Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
Abstract–Increased the numbers of Plug–in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can have a significant
impact on distribution system performance, such as reduction in power quality and efficiency,
increase in power losses and voltage variations, as well as an adverse impact on the customers'
energy price. This paper proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of
PHEV on power system operation as well as appropriate operation of PHEVs can improve the
voltage profile in the network by eliminating the voltage drops in highly–loaded buses with
discharging reactive power. Furthermore, the optimal placements for charging stations and
renewable energy sources (RES) are identified. The objective function includes minimizing the cost
of power delivery to the PHEVs, the reducing losses as well as minimizing the voltage deviation
between different buses in distinct hours. For increasing the load factor of the network, special
coefficient is introduced into the problem. The ratio between the hourly demand and the peak in the
day–ahead load characteristic is multiplied with the electricity tariffs which lead the aggregators to
charge their PHEVs in off–peak hours. For this purpose, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is
presented for optimal planning of charging stations and RES. The proposed method is implemented
in 69–bus radial distribution system (RDS).
1. Introduction
Renewable energy resources are attracting the attention of energy developers. Renewable energy
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Hybrid Cars And Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In the present generation where automobiles are very important in daily life, there is two types of
cars i.e. Gasoline vehicles and hybrid–electric vehicles, hybrid–electric cars which used quite a
while but not as much as their gasoline counterparts. The difference between these two cars is
mainly the Engine, tank, and the source on which the cars work. The hybrid–electric vehicle is more
a computerized and electric version where it switch between running on gasoline and electricity.
Other than that major changes, these cars are fundamentally the same. The body and the
maneuvering design of these are fundamentally the same. Hybrid cars were few to come by when
they were initially introduced, but current climate change and pollution issues have encouraged
people to opt for the cleaner and greener version of the automobile. Although both kinds of
automobiles are being used, there are a lot of aspects where these automobiles can be differentiated.
A few comparisons between these two vehicles is stated below.
1. HISTORY:–
a. Hybrid: This type of engine vehicles were invented in the 19th century but it came into market in
early 2000 and gained popularity in the 2005 from then on many started to use this type of vehicles.
b. Gasoline: This type of vehicles were invented in 1876 in Germany and the usage of these cars was
from 1882 and it is still very much in demand in the market for its features.
2. WORKING :–
a. Hybrid: The electric power is fed to the electric motor from the

E Tron, Its Nascent Line Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Audi launches "e–tron," its nascent line of hybrid electric vehicles. The Audi A3 Sportback e–tron
name is a mouthful. Once you get beyond the lengthy moniker for this unusual plug–in hybrid
electric vehicle (PHEV), calling it "e–tron" or "A3 e–tron" seems entirely appropriate. The "e–tron"
designation is an Audi registered trademark, representing this brand's electric and hybrid vehicle
efforts, much in the same way Ford uses "Energi" to describe its own line of electrified vehicles. The
2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron is its initial offering and will be followed by other models. That the
e–tron arrived on the market the same year Audi's diesel engines were put on hold due to parent
Volkswagen's emissions scandal seems fortuitous, although sales of this PHEV will certainly come
in at a much lower rate than what the diesel models would have provided. Nevertheless, Audi's US
sales continue to rise despite the EPA's stop–sale order for its diesel engines. Indeed, customers have
discovered that the marque's family of gasoline–powered models are a sufficient substitute – lower
fuel prices across the board has relieved consumer pressure to find the most efficient cars too. 2016
Audi A3 Sportback e–tron The 2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron has a familiar look – in essence, it is
a compact five–door A3 outfitted with a turbocharged 1.4–liter, four–cylinder gas engine, an electric
motor, and a battery pack. That pack is located behind the second row seat and can be spotted by

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use
both the traditional combustion engine and an electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are
superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in
hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The
reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the
other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered
environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled
like normal cars are powered by wholly by electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover,
ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb
when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles will go into idle–off, turning off the
combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving
fuel.

Essay about A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle
Brief History of Hybrid Vehicle Development
First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the
gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped when gasoline–fueled vehicles became more reliable
and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid
vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late
1980s.
A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have
impressed analysts with their performance and low levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption.
Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for two major ...
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It usually gives the car a range of 50 – 100 miles which is much less than that typically provided by
a fuel tank (300 miles).
The electric motor is the device that provides motion in an electric car. It converts the energy it
receives from the batteries into motion which is used to turn a transmission which then in turn
rotates the wheels. It is able to spin up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of power. Since this
motion is connected to the transmission, the transmission also spins the wheel up to this rate. Thus,
electric cars would tend to move faster than gasoline powered cars.
Components Common To Both The Electric Car And The Gasoline Powered Car
The transmission is the device that does the actual turning of the wheel in both cars.
There are several ways of combining the two sources of power found in a hybrid car.
The Parallel Hybrid Car: This has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. In addition, it
has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the engine motor
can turn the transmission at the same time and the transmission then turns the wheels.
Figure 3 shows a typical parallel hybrid. The fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission.
The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a result, in a
parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
Although the internal combustion engine vehicle is the most popular vehicle type in the world it has
serious problem relating to its exhaust emissions and the drown back of energy resources and high
demand of petrol and diesel etc. the motor industry is trying to solve these kind of problem and
developed many different kind of vehicle which use alternative energy, compressed natural gas, and
solar energy, and electricity etc. The hybrid vehicle, which combines of the internal combustion
engine and the battery.
This reach report is also describes how the history of hybrid vehicle and the definition and the
introduction of hybrid vehicle and the components of hybrid vehicle and the advance technology in
hybrid vehicle the types of hybrid vehicle at last the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicle
.
Introduction,
Hybrid vehicle become more popular due to the cost of fuel ... Show more content on
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The aim of this report to show the technical structure and lay out of research report it will show brief
explanation off the chapters is to investigate some of the control options of the series and the parallel
hybrid vehicle using In particular the simulation studies will be used to investigate the fuel
consumption and energy use of the different hybrid structures.
Chapter 1 will be on history hybrid vehicle Chapter 2 the Definition and introduction of hybrid
vehicles the simple layout of what is hybrid vehicles why is the hybrid vehicles selected and how
the hybrid vehicles work. Chapter 3 then describes Characterised off hybridization in chapter 4,
Components of hybrid vehicle chapter 5 advance technologies in hybrid vehicle, chapter 6 types off
hybrid vehicle and chapter7 describes advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles. And at last
the conclusion from the work and the areas of further work is discussed

The Expansion Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles
Supposedly implicit in the term "leading edge technology" is the expansion of electric and hybrid
vehicles in the GM line. Indeed, in order to meet its commitment to help achieve 500,000 electric or
hybrid vehicles on the U.S. road by 2017 and to help reduce the average carbon emissions of U.S.
cars by 15% by 2016, GM must continue to invest in green vehicles. However, multiple challenges
currently stand in the way of GM's previously defined goal to become an electric car provider. In
fact, this paper suspects these challenges prompted GM to omit mention of electric cars in its 2014
strategic plan, and insofar as the failure to specifically mention electric cars signifies a wavering in
the company's commitment to green technology, GM has opened itself up to significant criticism in
the formulation of its 2015 strategy. Given the current price of Brent Crude at $49.31 per barrel,
down more than $50 in less than two years, demand for fuel–efficient cars has seen a precipitous
decline. Through June 2015, the market share for hybrid electric cars and electric vehicles accounted
for 2.8% of automobile market share, down from 3.6% through the same period in 2014.
Correspondingly, GM's plug–in hybrid Volt fell 35% in July. To make the outlook more dismal for
electric cars, a global glut in oil and weakening world demand both point to sustained low prices for
oil over the medium term. Despite these negative signs, GM must reaffirm its commitment to the
design and

The Hybrid Vehicle Is A Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Since 1984 the United States military has been using various versions of the High Mobility
Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), or Humvee as it's more commonly known. As the
environment, technology, and mission needs change, so must the design and capabilities of vehicles
used by the military. A version of the Reconnaissance, Surveilling, Targeting Vehicle (RST–V)
nicknamed The Shadow is a hybrid electric vehicle developed to meet the changing demands. Its
creation is intended to meet the demands of an ever changing battlefront and reduce the limitations
posed by previous vehicles. This paper will cover what a hybrid vehicle is, brief history of the
technology, how it is being used to develop new vehicles for the military, and what ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first hybrid electric vehicle is developed by Ferdinand Porsche in 1901. The Lohner–Porsche
Mixte Hybrid, being the first ever of its kind, makes use of a gasoline powered engine in
conjunction with electric generators and motors. In the early 1980's hybrid vehicles become more
advanced through the use of the regenerative brake design. Modern versions of hybrids enter the
scene in the late 1990's with the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. These models suffer a slow start
due to high purchase costs and relatively low costs of fuel. As the purchase price of hybrid vehicles
decline over the following years and the cost of fossil fuels increase, hybrids have become
increasingly popular. Today, the use of hybrid vehicles are continuing to rise and become more
popular with the addition of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles. Plug–in vehicles are able to be charge
from an external power source while it is parked, allowing for the batteries to fully charge without
the use of the combustion engine. This technology isn't only for civilian applications. The Shadow is
developed by two American companies, General Dynamic Land Systems (GDLS) and Lockheed
Martin Missiles and Fire Control. They are awarded an initial contract in 1997 by the Office of
Naval Research as well as the Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA). The purpose of this
contract is to create a vehicle compatible to meet multiple mission variants, which is currently being
fulfilled

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles
Table of Content Title 2 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Background of the Study 2 1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Objectives 3 1.4 Significance of the Study 3 1.5 Scope of the Study 4 2.0 Literature
Review 5 3.0 Research Methodology 7 3.1 Theoretical Framework 7 3.2 Generation of Hypothesis 7
4.0 Conclusion 8 Reference: 9 Title Factors that affect consumer purchase decision of hybrid
vehicles (Green Vehicles) in Malaysia. Introduction 1 Background of the Study With the air
pollution level rising day by day caused by the emission from conventional vehicles, many
government bodies have put in effort to enforce emission control policy since the late of 1960, and it
is becoming strict with the EURO committee ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) What are the factors that support consumer into buying a hybrid vehicle? c) What are the factors
that consumer worries about when purchasing a hybrid vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This
study into the factors that affect the buying decision of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia could project the
trend and acceptance of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia. With that information, local automobile
makers can consider into developing our own hybrid vehicles to offer the local markets a broader
choice, as well as to stay competitive in the market. Additionally, this will be a good catalyst to
spark off "Go Green" concept into consumers' mind that is beneficial to the restoration and
perseverance of the environment. 5 Scope of the Study In this research, we will first take a general
look and introduction into both the low pressure force induction technology and the hybrid
technology further then compare and contrast the pros and cons in detail. With both concept
understood, we will begin to focus on the trend of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia, finding out the
factors that support or deter the acceptance of hybrid vehicle through questionnaire aimed at hybrid
owners and potential hybrid owners, from then we can know what are the main factors and concern
of buyer upon making a decision for a hybrid vehicle, and then conclude what can be done to further

The Hidden Cost Of Hybrid Vehicles
Victor Samaniego
December 16, 2014
GEO 368
The Hidden Cost of Hybrid Vehicles
One of the most debated subjects in today's society is the growing concern over global warming.
This concern is derived from the increase in global pollution from many aspects but in particular
greenhouse gasses. This increase in pollution is attributed to a growing population that is more
dependent on modern commodities. Of these commodities one of the greatest contributors to this
cycle are motor vehicles. Because of the growing concern over the environmental effects of cars,
manufacturers have began to develop new vehicle types in order to reduce the amount of pollution
emitted through carbon emissions. Some of the options available now being produced by ... Show
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This particular project will observe how the carbon footprint of automobiles effect the global
climate? Has the introduction of "eco–friendly" vehicles changed this footprint? Ultimately the end
result will yield the environmental impact of "eco–friendly" vehicle production, and whether it can
outweigh its carbon footprint. It is important to note that both the environmental effects and
economic effects are crucial in the advancement of technologies used by the auto–manufacturers; in
a sense both are dependent on the other.
The purpose of this paper is to support the amateur research experiment in regards to the efficiency
of combustion and combustion hybrid engines. A brief literature review on the effects of automobile
use and production will help draw a conclusion as to whether hidden environmental effects
outweigh its marketed green value.
Environmental Effects of Motor Vehicle Exhaust The importance of the environmental effects
attributed to the use of motor vehicles cannot be understated; as one of the primary producers of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cars a greatly responsible for the increase of greenhouse gasses
(Desonie, 2009). Greenhouse gasses are considered to be the primary reason for the rise in global
temperatures. Within the entire existence of the motor vehicle, or approximately one hundred years,
the temperature of the earth

The Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
The Hybrid vehicle concept nowadays is on the path of becoming one of the brightest stars in the
foreseeable future. Environmental issues that beset the world today such as Global Warming, entail
many long–term negative effects which in turn, must not only be solved through short–term
solutions but also be countered with long–term solutions that will benefit not just the future of
society, but the future of planet earth and the well–being of its inhabitants. In response to this global
crisis, various industries and institutions are now searching for alternative energy sources such as the
Hybrid vehicle. The Hybrid vehicle seeks to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on petroleum and
diesel by substituting majority of the powertrain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Toyota introduced the first modern production hybrid vehicle, the Prius in Japan in 1997, and Toyota
and Honda introduced hybrids to the US in 1999 and 2000. Both manufacturers use the same hybrid
powertrain design, an input power–split system.
Fuel economy
Hybrid systems can increase fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions by 35%. The precise
reduction varies with the technology and capability of the system. The reduction can be hard to
quantify as there is no direct comparable non–hybrid vehicle. A study done by Vincentric on
October 2014 which compared 31 hybrids to the closest non–hybrids provides a direct comparison
of the efficiency benefits and cost of hybrid systems.
Basics of Hybrid vehicle technology
A traditional vehicle has a mechanical drive train which includes combustion engine, fuel tank,
gearbox, transmission and the wheels. A Hybrid vehicle has two drive trains a mechanical and an
electric. The electric drivetrain includes a battery and an electric motor. In principle these two
drivetrains should be connected together sharing some components such as transmission and

Hybrid Vehicles : Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Vehicles Need To Be The Standard Hybrid vehicles are slowly gaining popularity despite
American car company 's failure to utilize the hybrid engine. During rush hours and heavy traffic,
when vehicles are gaining most of their use, the hybrid engine helps reduce cost and maintain
environmental health. American automotive companies need to start utilizing hybrid engines rather
than normal gasoline–fueled engines by making hybrid engines the automotive standard. To begin
with, the history of the super fuel–efficient vehicle began with Wolfgang Duerheimer who invented
the hybrid car when he combined an internal combustion engine with an electric engine. Companies
such as general motors began experimentation with hybrid cars during ... Show more content on
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It is a dated and harmful invention that can be replaced with better and more advanced technology.
Exactly how society quickly dealt away with CDs once the internet and cloud storage was made
available to the average household, the same type of mindset must be in place when advancing the
future of automotive vehicles. If there is an increase in demand there will be an increase in research
to help better hybrid engines than there already is. A lot of America is still obvious to the dangers
caused by intense amounts of carbon emissions put into our atmosphere. Power has always been a
standard in American made engines. This is quality hybrid engines still lack. No hybrid engine is
going to beat an eight cylinder combustion engine in a towing match. In the opinion of an expert, " it
wouldn 't serve the purpose of a truck" as of now. There is, however, a lot of potential for it. The
German car manufacturer, BMW, has already made a hybrid supercar that can go zero to sixty in
four point five seconds. The same advancements in speed can be made in the direction towards
towing in trucks as well as other large vehicles. American car manufacturers only need to invest
more into hybrid engine research to achieve more powerful engines. Doing this will create a better
overall satisfaction in almost all consumer as they will be getting as much power without the high–
cost gasoline that comes with such powerful combustion engines. One of

Hybrid Vehicle
Abstract: As gas prices raise the average automobile consumer demands a better, more fuel efficient
vehicle. This demand has forced manufacturers to begin producing hybrid vehicle; first four door
hybrid sedan was unveiled by Toyota in 2000. The Toyota Prius' success encouraged it competitors
to roll out their hybrid cars as well setting a common standard for environmentally friendly and
efficient vehicles. The relationship of consumer and manufacturer in the car industry on a macro
level has always been one in relative equilibrium. As demand increases the car manufacturers have
increased supply. The green movement in the United States pushed for hybrid vehicles and car
manufacturers responded by producing more vehicles, making the ... Show more content on
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This can be seen by the younger age group that has recently begun purchasing hybrid vehicles. Sales
in 2005 of hybrid vehicles only 12.34% were purchased by individuals ages 30–39 and only 9.61%
were purchased by individuals ages 20–29; in 2011 12.68% were ages 30–39 and 17.84% were ages
20–29. (Priuschat.com) The increasing attention the younger population places on environmentally
friendly and less gas consuming vehicles the more likely corporations are going to spend time and
energy devoted towards its research and development. Hybrid cars in themselves have become more
and more fuel efficient from a Prius bought in 2005 which provided an EPA estimated 37.2 miles per
gallon is in 2011 providing 42.7 miles per gallon. With media attention car manufacturers are
increasing what the vehicle can do and making them more and more efficient. A major factor for
individuals who are seeking to purchase a new vehicle is the cost of gasoline which has risen almost
32% since January 2011. The chart below indicates the trend of increasing gas prices. As prices
increase demand inherently falls creating room for alternative products to step in. "16% of Prius
buyers stated that the primary reason for buying the Prius was to save money on gas."
(inflationdata.com). The fact that a meaningful number of people can reasonably expect for their
hybrid purchase to save them money is perhaps the most important indicator for future hybrid

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
However, (Weiller, 2011) presented that a number of existing investigations have found that plug–in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emissions advantage more than hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV) and conventional vehicles considerably when representing grid emissions [1–4].
Furthermore, EPRI, 2007; Yang, 2009; Yeh, 2009). Jamarillo et al. (2009) Find that PHEVs have the
ability to reducing emissions by 6–16 % compared to conventional gasoline vehicles, even in the
case of electricity use coal without carbon capture and storage is used to power transportation.
(ElNozahy, 2015) Pointed that an additionally examine in the U.S [9, 10] indicated that though 43%
of the U.S Light–obligation vehicle fleet is supplanted by PHEVs, the aggregate ... Show more
, 2009; Gonder et al. , 2009), and reduces greenhouse gases emissions GHGs) relying on the raw
materials of the marginal supply of electricity used to charge them (McCarthy and Yang, 2009;
benjamin What 's more Hirsh, 2009). Furthermore, (Yang, 2013) conducted that compare with a base
conventional vehicle, a PHEV can decrease gas utilization by more than 70%, given the accessibility
of daytime charging. (Denholm et. al, 2013) presented that PHEVs are comparable to conventional
hybrid electric vehicles, yet all the characteristic a bigger battery and plug–in charger that lets
electricity from the grid to displace a part of the petroleum fuel drive energy. Also, PHEVs reduce
petroleum utilize and output fewer tailpipe emissions when operating electrically, in any case
without the extent constraint of immaculate battery electric vehicles. They additionally
diversification and cost stabilization on fuels, since electricity could make produced from a lot of
various elementary fuel sources. Also, (Zhang et. al, 2011) found that given the magnitude of
establishment the infrastructure that would be required high power, non–home charging locations,
large batteries with home 1. 44 kW charging show the probability for reducing fuel consumption
with a significant minimum

Hybrid Vehicles Are Environmentally Friendly Vehicles
Hybrid vehicles, which are environmentally friendly vehicles, which will replace fossil fueled car in
the future but they have a limited range and long fueling time. As fossil fuel resources start to
become limited and non–environmentally friendly, car manufacturers are looking to find ways to
make hybrid vehicles the future of transportation. Hybrid vehicles are beneficial since they are
efficient, reduce pollution, and cut global emission than the current hybrids models. As such,
hybrid–electric vehicles can have real public benefits for both the environment and for energy
security. Hybrid vehicles can help reduce smog pollution by ninety percent or more in comparison to
the cleanest conventional vehicles today. Hybrids also give a rewarding tax insensitive in a way to
get more people to buy and drive hybrid vehicles to help keep the environment clean. As for now,
hybrids have their strengths and weaknesses that haven 't been perfected yet, but they keep on
getting better each year. The reason hybrid vehicles get better gas mileage is because of the small
electric motor that provides a little extra power to the small engine compared to the big gasoline
powered engines. Even though hybrid vehicles have a short mile range with a small electric engine
you can drive an extra mile to the gas station in case of an emergency when you accidentally run out
fuel. Hybrid cars are known to get five miles per gallon better mileage on average than a traditional
internal

Hybrid Vehicle Disadvantages
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most
times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When
considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types
of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the
consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid
electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be
informed to ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles consist of gasoline engines, electric motors and use advanced technology to
operate. One of the technologies used is a regenerative braking, which recaptures energy that is lost
during coasting or braking. The use of the forward wheels is what turns the motor which generates
electricity and assist to slow the vehicle. There is also a normal hydraulic braking system that stops
the vehicle when the regenerative system isn't sufficient. Another technology used is the Electric
Motor Drive/Assist which allows the electric motor to provide power and assist the engine in
accelerating, passing and hill climbing. It also allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used.
The electric motor in hybrids drives the vehicle at low speeds,

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Papers
Joe Martinez ID: 009806210, Enrique Manzo ID:009614447
Electrical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach
1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840
Joe.Martinez@student.csulb.edu
Enrique.Manzo@student.csulb.edu
Professor Dr. Sleiman
Fall Semester December 1, 2015
Introduction
Purpose:
The purpose for this research report is so that students can familiarize themselves with hybrid
electric vehicles and their features that make them unique in contrast to other vehicles. This report
will educate the reader on the "BMW i8's" vital components such as the engine, battery, and other
elements related to electric vehicles. To put into perspective the significant advantage hybrid electric
vehicles have over vehicles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In SPORT mode, the thrust and brake regenerative energy are their peak and thus it is the ideal mode
when charging the battery. In HYBRID mode, the battery is charged via by brake energy
regenerative, thus not much energy is fed back to the battery in this state.
Engine: The BMW i8 consists of a TwinPower Turbo 1.5 litre 3–cylinder petrol engine rated at 362
HP along with a torque of 420 lb–ft. The petrol portion of the engine is rated 231 HP whilst the
electric motor is rated 131 HP for a combined total of 362 HP. In addition, the vehicle is capable of
achieving speeds of 62 MPH in 4.4 seconds, peaking 155 MPH. The top speed the vehicle is capable
of reaching varies from SPORT mode to HYBRID mode. When driving the BMW i8 in both SPORT
and HYBRID modes, the vehicle is capable of achieving up to 76 MPGe. Furthermore, though the
vehicle of able to reach speeds of up to 155 MPH in SPORT mode, the hybrid electric vehicle is
only capable of achieving speeds of up to 75 MPH for 22 miles while in HYBRID mode only. In
addition, when driving the vehicle strictly on gas, the hybrid electric vehicle is capable of driving up
to 28 MPG.
Compare and Contrast
In efforts to display the pros and cons of owning a hybrid electric vehicle, the BMW i8 will be
compared to the Honda Civic Type–R. To start off, the BMW i8 is a hybrid electric vehicle whilst
the Honda Civic Type–R is a vehicle that runs on petrol only. Due to the design and structure of the
i8, the

Engineering Principles And Processes Of A Hybrid Electric...
Table of Contents
Engineering Principles and Processes 2
i. Briefly describe the difference between a "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and an Electric Vehicle. 2 ii.
With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles. 2 iii. Research and outline the function, engineering principles and operation of the
following parts of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Include suitable diagrams to aid your explanations. 3
Regenerative braking 3
Battery types used 3
Electric motors 4 5
Internal combustion engine (Relate the information to HEVs) 5
Case Study – Toyota Camry Hybrid 6
i. Location and size of the manufacturing facility. 6 ii. Picture of your vehicle. 6 iii. List the
technical specifications of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii. With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles.
Both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles primarily contain the same parts, however, they are
configured differently. Both types of hybrid electric vehicle contain a gasoline–based engine, a
battery which is rechargeable, an inverter, transmission and an electric motor. The main difference
between the two, disregarding the difference in sizes of the separate parts, is that series hybrid
electric vehicles have a generator whereas in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle the motor acts as a
generator. Moreover, in a parallel HEV, the engine is directly connected to the wheels, however this
is not the case in a series HEV.
In a parallel HEV, the motor and the combustion engine work in accordance to power the vehicle.
The gasoline–based engine and motor are both connected to the transmission. As fuel travels to the
engine or the battery is turned on, it propels the car.
In a series HEV, the motor is charged by the battery or generator (powered by gasoline–based
engine). Thus, the gasoline engine does not directly propel the car, unlike in the parallel HEV. The
transmission is responsible for determining how much energy is required and whether to retrieve it
from the battery or the generator. Pictured above, is a parallel HEV system, as made obvious by the
position of the electric motor and

The History Of Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle, in its most simple definition, is one that utilizes two or more distinct power
sources to move it. When considering this vehicle type, the most common configuration is a Hybrid
Electric Vehicle (HEV). This frequently used configuration combines an internal combustion engine
and one or more electric motors to move the vehicle. To better understand the concept of hybrid
vehicle technology, the areas that of the topic that should be focused on are the history of hybrid
vehicles, their progression, how hybrid systems work, and the positives and negatives of the use of
this technology today.
The history of modern hybrid vehicle technology can be traced back as early as the beginning of the
20th century. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a vehicle known as the "Mixte," a 4 wheel–
drive series hybrid carriage with a later design that featured hub–mounted electric motors in each
wheel, powered by a gasoline generator. When considering more modern technology designs such as
regenerative braking, in which energy developed during the braking process is converted to energy
that powers the car, the earliest predecessor can be found dating back to 1967. This concept was first
implemented in the American Motors vehicle known as the "Amitron," a battery powered urban
vehicle, and served as the first use of this technology in the United States. Although certain concepts
and ideas were developed early on in the 20th century, their widespread implementation did not
occur

Hybrid Vehicles And Climate Change
Hybrid Vehicles and Climate Change Are hybrid vehicles really that much better than normal
gasoline vehicles? There are known pros and cons of having hybrid vehicles. Climate change is a
huge issue in society and continues to grow as a worldwide issue. Hybrid cars use both a battery
powered engine as well as a gas powered engine, it's a very complex system for more things to go
wrong in. Also, it has a special system for storing brake energy in an on board battery. Two motors
in a vehicle have some strength and weaknesses. During idle the electric motor use no energy, they
turn off. When at low speeds the battery motor uses less gas than a standard gas motor. Gas motors
are much better at faster speeds due to the power it can give out and how heavy gas motors are. An
example would be during traffic or rush hour the battery powered motor prevents excessive gas
usage. People enjoy a speedy and powerful feel while driving, so when the car speeds above 40
MPH the gas motor kicks in. The gas motor in the hybrids charge the electric motors. A lot of
electric vehicles owners get stuck because they can't charge their car just out of range of charging.
Using a hybrid car completely rids of that issue because the gas motor automatically turns on when
the battery is running low on power. Hybrids do not need to be plugged in at all. One of the big
issues with hybrid vehicles is the price. With two motors and all the charging systems to manage
them as well as a way to produce power

Analysis Of Boost Converter And Interleaved Converter For...
Analysis of Boost converter and Interleaved Converter for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
of Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Arpita Moon Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Prof.(Mrs.)B.S.Dani Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Rahul Argelwar Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg.
Nagpur, India Abstract–Different converter topologies have been introduced for high power
applications in recent years. This paper shows Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Hybrid
electrical vehicle is proposed by an interface of boost converter, interleaved converter and inverter
as an integrated circuit. An inverter/converter circuit is designed in such a way so as to operate or
control the HEV during different modes of operation. The integrated circuit in HEV will operate as a
boost converter or interleaved converter depending on the load condition. The proposed integrated
circuit will reduce the current ripple and voltage ripple hence it will leads to reduction in switching,
conduction losses, and thermal stress on the motor. The effectiveness of proposed integrated circuit
is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink. The simulation shows that the integrated circuit have a high
efficiency and can be used at high power application. Keywords–boost converter; interleaved
converter; ripple I. INTRODUCTION Electrical vehicles and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles are the
most commonly used drive

Hybrid Types Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Full Hybrid Transmission System 1 FULL HYBRID DESCRIPTION Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEV) differentiates from basic electric vehicles (EV) through their use of two power sources. The
purpose of having two power sources is to utilize the properties of both the electric component and
combustion engine to create a vehicle that's more efficient and less environmentally damaging.
Different types of hybrid systems utilise different properties of the power sources through
compromise, allowing better performance for the vehicles specifications. Full Hybrids, considered
the most fuel efficient, can automatically swap between series, parallel and full–electric modes
(further explained below) allowing the vehicle to run at full utilization and economy through
different uses, such as in traffic, highway driving and racing. Examples of full hybrid vehicles
include that of the Toyota Prius and many of Toyota's Synergy Drive Hybrid range. Series
powertrains refer to using an electric motor to rotate the wheels, whilst the alternate power source
drives an on board generator which essentially increases the reliability of the electric motor without
directly powering the wheels. Unlike series mode, in parallel mode both power sources are used to
provide power to the wheels. This can be configured in a wide variety of ways by alternating the use
of full–electric or full–combustions, or having different wheels powered by different sources, i.e.
front wheels electric drive and back wheels

Hybrid Vehicles and Their Effect on the Environment Essay
Today, people use their own personal vehicles to travel more than ever before. Personal
transportation is no longer considered a luxury; it is now considered a necessity. The number of cars
in the United States has been growing steadily since the 1970s. The number of miles traveled by
cars has risen nearly 150 percent, yet the United States population has only grown roughly 40
percent during that time (hybridcars.com, Driving Trends). Although it may seem like we are
advancing into the future, in reality, we are moving backwards from the effects these vehicles have
on our bodies and the environment. The pollution produced by these vehicles has brought us to the
day where we must find other modes of transportation that cause less ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, there are still other pollutants that have a greater effect on people and the
environment.
Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that affects the flow of
oxygen to one's brain and other parts of the body. This gas merges with the hemoglobin in a person's
blood, which then weakens the flow of oxygen in the body (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). The effects
are severe and in some cases deadly towards smokers and people with heart disease (Larminie 246).
This toxin can permanently alter the central nervous system throughout the body (hybridcars.com,
Pollutants). Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are not the only pollutants that come from
vehicles. Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxides Sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides both have great effect on
the lungs. Sulphur oxides cause respiratory illnesses, mostly in children, the elderly, and people who
already have heart and lung diseases (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). Nitrogen oxide causes the lungs
to be irritated and increase the chances of infection. Nitrogen oxide can also react with other
surrounding agents to cause ground level ozone, or smog. The creation of the ozone then "irritates
the eyes, damages the lungs and causes respiratory problems" (Larminie 246).

Hybrid Cars : Advantages And Effects Of Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to
accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel efficient vehicle having two motors– one
a gasoline powered motor and the other electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is
using their strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors
perform better at high speed generating extra power for a particular motor weight. During rush
hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is
appreciative. Gas motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–
45) Hybrid vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general public. With the growing
societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel
consumption, hybrid vehicles are considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so
popular that certain tax incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid vehicles. Due to
their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as
follows: Thesis statement: it is hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids
offer more benefits in maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly environmental–
friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the
eighteenth century. In the next century, a car with electric motor

Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan, by Soichiro Honda in 1946 as the Honda Technical
Research Institute. The company began as a developer of engines for bicycles, but by 1949 it had
produced its first motorcycle, called the Dream. In 1959, Honda entered the U.S. automobile and
motorcycle market by opening the American Honda Motor Company. A few years later, in 1963,
Honda released its first sports car, the S500, in Japan. Honda Motor Co. Inc. grew rapidly to become
one of the largest automobile companies in the world. Its "globalization" strategy of building
factories around the world that would meet the needs of local customers had resulted in a total
worldwide presence of more than 100 factories ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sales of hybrids were further hindered by consumer ignorance regarding hybrid technology: as of
2004, 50 percent of U.S. consumers still believed that hybrid cars require battery regeneration via
electric plug.
Hybrid cars were also expensive to produce relative to traditional automobiles. While Honda
charged a sales price for the Insight that was comparable to its non– hybrid counterparts––around
$20,000, depending on options–it was estimated that Honda lost as much as $8,000 per car when the
hybrids were originally launched, as a result of insufficient volume to achieve economies of scale.
Total Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in United Sates, 2000–2004
Year Unit sales
2000 9,367
2001 20,287
2002 35,691
2003 47,525
2004 83,153
Strategy at Honda
At Honda, being an environmental leader means never uttering the words "It can't be done." That's
why for more than two decades Honda has led the way in balancing what consumers want with what
the environment needs. Technologies change over time–but our commitment to the environment
never will.
Honda Corporate Web Site, August 2003
Honda's strategy had consistently emphasized innovation, independence and environmental

friendliness. In 1972, Honda introduced the Civic, which became n immediate success, ranking first
in U.S. fuel–economy tests for four consecutive years starting

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Electric Vehicle )
Imagine a world in which the air we breathe is clean, the skies are blue, automobiles are sleek and
fast, and don't burn fossil fuels. That world could be coming. It's a world filled with clean running
electric vehicles. An EV (electric vehicle) is a vehicle that gets some or all of its power for
propulsion from the electric grid. These cars present one of the best alternatives to gas based
vehicles as they are environmentally friendly, and circumvent the distribution of harmful elements
such as carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Some of the manufactures for the EVs and their
models include the Nissan LEAF, the Mitsubishi iMiEV, and plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (part
gasoline, part electric battery), such as the Chevrolet Volt or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1908 the electric car suffered a big blow. That year, Henry Ford introduced the mass–produced
Model T. It made gasoline–powered cars widely available and affordable. By 1912, the gasoline car
cost only $650, while an electric car sold for $1,750. By the 1920s, the U.S. had much better roads
connecting cities, which Americans were eager to explore. When crude oil was discovered in Texas,
gas became cheap and was easily available to rural Americans, while few had electricity. By 1935,
electric vehicles had all but disappeared (Energy.gov, 2014). Commercially available EVs hit the
market again in 2011 (Larson, P., Viáfara, J., Parsons, R., Elias, A., 2014). Environmental concerns
about air quality, growing concerns about global warming, and finite fossil fuel supplies prompted a
new emphasis on the production of more fuel–efficient vehicles (Nayum, Klöckner., Mehmetoglu,
2016). These concerns led to the development of improvements in automobile materials, system
technologies, and the design of improved rechargeable battery systems that are smaller, lighter
weight, and have a longer lasting charge. Advances such as these have rapidly accelerated the design
of better, more reliable EVs (Coffman, Bernstein, Wee, 2016). Unfortunately, sales of these vehicles
are not progressing as quickly as had been hoped, some prominent reasons being that EV vehicles
are still too expensive, consumers continue to have "range anxiety" (the fear of

Electric Vehicles Vs Hybrid Vehicles
My recommendation report will be focusing on the Electric vehicles versus Hybrid vehicles by
keeping in view two criterions. Problem The use of vehicles has solved many of our problems and
has facilitated the human kind in many aspects starting from transportation purposes to the time
efficiency. If we just be looking at the positive side of the vehicles then the negative aspects of the
use of vehicles will be hidden from us. (Hooftman, Oliveira, Messagie, Coosemans, & Mierlo,
2016)The two important aspects that bring negativity in the selection of the vehicles are its effects
on environment and also its costs as compared to the benefits it is giving. The paper will select two
types of vehicles and will analyze them on the basis of environment concerns and cost/benefit
analysis to provide a better solution to select which product is the best. The basic problem which is
arising is that which product is most effective to be used which will satisfy both the criteria selected
for the analysis. The two criteria selected are actually the 2 most important aspects of selecting any
vehicle. Scope The paper compares two vehicles Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles on the
following two criteria; 1. Environmental Concerns 2. Cost/Benefit Analysis The above mentioned 2
criteria will be used to make a comparison and analysis of report of the two vehicles to judge their
effectiveness and efficiencies in both the criteria. Discussion Environmental Concerns With the
latest advancement in

Hybrid Vehicles : Are They As Good As People Think They Are?
Hybrid vehicles: Are they as good as people think they are? The hybrid vehicle is a popular choice
for many buyers when purchasing a new vehicle because of all the positives effects, but what buyers
don't think about when purchasing these vehicles is the negatives effects they have. Over the last
twenty years, manufactures have made hybrid vehicles look spectacular, but the truth is not what it
seems. The emissions of the vehicles are not as good as advertised, the initial cost is significantly
more than a normal vehicle, and the performance is compromised to compensate for better fuel
economy. The emissions of a hybrid vehicle are suppose to be low and better for the environment
than a normal gas vehicle, but the pollution created by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason these materials take more energy to create is because they need to be lighter materials to
keep the weight of the vehicle down to make it a effective hybrid. Hybrid vehicles can be effective
Another reason not to purchase a hybrid vehicle is the cost, most people know a hybrid vehicle will
cost them more money. In 2012 a brand new ford fusion base model would cost you $20,705 base
price and the hybrid base model costing significantly more at $28,775 roughly an $8,000 price
increase (George & Hall–Geiser). The difference in cost per year is only $450 if you take the
difference in price and divide it by the $450 it shows that it will take you roughly 17 years to
recuperate the difference in price of a hybrid vs. a gas powered model (Find and Compare Cars).
With the hybrid and gas powered vehicle having the same size gas tank and the cost to fill both
vehicles the gas the same, sill the hybrid has an average 41 miles per gallon in the city with the same
gas powered model averaging 22 miles per gallon which is a huge difference (Find and Compare
Cars). The average mileage per gallon on the highway is 30 miles per gallon in the gas powered
model and the hybrid model averaging 36 miles per gallon, which would show little difference in
distance where it

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population.
From the beginnings of time with cave men thousands of years ago up until the Industrial
Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7
billion people. The growth of population has not slowed down since then, and more technological
advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our
planet to provide for the billions and billions of people inhabiting it. The world ... Show more
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the
rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This
decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have
additionally been around for over a century. By 1900, a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that
had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the
production of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the
development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil consumption and air quality were
not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the
1990's more time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most
manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the 1990's, often with research subsidies
from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely
by an electric motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was
their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging process took upwards of several

Hybrid Vehicle Research Paper
Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages
'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year,
American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid vehicle. Piper's design called for an
electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric
Vehicles, otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a
conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle'(2).
In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out–compete one another in terms of car features
and sales. Technology has come a long way since 1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who may doubt the potential for HEVs may ask: ?Why HEVs?? The Office of Transportation
Technologies makes the following points about HEVs:
?The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to
conventional vehicles?Hybrids will never be true zero–emission vehicles, however, because of their
internal combustion engine. But the first hybrids on the market will cut emissions of global warming
pollutants by a third to a half, and later models may cut emissions by even more?(2).
Although hybrid vehicles are not zero emission vehicles, they are a very good alternative to the
conventional vehicles that are on the road today. With the capability to have a higher fuel economy
and emit lower amounts of pollution, hybrids are strong contenders against such vehicles as SUVs
(sports utility vehicles).
Another advantage that HEVs have is that they are competitively priced with other vehicles on the
market today.
?The HEVs available for sale are very cost competitive with similar conventional vehicles. Any cost
premium that may be associated with HEVs of the future can be off–set by overall fuel savings and
possible incentives?(2).
As a result of not having a very high price tag, in comparison with standard vehicles, HEVs are

Hybrid Vehicles Essay
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly
refers to gasoline–electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) to power internal–combustion
engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass–produced hybrids,
such as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative
braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output of the combustion engine is fed to a
generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to
charge the batteries. This contrasts with all–electric cars which use batteries charged by an external
source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A forgotten attempt was by the Bill Clinton administration with the Partnership for a New
Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)[3] program in September 29, 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next
efficient and clean vehicle. The resulting hybrid prototypes[4] never made it into production as the
program was replaced by the hydrogen focused FreedomCAR initiative[5] of George W. Bush's
administration in 2001.
In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel–electric
submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars. However, in this
case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather
than economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can
operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of nations continue to rely on diesel–electric
fleets.
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to
the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid
and don't require conventional fuel for short

Why Hybrids Vehicles Are Better Than Gas
Why Hybrids Vehicles Are Better Than Gas Introduction Hybrid is a term used to describe a
combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to accomplish a common objective. A hybrid
vehicle is a fuel efficient vehicle having two motors– one a gasoline powered motor and the other
electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is using their strengths and reducing
deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors perform better at high speed
generating extra power for a particular motor weight. During rush hours, when vehicles are
continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is appreciative. Gas motor
supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–45) Hybrid vehicles are
continuously gaining popularity in the general public. With the growing societal concerns about
green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles are
considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so popular that certain tax incentives
have been offered by the government on hybrid vehicles. Due to their better performance compared
with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as follows: Thesis statement: it is
hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids offer more benefits in
maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly environmental–friendly. History of Hybrid
Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the eighteenth

Fusion And Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Three model years passed by and I finally got behind the wheel again of a Ford Fusion. Just like the
last time, this model was the Fusion Energi, a plug–in hybrid electric vehicle based on Ford's
popular midsize car. Now in its fifth model year, the 2017 Fusion Energi is a close match to the
standard hybrid model as well as to the gasoline version. Besides the electric charging port located
just ahead of the driver's door, the other differences have to do with badging – you'll find Fusion
Energi markups on the exterior as well as inside the sedan. And that's a good thing too – the Fusion
is already an attractive model and no styling differentiation is warranted. Some manufacturers opt
for silly looking grilles or other embellishments to distinguish gas and hybrid models. On the other
hand, it seems Ford decided that a near uniform look for all Fusion models is entirely sufficient.
2017 Ford Fusion Energi Platinum The 2017 version welcomes a third trim level, Platinum, joining
the SE and Titanium editions. Also new this year is the grille, exterior LED lighting, and SYNC 3
infotainment system. All models now come with an 11–speaker audio system and a new rotary
transmission selector. What hasn't changed is the 2.0–liter, four–cylinder engine powering this
model nor the permanent–magnet AC–synchronous electric motor or the lithium–ion battery. Also
present is an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission to turn the front wheels.
Selling hybrids is a

Description of a Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.[1]
The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal
combustion engine and one or more electric motors. However other mechanisms to capture and
utilize energy are included. Power Power sources for hybrid vehicles include: * On–board or out–
board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) * Coal, wood or other solid combustibles *
Electricity * Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves * Compressed or liquefied natural gas * Human
powered e.g. pedaling or rowing * Hydrogen * Petrol or Diesel fuel * Solar * Wind Vehicle type A
biodiesel hybrid bus in Montreal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rail transport Main article: Hybrid train East Japan Railway Company HB–E300 series Europe The
new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high–capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company
Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage
capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems.[7] The
locomotive has been on trials in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and
Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was designed and
contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000. It was a G12
locomotive that was converted to hybrid by using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and also
was equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofited in the cover of the DC traction motors.
Japan The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with significant energy storage and
energy regeneration capability was introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It utilizes battery packs of
lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy.[8] North America In the U.S.,
General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their "Ecomagination" technology in
2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries to capture and
store energy normally dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at least
a 10% reduction in fuel use

Hybrid Battery Management System For Electrical Vehicle
CONCEPT EXPLORATION:
EXPLORE CONCEPTS:
The most important concept of Electric Vehicle is to get better in the quality, moderate the cost and
more over this types of vehicles help consumers, while traveling long distances, it aware them about
the fuel and directs towards the nearest gas station, when the battery levels are low.
RESULTS OF NEED ANALYSIS:
In the particular stage the outputs, which are used for the need analysis are the inputs for the concept
exploration.
At most need Analysis assist the system to verify and make clear that what types of requirements are
needed to the particular system?
Results are the software code, which is developed in such a way that it can be modified ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c. More over the system must be able to provide a possible way for future upgrade and other
possible checks.
d. The size of the components should be selected in such a way that it should fulfill the performance
limitations of the vehicle and the components should be minimized and isolated.
b. Requirement Analysis:
Operation requirements Analysis of operation requirement
1. Provide machinery, which stores all the test results of the system for the future use. The main
objective is to develop a system, which provides all the test results and it can be used for future
purpose in case of any defaults in the system.
2. Provide more number of technologies like GPS and GSM, which can increase the demand of the
system and as well as it helps consumers to have an interest.
3. More over the system must be able to provide a possible way for future upgrade and other
possible checks. The main objective is to provide with many number of technologies, which fulfill
the customer needs and will be interested in particular systems.
The main objective is to place some of the extra connectors and other electronic switches for the
further use incase of any failures.

4. The size of the components should be selected in such a way that it should fulfill the performance
limitations of the vehicle and the components should be minimized and

A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle
Brief History of Hybrid Vehicle Development
First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the
gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped when gasoline–fueled vehicles became more reliable
and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid
vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late
1980s.
A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have
impressed analysts with their performance and low levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption.
Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for ... Show more
The Series Hybrid Car: The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can either
charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus the gasoline engine
never directly powers the vehicle.
All of the components form a line that eventually connects with the transmission.
[4]
Hybrid Components
Gasoline engine – The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most
cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce
emissions and increase efficiency. The engine turns the generator. It is not able to power the car
directly.
Fuel tank – The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline
has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of
batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor – The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics
allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy
from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return
energy to the batteries.

Generator – The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power.
It is used mostly on series hybrids. It is

Review Of Motors From Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Review of Motors used in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Ujjwal Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Dallas
800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, Dallas (TX), 75080, USA uxs151330@utdallas.edu Abstract–
This paper deals with the different motors used in the hybrid electric vehicles. The performance like
the efficiency of induction motor, internal permanent magnet motor and switched reluctance motor
is studied. In recent years permanent motors are often used for driving HEV. This paper compares
the characteristics of Permanent Magnet (PM) motor with Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) and
Induction Motor (IM) and gives us prospects for future development of HEV using these motors.
Keywords– Hybrid electric vehicle, permanent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also use regenerative braking that converts kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy
that charges the battery rather than wasting that energy in form of heat energy as conventional
brakes does. The HEVs produces comparatively very less emissions from its ICE than a gasoline
car. Many HEVs reduces emission by turning off the ICE at idle situation and then restarting when
needed.
This paper compares the characteristics and performance of IM, SRM and interior permanent
magnet drive motor (IPM). HEVs were not widely available until the launch of Toyota Prius in 1997
in Japan, which was followed by Honda Insight in the year 1999. The data related to design for IPM
is taken from the report on Toyota Prius HEV 2004 [1] and the comparison done with IM uses same
design of the stator. Mostly it is said that PM motor are the best match for the HEVs in terms of
performance and efficiency. This is despite that induction motors and SRM have been used in cars
like Tesla and General Motors. Also the SRM and IM have an advantage over PM motor in terms of
manufacturing cost and durability. SRM is the perfect magnet free alternative as suggested in [2]
and offers zero field coasting and controllable flux. Hence, the IM and SRM offer more flexibility of
controlling flux.¬¬
The paper also reviews some machine considerations like a SPEED model [3] using PC–BDC and
PC–FEA for the Toyota Prius 2004 motor model and is also validated using the data in [1]. The

The Hybrid Clouds ( Inter Vehicle Clouds Essay
3.3 Hybrid Clouds (Inter–Vehicle Clouds): HC is the combination of VC and VuC where VC serves
as both service provider and consumer at the same time. The motivation behind HC is that, vehicles
moving on the road might rent their resources and might want to use cloud services at the same
time. NaaS and P2P are the most suitable examples for such scenarios. Nevertheless due to the
ephemeral nature of VANET, connection among vehicular nodes is very intermittent. But yet it can
be argued that usually for P2P applications, the size of the files is fairly small making it suitable for
short time connection. Other potential applications for this architecture include IaaS in case of VC.
[3]
Fig 5: Hybrid Cloud
II. ANALYSIS OF MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING AND VEHICULAR CLOUD COMPUTING
Vehicle Cloud Computing is a new hybrid technology consists of the combination of various
networks such as mobile adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks, vehicular adhoc networks, and
cloud computing to provide better services for automatic cars such as control car movements and
handling navigation system to provide reliable and shorter routes,which also ensures safety. Security
and privacy are the two major challenges for all wireless or wired networks that allow users to share
the same set of resources. The architecture of VCC can be classified into three layers: networks ,the
wireless communication channel and cloud computing. The first part is responsible for collecting the

Hybrid Vehicles : Go Green
Eric Hung Ms. Giardino English 1A December 12, 2014 Hybrid Vehicles Are "Go Green" Hybrid
(HEV) has been around a long period of time. In fact hybrid cars describe a combination of two or
more distinctive things. A hybrid vehicle has two motors one an electric motor and second a
gasoline motor. Combining two motors is the reason to reduce deficiencies. Gasoline motors are
better at a high speed generating more power to the motor than an electric car used low speed,
during rush hours; vehicles are on a full stop and running. Hybrid cars are getting popular everyday
in public. With the becoming societal worries about green upheaval furthermore accomplishing huge
lessening in fuel utilization, hybrid vehicles are viewed as tasteful in ... Show more content on
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This is recorded as the first half and half auto in the history. Later, in the begin of twentieth century,
Henry Ford– father of vehicles industry– created the first mechanical production system assembling
plant to encourage the creation of gas–fueled auto. Real advancements in hybrid autos were
recorded when General Motors led investigations to deliver crossover autos on business premise.
They tried by utilizing power at 13 mpg and afterward used gas motor arriving at up to 40 mpg. The
1973 vitality emergency required the presentation of option ways depending less on oil and gas.
After ceaseless innovative work; GM, Ford, Chrysler, and the Department of Energy entered into an
agreement to launch a project to create (HEV). Destination of this joint wander was to make
productive and financially savvy vehicles that are sheltered to utilize furthermore address ecological
concerns. After the disappointment of electric autos, auto producers focused all the more on utilizing
HEV project to create vehicles. The principal hybrid vehicle was advertised in the United States in
the year 2000 by Toyota– the Japanese car titan named as 'Prius '. One advantage of a hybrid vehicle
is the quality of two motors use as part of it. Gasoline engine charges the batteries while it's running,
and it must be charge through an outlet. Hybrid vehicles at the same time do not require an outlet for
charging reason.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )

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