircraft. The following is a summary that is
found in the Pilots Flying Multiple Aircraft Types or Multiple Flightdeck Layouts field study. (Raub,
2016) In aviation pilots rely heavily on muscle memory cognitive biases while flying. Once pilots
become familiar with a certain aircraft or flight deck layout their hands will reach for controls
without needing to look for them. Pilots will also develop certain cognitive biases in aircraft to help
reduce their workload and increase mental capacity. The fact that both muscle memory and
cognitive bias are handled in one's subconscious a pilot will not always be aware they are even
occurring. Under FAA rules there is no limit on how many different aircraft a pilot can maintain
currency in under part 91. Under part 135 pilots are generally limited maintaining currency two
aircraft types. Under part 121 pilots are limited to maintaining currency in one aircraft type. This
could lead to safety issues

A Report On The Company Embraer
The company Embraer has made a major investment in the Phenom 300. It's "design life is 28,000
cycles or 35,000 hours, assuring it will have a 30– to 40 year economic life even with heavy
economical use" (Pilot Report). In order to have a more reliable aircraft Embraer improved the
Phenom 100 to produce the Phenom 300. The Phenom 300 contains a trimmable horizontal
stabilizer to provide a better pitch control, and fly–by–wire multifunction spoilers. These panels
"provide pilot–commanded inflight speed brake, automatic ground spoiler and automatic differential
roll spoiler actuation to augment roll control authority." (Pilot Report). If engine failure occurs, the
Phenom 300 has a spring–loaded rudder boost system that automatically is used ... Show more
Aircraft has to not only be designed for reliability but also for maintenance. Basic maintenance
intervals are 12 months or 600 flight hours. The aircraft's "MSG 3" maintenance–friendly design
allows windshields replacement in two hours. The third–generation "L–3 SmartProbes" eliminate
unneeded tubes and pipes between probes and ADC boxes. All antennas and other external sensors
can be easily replaced from outside the airplane. Gel gaskets eliminate the use liquid sealants that
are necessary before flight. All flight control cables are designed to minimized reversal during the
installation. The dual batteries that were mentioned earlier slide out on trays for easy access and
replacement. One type of grease is used for the aircraft. The "fuel boost pumps have brushless
motors for long life and they are mounted in dry canisters so they may be changed without defueling
the aircraft" (Pilot Report). The winglets uses screws to make them easy to remove and replace. A
central maintenance computer can check autopilot servo torque which eliminates removal for bench
tests. The oxygen bottle may be refilled through a port in the nose baggage compartment. The
Phenom 300 has the downside of having fresh water reservoirs must be replenished internally
because the systems weren't installed in the flight test aircraft. This would change workload issues if
accessed externally. The use of ground power allow all the

Air Firefighting Research Paper
Aerial Firefighting is the process of using different aircrafts to put out fires in wildlife. They mostly
use fixed–wing aircrafts and helicopters for Aerial Firefighting. These aircrafts use, water, water
enhancers, things like gels and foams, and most especially fire retardants that are created to destroy
or eliminate the fires that spread throughout the wild life forests. When using helicopters for Aerial
Firefighting, helicopters are sized with tanks or they carry buckets filled with water. The helicopters
that cargo buckets, dip the buckets in lakes, rivers, or other bodies of waters, that they then use to
spread across the wildfire. The most popular bucket used with the helicopters are the flexible,
'Bambi Buckets'. When helicopters use tanks, also known as 'helitanks', they are infused on the
ground with foam or gel. The fixed–wing aircrafts are usually called 'Airtankers' or 'Water Bombers'
that are infused while on the ground at an air tanker base. One benefit of the helicopter is that it is
able to hover over the fire, where it can drop the retardant or water directly on it. Aerial Firefighting
originated in 1947. The US Air Force as well as the US Forest Service were experimenting during
World War II aircrafts by dropping bomb that were filled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One single engine air tanker still used today is the 'Airtractor AT–802F', also known as the 'Fire
Boss. The fire boss is an agricultural aircraft that is also used for fire–fighting, it scoops up water in
its floats, that are then drop on fires. Another one still used today is the "Antonov An–2 biplane"
which sometimes are fitted with floats, that scoop water from surfaces of different bodies of water,
and then released on the fires. One benefit of this plane is that, it is a biplane aircraft and not
monoplane, meaning it can more slowly fly over the fires. This is a benefit because it strengthens the
accuracy of the retardant drops and

Boeing Research Paper
AVIA 112 Final exam 1. Describe in your own words the design of the B757 Auto flight and
Navigation system. The Boeing 757 Auto flight system comprise the Autopilot Flight Director
System (AFDS) and the Auto throttle System (A/T). There are three autopilots in Boeing 757. (left,
center and right), autopilots can help the pilot to fly the aircraft by sending the signals to the flight
control hydraulic actuators and horizontal stabilizer actuators to control the aircraft. It also provides
the pitch and roll control during autopilot operation, yaw control during multiple autopilot approach
and landing or goes ground. The autopilot may use in all phase except take off. There are many
selectable roll and pitch modes in the AFDS such as LNAV, Heading ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each engine has a constant speed drive unit to keep the AC power can Stabilize the Frequency. CSD
can take the variable speed input from the engine and transfer to a constant output of the generator.
In Boeing 757, the CSD with an AC generator is called Integrated Drive Generator (IDG). The main
DC power in Boeing 757 is provided by two transformer/rectifiers(TRs), they are power by the main
AC bus and also respective main DC bus. The Battery in Boeing 757 is the APU Battery and the
Main Battery. Each of them contains a battery changer. The changers will operate when the aircraft
has AC power on the ground service bus. The APU Battery is used for start and operates the APU,
the Main Battery is used for supply the hot battery bus and supply whatever place there is no DC
power available. There are ways to transform both types of power to another form in Boeing 757, an
Inverter is a device that can convert DC power to AC power. The Inverter is Limited in Amount of
power they can produce. A transformer/rectifiers(TRs) is a device that can convert AC power to DC
power. This device can allow AC generator to provide both AC and DC power in huge

Zonk Air
Fatigue, stress, complacency, communication, awareness, distraction, lack of knowledge, teamwork,
lack of resources, pressure, lack of assertiveness, and norms constitute factors that affect pilots,
mechanics, managers and crew every day in their duty. They constitute what scientists of the
aviation industry called the dirty dozen. Most people in the aviation field will be affected by at least
one of these factors without even realizing it. The causes of a crash are always link to something,
whether it is mechanical, meteorological or human error. The case of Zonk Air is no different. When
it comes to accident reports or drawing a conclusion of investigation, factual information and detail
data are very important. They are important in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the wreckage was bend, partially burned, and crushed. According to the NTSB preliminary
report, the fuselage that was crushed and the wing roots had soot marks that appeared to be vertical.
Along the side of the right engine nacelle, there were slipstream soot marks running through the
remains of the right horizontal stabilizer, had tiny emery light droplets of metal and soot. When
looking at the engines they realized that they were mangled. Specially the right propeller, however,
showed span and chord wise striations with numerous classic "S" compressions on the trailing
edges, as well as, the blade tips jagged, broken and pieces missing. Fire and the force of the impact
made inspection of other components impossible. However, a minacious inspections revealed that
the right engine was running at time of impact, but, the left engine appeared to have stop or was not
working since the metal from the exhaust and the engine was cold. Additionally, the fuel line
support bracket appeared to have some propagation cracks along the bolt holes that connected to the
firewall, but it had not separated from the firewall bracket and the fuel line showed no cracks or
breech of integrity. Still on the left engine, the nacelle showed signs of vertical dark residue

Neel Karia. Mrs. Granitz. Accelerated English 9B. 29 March
Neel Karia
Mrs. Granitz
Accelerated English 9B
29 March 2017
Life of a Pilot Many people travel on a plane each year, but have never wondered what the people
flying the plane have done to get to this level. Becoming a pilot requires difficult work, and takes
time, mostly in the early stages of flight school. A pilot must go to school for many years, on top of
the two years of college ("Education"), and must go through many different airlines. A pilot also
must stay away from their family whenever they are flying, as they may only fly 3 days a week, and
not consecutively. Piloting is an honored and respected profession that is used to take people around
the world, it requires patience, and good math skills (Hopke).
The first step in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once a pilot is forty hours into their instrument training, they will receive their instrument
certification ("Interview with Reno"). The pilot is now able to fly in low visibility, furthermore, is
allowed to work for an airline.
With an instrument rating, a pilot can transport either good or people from Point A, to Point B
(Instrument Rating). The pilot can either remain a private pilot now, or has a choice to work for a
regional airline, who flies within the country. First, A pilot applies for interviews at many different
airlines of his choosing. The pilot is then interviewed, and is sent an offer by an airline. If the pilot
accepts the offer, he or she is then taken into their "Airline Training Course", in which they learn the
basic rules of the airline and how they operate ("Interview with Reno"). The pilot then has one more
chance to decide whether they like the airline or not, if they like it, they will be accepted as a first
officer or co–pilot. The pilot then gets to pick whether he wants to fly for the regional airline for the
rest of his/her career, or if he will move to work for the main airline. From this point forward, a
pilot's daily life will become very abnormal.
At the beginning of a Pilot's day, they will have to drive to the airport. At the airport, the pilot will
go to the briefing room, with his first officer, and plan the flight. The pilot will then board the plane
and start

Boeing B-29 Research Papers
The Boeing B–29 Superfortress, a 4 engine propeller driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing,
flown by the US during WWII and the Korean War. 3,970 of these planes were built, at a costly
$639,188 each. A 99ft long, 28ft tall, 141ft wide super–plane decorated with four wright r–3350–23
duplex cyclone supercharged radial engines at 2200hp each, was a plane of it's time. A high altitude
strategic bomber, also carrying out low altitude night incendiary bombing missions, the plane known
for also performing the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The B–29 was one of the
largest planes to see service during World War II. A very advanced bomber for this time period, it
included features such as a pressurized cabin, an electronic fire control ... Show more content on
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The B–29 served in various roles throughout the 1950s. The Royal Air Force flew the B–29 as the
'Washington' until retiring the type in 1954. The Soviet Union produced an unlicensed reverse–
engineered copy as the Tupolev Tu–4. The B–29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing–built
bombers, transports, tankers, reconnaissance aircraft and trainers including the B–50 Superfortress
(the first aircraft to fly around the world non–stop) which was essentially a re–engined B–29. The
type was retired in the early 1960s. Dozens of B–29s remain as static displays, but only two
examples, Fifi and Doc, have been restored to flying status, with Doc flying again for the first time
from McConnell AFB on July 17,

US Airways Flight 1549
On January 15, 2009, a US Airways jetliner with 155 people aboard flew into a flock of geese and
lost power in both engines shortly after takeoff from La Guardia Airport on its way to Charlotte, NC
(The New York Times, 2009). After losing power to both engines, the Captain Chesley Sullenberger
and First Officer Jeffrey Skiles of US Airways Flight 1549 were faced with an emergency situation
that could have ended in tragedy if not handled properly. Upon the review of the National
Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) public hearing video. The flight crew utilized numerous
Crew Resource Management (CRM) techniques which allowed them to handle the emergency
situation with exceptional results throughout the sequence of events leading up to the water landing
on the Hudson River. Some good CRM techniques that were noted while watching the NTSB's
simulated re–construction of the emergency situation were, proper use of checklists, utilizing the
assistance of the first officer, requesting assistance from Air Traffic Control (ATC), and sharing
information with the crew and ATC prior to making decisions. ... Show more content on
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264). They proceed in explaining that this responsibility includes, "managing the information that he
is given from the equipment, from those in the cockpit, and from those on the ground (i.e. Air
Traffic Control)" (Salas, Shuffer & Diaz Granadoz, 2010, p. 264). Captain Sullenberger's keen
attention to detail and exemplary utilization of good CRM techniques allowed him to maintain
situational awareness and provide updates to ATC as the emergency situation

Flight 1363 Essay
On a snowy day on March 10, 1989, Air Ontario flight 1363 was initiating take off at Dryden
Airport, Canada by Captain George C. Morwood. It was the second part of the flying schedule for
that day which was a round trip from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay, with midway stops at Dryden. Both
pilots were highly experienced. Captain Morwood had been flying for almost 35 years and his first
officer, Keith Mills, has had over 10,000 hours of flying. However, both pilots were fairly new to
the aircraft, which was an F28–1000, having less than 150 hours combined.
Before departing Winnipeg, captain Morwood assessed the operational status of his aircraft and
discovered that the auxiliary power unit was not functioning along with other deferred defects with
maintenance. Because of this defect, the engines would not be able to start unless an external power
unit was used. The other option the captain had was to leave one engine running so he could cross–
start the second engine. If both of the engines on the aircraft were shut down at a location where an
external power unit was not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the captain returned to the aircraft he asked the ground manager if de–icing was accessible.
Even though the ground manager told him it was, captain Morwood still did not request for the
aircraft to be de–iced. Flight 1363 left the terminal with thick snow covering the wings of the
aircraft. The wet snow on the runway and wings, which had already frozen into ice, interfered with
the functioning of the aircraft. During take off the aircraft lifted off the runway as normal but began
to shake violently. The aircraft then landed back onto the runway before finally lifting up again after
taking up more than 90 percent of the runway. It flew momentarily for a few seconds but struggled
to gain altitude and crashed approximately one kilometer from the runway killing both pilots and 21
of the 65 passengers on

The Fatigue Associated With Working The Night Shift

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The Fatigue Associated With Working The Night Shift