This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on hybrid electric vehicles. The presentation covers the introduction and objectives, definitions of hybrid vehicles, a literature review of hybrid vehicle development over time, types of hybrid vehicles including series, parallel and series-parallel, levels of hybridization from micro to plug-in, basic components and design of HEVs, advantages and disadvantages of HEVs, and conclusions. The document contains an agenda with sections on the topics to be covered along with some introductory content on each section.

1. KLE
Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri
College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi-08
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SEMINAR ON
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
SUBMITTED BY
IRFAN M TRASGAR(M.Tech 2nd SEM)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof. SADANAND B KULKARNI (HOD, ECE)
Prof. ARUN S TIGADI (Asst Prof. ECE)

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 WHAT HYBRID VEHICLE?
 LITERATURE SURVEY
 TYPES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
 LEVELS OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HEV
 COMPONENTS OF HEV
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
Transportation systems are very important to the entire world
today. Most of them use of vehicles that have internal
combustion engine (ICE). Using the ICE have caused serious
problems, such as air pollution, global warming, and the rapid
depletion of the Earth’s petroleum resources.
Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources
of power.
This is an improvement over the electric car, which uses
gasoline engine along with electric motor powered by batteries.

4. OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this paper is to share some brief idea about
hybrid cars.
We might think that why anyone is interested to build a
complicated machine when almost all people are perfectly
satisfied with their gasoline-powered cars. The reason behind
this is to reduce emission and increase mileage. When a
survey is done it is found that about 70% of today’s
automobiles run on petroleum based products. For
preservation of gasoline for future and increasing the
efficiency of vehicle an electric vehicle can be a major
breakthrough.

5. What is hybrid?
 Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more
sources of power. In fact, many people have probably
owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-
ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it
combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal
power of its rider.

6. LITERATURE SURVEY
 The journey of hybrid vehicle starts in late 1900,
the person named Dr. Ferdinand Porsche build
first hybrid car when first hybrid vehicle is devel-
oped its range which operates on battery was
very less i.e about 4 miles.
 Later on, the improvement in hybrid vehicle
took it into higher level.
 In year 1984 Toyota company manufactured Toyota Starlet hybrid car, its total electric driving
range was about 20 miles.
 In year 1997 Toyota company developed electric hybrid automobile named Toyota Prius.
The Prius first went on sale in Japan and other countries in 1997, making it the first mass-
produced hybrid vehicle its total electric driving range was about 25miles.

7. .
 In year 2000 Honda company released Honda civic hybrid car its second commercially
available hybrid gasoline-electric car. Its total electric driving range was about 30 miles.
 In year 2010 Honda company released Honda Insight hybrid. Its total electric driving
range is about 33 miles.
 In year 2012 karma automotive Manufacturer produced Fisker karma hybrid car Its total
electric driving range was about 35 miles.
 In year 2013 Toyota company developed electric hybrid automobile named Toyota Prius
s3 plus. its total electric driving range was about 38miles.
 In year 2014 BMW manufacturer produced BMW-i3 car Its total electric driving range
was about 40 miles.
 In year 2016 BMW manufacturer produced BMW-i7 car Its total electric driving range
was about 85 miles.
 In year 2018 Hyundai ioniq plug in hybrid Toyota prius prime etc were about to rush
in market with higher efficiency.

8. TYPES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
SERIES HYBRID
PARALLEL HYBRID
SERIES-PARALLEL HYBRID

9. SERIES HYBRID
In a series hybrid, the electric motor is
solely responsible for turning the vehicle & wheels.
According to Hybrid Center, the electric motor is charged
by the battery pack or by the generator, which is powered
by the gasoline engine. The gasoline engine in a series
hybrid is not coupled to the wheels and does not directly
power the car. A controller in the transmission determines
how much power is needed to propel the vehicle and
whether to pull it from the battery or the generator.
When there is a requirement of large
amount of power, the motor withdraw power from both
the battery as well as generator. Series hybrid are
sometime also be referred as range-extended electric
vehicles (REEVs)or extended range electric vehicle
because here gas engine only used to generate electricity
which is further used by the electric motor and never
directly drives the wheels.
Some of Modern examples of series hybrid includes
Fisker Karma, Chevrolet Volt.

10. PARALLEL HYBRID

 In a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and
the combustion engine work together to power
the vehicle. the gasoline engine and the electric
motor are both connected to the transmission.
When fuel travels to the engine or when the
electric motor is turned on, the power that is
generated propels the car. A controller in the
transmission determines when to operate the
electric motor and when to switch to the
gasoline engine. The electric motor turns on
only when a boost is needed.
Examples of parallel hybrid vehicles are
the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius
.

11. SERIES-PARALLEL
Series-Parallel hybrid vehicle can be powered
by the gasoline engine which works alone, or
by electric motor itself, or by using both energy
converters working together. Distribution of
power between the engine and motor is
designed in such a way that engine can be able
to run in its optimum operating range as much
as possible.
.

12. HEV LEVELS
We can see that, There are different levels of “hybridization”
among hybrids vehicles in the market which includes
micro
mild
Full and
plug-in.
most of mild, full and plug-in hybrid vehicles have the function
of regenerative braking

13. Micro
 A micro Hybrid Electric Vehicle is a vehicle which comes with an integrated
starter/alternator that uses start/stop technology. Start/stop technology helps the
vehicle to shuts down the engine at a complete stop and then again restarts
when the driver releases the brake. During cruising, the vehicle is propelled
only by the internal combustion engine. Typical fuel efficiency increase is
around 10% compared to a non-hybrid.
 Examples of micro hybrids on the road today are the BMW 1 and 3 series, Fiat
500, SMART car, Peugeot Citroen C3, Ford Focus and Transit, and Mercedes-
Benz A-class.

14. Mild
 A mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle is very much similar to a micro
HEV except that the integrated starter/alternator is updated with
stronger electric component that assist in vehicle propulsion.
Compared to a micro HEV, the electric motor, alternator, and battery
pack are relatively larger and plays a vital role in the operation of the
vehicle. Typical fuel efficiency increase is around 20-25% compared
to a non-hybrid.
 Examples of mild HEVs on the market include the BMW 7
Series Active Hybrid, Buick La-Crosse with e-Assist, Chevrolet
Malibu w/ e-Assist, Honda Civic and Insight Hybrid, and the
Mercedes-Benz S400 Blue Hybrid.

15. Full (Strong)
 A full HEV is same as that of mild HEV because it utilizes the same electric
components such as an electric motor, alternator, and battery pack, but they’re
much larger in size as compared to mild HEV. The differences between a mild
and full HEV are a full HEV uses a smaller engine, and has the ability to
propel the vehicle solely off the electric motor, and utilizes a more
sophisticated control system to optimize efficiency. Typical fuel efficiency
increase is around 40-45% compared to a non-hybrid.
 Examples of full hybrids on the road today are the Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid,
Toyota Prius and Camry Hybrid, Ford C-Max, Honda CR-Z, and Kia Optima
Hybrid

16. PLUG-IN (PHEV)
 A Plug-in hybrid Electric Vehicle has same configuration as that a full
HEV, but utilizes a more downsized engine and also larger electrical
components such as the electric motor, alternator, and battery pack capable
of charging off the electrical grid through a plug. PHEV’s can able to run
solely on electric power for the charge of the battery, which can be as high
as 60 miles until the engine must start. While the engine operates, fuel
efficiency is similar to a full HEV. PHEVs are ideal in urban commuting
where trips are short, but are also equipped for long trips.
 Examples of PHEVs on the road today are the Chevy Volt, Ford C-Max
Energi and Fusion Energi, Fisker Karma, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid,
and Toyota Prius Plug-in.

17. BASIC DESIGN OF HEV
 The basic design consists of a dc power source battery.
The battery is connected to inverter that is fed to a
BLDC motor that works on AC. The motor is attached
to the front wheel of vehicle. As the motor rotates the
attached wheel rotates too, thus, leading to vehicle
motion. At low speeds this mode of propulsion is used.
The next phase consists of an IC engine that moves the
piston continuously. This is connected to the
transmission and thus, the vehicle moves.
 In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed
driving conditions. During long highways or hill
climbing, the gasoline engine drives the vehicle solely.
Hybrid electric vehicles comprise of an electric motor,
inverter, battery as electric drive and an internal
combustion engine with transmission connected as
gasoline based drive.
.

18. COMPONENTS OF HEV

19. ADVANTAGES
Less dependence on fossil fuels
Environment friendly
Regenerative braking system
Built from light materials

20. DISADVANTAGES
HEV are more expensive than conventional cars.
HEV are more complex in construction and working than
conventional cars.
Offers larger repair bills.

21. 4 Major Advancements Electric Vehicles Will Make
by 2020
 these are some key areas where EV manufacturers must improve upon to win over consumers:
Range Price
Charge time Vehicle choice
 Range
Most of the new EVs this year are aiming for a 200-mile range or more. This seems to be
the new standard for EV range.
Right now, a new battery concept is being developed. If successful, the battery should
provide electric vehicles with a 500-mile range. The battery developers are aiming to conduct initial
tests by 2020.
 Price
Although prices are falling, a new EV still costs more than a comparable gas car.
According to industry professionals, however, they won’t be for much longer.

22. .
 Charge time
We’re finally getting acceptable range from EVs but, without faster charging
times, consumers won’t be satisfied. Many people will still find fault with a 100-mile range if
the EV takes seven hours to charge.
 Choice of electric vehicle

23. CONCLUSION
HEV is a vehicle that uses two sources of power- gasoline and battery.
For low power application battery drive is used whereas for high power
application where power requirement is very high gasoline engine is
used. Gasoline drive is most efficient at high speed drive. Thus HEV’s
both mode of operation occurs at their maximum efficiency. But in
gasoline engine low speed operation is not efficient. Its high speed mode
is only efficient. Therefore, it gives twice the mileage given by a normal
vehicle. As this hybrid vehicle emits 50% less emission than normal
vehicle it plays an important role for reducing pollution to certain extent
without compromising with efficiency. Thus it is most efficient in urban
areas mainly in high traffic where gasoline engines are least efficient as
the energy from gasoline is being wasted away and creates pollution.

24. REFERENCES
[1] M. Barcaro, N. Bianchi, F. Magnussen. PM Motors for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The Open Fuels & Energy
Science Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 135-141, June 2009.
[2] M. J. Riezenman, “Electric vehicles,” IEEE Spectrum, pp. 18–101, Nov.1992.
[3] H. Shimizu, J. Harada, C. Bland, K. Kawakami, and C. Lam, “Advanced concepts in electric vehicle design,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 14–18, Oct. 1997.
[4] C. D. S. Tuck, Ed., Modern Battery Technology. Harwood, p. 411, 1991.
[5] M. Terashima, T. Ashikaga, T. Mizuno, and K. Natori, “Novel motors and controllers for high-performance
electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 28–38, Feb. 1997.