Employee Pay Regulation Audit

Employee Paid Case Study
For a company to pay employees equally, it is important to have someone regulate equal pay more.
It has improved throughout the year, but it could be regulated more than it is. It started with the
Equal Pay Act of 1963. You see cases like Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. Ledbetter
was paid a lower salary than some of the male managers due to her gender and was given low
rankings and lower raises. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 "mandates that women and men who do equal
work must receive equal pay" (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013). The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
of 2009 was signed by President Obama and the act states "longstanding position that each
paycheck that contains discriminatory compensation is a separate violation regardless of when the
discrimination began" (Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, n.d.).
The only way anyone should be paid differently that holds the same position is if they are doing
extra work outside of their job description, such as taking on more responsibility when another
employee is out. I do not think this is regulated enough by most companies. To strengthen this law, I
would also add that each Human Resource team within every organization have an annual audit of
all evaluations for each employee. This would insure each gender is paid equally and if someone
was given a lower ranking, they would have to have documentation to back up the reason for the
low ranking. This could be proof of their low performance compared to the rest of the employees
with the same job description. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/brochure–
equal_pay_and_ledbetter_act.cfm
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases
[9th edition]. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Power Of Women In Kate Chopin's A Respectable Woman
The Power of Women
Before women started fighting for their rights in the mid nineteenth–century, women were
powerless and unequal to men. Women have fought to have the rights that they have today, before
the nineteenth–century women had no rights. However, this changed when women decided to unify
and fight for their rights.They were deprived of many things; for example, the right to suffrage,
gender pay gap, and access to higher education but these are not all the battles that women wanted
to fight. Women debated that all these rights were necessary in order to achieve equality to men.
Through the powerful words of Sojourner Truth's speech "Ain't I a Woman", we can see that women
were not treated as equals to men. Also in Chopin's "A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Susan B. Anthony was best known for fighting for fighting for voting rights, "she had brought her
copy of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, which guaranteed the right of citizens to
vote. She had also brought a copy of the New York State Constitution" (Pollack 9–10). However,
she ended up being jailed three weeks after she voted, because men interpreted the fourteenth
amendment as only male citizens could vote and women had no right to vote. Susan was ready to
fight no matter how hard the fight would be she was ready to take it on. Women won the right to
vote in 1868 when the fourteenth amendment was ratified; however, it was officially won with the
nineteenth amendment. It states that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" (Ginsberg, et al, A27),
this was proposed in 1919 and ratified in 1920.
Women were not only deprived the right to vote they also had a wider pay gap and this was based
gender, this is called the gender pay gap. The gender pay gap is the difference in pay between men
and women. In "Ain't I a Woman" Truth emphasizes how women deserve to be treated the same as
men. In 1869, "many of these women are now performing the same grade of work at $900 per
annum for which men receive $1800. Most of them, too, have families to support; being nearly all
either widow or orphans made by the war" (Alter);

Essay on Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Danielle Endler
Human Resources 4050, Spring 2013 Semester Professor David Penkrot May 3, 2013
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered by some to be one of the most important laws in
American history. (The Most Important Cases, Speeches, Laws & Documents in American History)
This Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964 and it is a
"comprehensive federal statute aimed at reducing discrimination in public accommodations and
employment situations." (Feuerbach Twomey, 2010) Specifically, it aimed at prohibiting
"discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex (including pregnancy), and religion."
(Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2010) Additionally, it also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also allowed black men to join the Union Army and Navy, "enabling the liberated to become
liberators." (The Emancipation Proclamation) The big change in slavery and the fight for equality
did not come until the Thirteenth Amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865 and
ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. With this event, it was declared that "neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (13th
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution) Although this Amendment did give slaves their freedom, it
did not guarantee them the same rights nor the same treatment that other citizens of the United
States had and took for granted. This was especially seen in the states that "enacted 'black codes'
that were intended to limit the civil rights of the newly free slaves." (Civil Rights) These "black
codes" and the obvious difference in treatment were a large issue, and they were later addressed in
the Constitution with the introduction of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth
Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868 and it made large changes for black individuals. This
Amendment "granted citizenship to 'all persons born or naturalized in the United States,' which
included former slaves recently freed." (14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) It also "forbids
states from denying

Case Analysis : Goodyear Tire And Rubber Company
Case Analysis: Case Studies: Goodyear
As of the past 3 decades, women have shown a commendable progress in the workplace. For
instance, the average weekly earnings for women was 62.1 % that of men in the year 1970. The raw
pay difference decreased from 37.9 % to 21.5 % by the year 2007. Despite the progress, the raw
wage difference has continually been used to further public policy agendas without offering an
explanation behind the difference (An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages between Men
and Women, 2009). This essay discusses a case of Ledbetter vs the Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company where Lilly Ledbetter, the only female production supervisor at Goodyear Tire and
Rubber Company's plant in Gadsent, had worked for over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is true that Ledbetter never succeeded with the case, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
went against the utilitarian theory when they made the choice to underpay her. First, whether an act
is wrong or right depending on the consequences of the act. Second, whether an act is good or bad
depends on facts about welfare. Third, the sources of value in the world are found in individuals
such as people and animals. Fourth, the value of a state of affairs is obtained by getting the average
of the values associated with the persons in that state of affairs. Finally, the value of a state of affairs
is desired to be as great as possible (Eggleston, 2012). The company should also have considered
the consequences that followed the act of discrimination against Ledbetter. This discriminatory act
brought more unhappiness than happiness in the sense that it had to have negatively affected the
morale of female employees who were working for the company, the emotions of their families,
consumers, the stock–holders, and even some of the male employees, thus affecting productivity.
This shows that the Company cannot be justified for the discriminatory act against Ledbetter.
Gender discrimination might increase inequality at the work place. Ledbetter claimed that she was
consistently given poor assessments at work by her supervisors and that is why after so many years
of hard work she was still earning far less

Women´s Right Movement: Gender Inequality
"No Society treats its women as well as its men" is a quote from the United Nations Development
Program when they were asked about the issue of gender inequality, which was featured in the
Chicago Tribune News. Fifty years earlier, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which specified that everyone, regardless of gender, was
entitled to the same rights and freedoms (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Fifty years
later though, countries are still falling short of achieving the goal of gender equality. Many find it
hard to believe that the United States is among the countries that have yet to fulfill the goal of
achieving gender equality. Women began the fight for equality in 1848 by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It also undermined the Congressional goal of eliminating discrimination in the workplace" (National
Women's Law Center). Women also face discrimination because they are often penalized for having
children. Women must face outdated ideas of what a woman can accomplish if she's pregnant or
already has children. The jobs that are considered traditional for women and are more understanding
about women being mothers, are usually the lowest–paying jobs. Another negative effect of gender
inequality is the increased fear of violence for women. Women are often portrayed as weak and
helpless beings that can easily be taken advantage of. United Nations Secretary–General Ban Ki–
moon states that, "Violence against women and girls continues unabated in every continent, country
and culture. It takes a devastating toll on women's lives, on their families and on society as a whole.
Most societies prohibit such violence –yet the reality is that too often, it is covered up or tacitly
condoned" (Unite to End Violence Againist Women, 2006). Violence against women in the form of
rape, spousal abuse, child abuse or spousal killing has become routine behavior over the years, so it
rarely even makes the news anymore. "Women aged 15–44 are more at risk from rape and domestic
violence than from cancer, motor accidents, war and malaria, according to World Bank data"( Unite
to End Violence Againist Women, 2006). Women are often blamed and questioned about their
actions if they become the

Key Women Issues
Research Paper Key Women's Issues: Pregnancy Discrimination, Pay Equity, and the Glass Ceiling
Alfreda Grinder, BS HRMG 5000 Managing Human Resources Fall I Instructor: Mr. Tony Denkins
October 5, 2010 Since the days of Roe v. Wade, women in the United States have made great gains
in many ways in society. Two consecutive presidential administrations women have serviced as
Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Condoles Rice. We are seeing rising female political
stars of recent, two progressive female nominees of President Obama were recently ratified to the
Supreme Court. Pepsi Cola, Hewlett Packard, Budweiser of Pepin Company has all had women
Chief Executive Officers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can file a charge with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). ▪ Write
down what happened. Write down the date, time and place of the incident, as soon as possible.
Include what was said and who was there. Keep a copy of these notes at home. They will be useful
if you decide to file a complaint with your company or to take legal action. ▪ Find out more about
your legal rights. You do not need a lawyer to file a charge with EEOC. Nevertheless, you may want
to talk with a lawyer who specializes in sex discrimination. The state bar association or the women's
bar association in your area can refer you to lawyers. They can help you figure out what to do. They
know the pros and cons of different legal actions, including the time and the cost of filing a lawsuit.
▪ Find out how other pregnant workers have been treated. Talk to any women who may have had
trouble at work because they were pregnant. ▪ Talk to your union representative. Union rules often
allow you to file a grievance. If you do not have a union, call a women's or civil rights group for
help. ▪ Talk to your employer. Your company may have an equal employment opportunity officer or
a way for you to file a "complaint." ▪ Get emotional support from friends and family. It can be very
upsetting to feel you have been treated unfairly at work. Take care of yourself. Think about what
you want to

The Impact Of Race On The Gender Wage Gap And Women Overall
Equality of wages in America is of high concern and has been for a long period of time. On no
account of America's history, have women and men's wages ever been equal, rather they have
always had a significant gap between them. This has seen women as undervalued, causing a lot of
discrimination and hardship in the workplace for women. Especially for women of color the wage
gap is even larger. The pay gap in America affects women of all ages, races, and education levels
but what can they do to close it?
"What is the impact on race on the gender wage gap and women overall" is a topic everyone should
be informed. I chose this question because one i'm a young woman and as a young women i'm
constantly reminded that women are below men and we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of people based on gender. Many people will agree
because there's a lot going on about double standards. Since the 1920's women have been put after
men. "Now in modern times, the realization that men and women can produce the same results, have
the same education, and have the same capacity to accomplish the same overall tasks as men is
becoming more popular" (Varnell)1. People are starting to realize that women can accomplish the
same things as men but they still don't get their recognition. Gender inequality seems to have more
problems in the workplace.
The gender pay gap has been an issue forever. Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally
qualified and perform the same work but one group of workers is paid more than another. "The
American Association University of Women is releasing a new study that shows when men and
women attend the same kind of college, pick the same major and accept the same kind of job, on
average, the woman will still earn 82 cents to every dollar that a man earns" (Coleman)1. The pay
gap is even greater for African–American and Latina women. African–American women earning 64
cents and Latina women earning 56 cents for every dollar earned by a white non–Hispanic man. Of
course it's a racial issue because the caucasians have always been the superior race. African
American and Hispanic women are significantly less likely to graduate from high school or to get a
bachelor's degree than white

Essay Pay Discrimination: Lilly Ledbetter’s Fight for...
In this country, getting paid to perform your job is understood. It is routine. It is expected. It is right.
But how is one employee's salary regarded in comparison to another employee's salary? Do these
salaries have to be equal? Most would agree that if both employees are performing the same tasks at
the same establishment with the same amount of dedication and efficiency, equal pay is deserved.
But what about if one employee is male and the other female, then on what grounds are their
salaries determined? This answer shows its true colors through the life of one woman working for a
well established company where nearly all employees were men, and for her particular position, she
was the sole female. Her efforts to overcome pay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
commit pay discrimination every time they wrote her a check. She argued that under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1973, her rights had been violated and she
deserved monetary compensation. Ledbetter's case first saw action in her local District Court. Here,
the respondent, Goodyear, denied the petitioner's accusations that her performance evaluations had
been discriminatory. The Court ruled in Ledbetter's favor, awarding her over $3 million in back pay
and damages. Goodyear appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit arguing that
Ledbetter's complaint cited discrimination that occurred way before the 180 day deadline stipulated
by Title VII. The Eleventh Circuit Court continued with its conservative pattern of holdings, thus
ruling in favor of Goodyear and denying all monies previously awarded to Ledbetter in the lower
court. Dissatisfied with the outcome, Ledbetter refused to give up and appealed her case to the U. S.
Supreme Court. Argued from November 2006 to May 29, 2007, the case rendered a 5:4 vote
favoring Goodyear. Supported by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Scalia, Kennedy, and Thomas,
Justice Alito asserted in the per curium opinion that "continuing to pay an employee at a

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Gap Among Working Women
Critical Analysis Template
PRINCIPLE:
The gender pay gap is defined as a discrepancy "in the average level of wages, salaries, and income
received by two group, such as men and women" (Lawrence & Weber, 2014, p. 548).
There is a 21% pay gap between women ($0.79) and men ($1.00). Full time working women are
paid 79% of their male counterparts pay (AAUW, 2016).
Pay gap grows as worker age, is in public sector work, and widen among married workers than
singles (Plantenga & Remery, 2006). The gender pay gap effects women in almost all fields of work
and in all racial or ethnic categories (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). Pay inequality also negatively
affects the families of working women by leads to lower income levels and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Tennis professorial questioned and criticized the fairness of equal gender based pay in Tennis
through his sexist and prejudiced remarks toward female tennis players. Moore's statements sparked
outrage and fueled a new debate for equality inTennis (Soong, 2016).
PERIOD:
1955 – Addie Wyatt and her union win "equal pay for equal work" within union contracts
(American Postal Workers Union, 2016).
1963 – Equal Pay Act of 1963. Legal statute prohibiting gender motivated wage discrimination
(Kubasek, Brennan, & Browne, 2015) and required that male and female employees by payed
equally for the same or equivalent work (National Equal Pay Task Force, 2013).
1964 – Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964). A statute baring employer's discriminatory action in the
firing, hiring, and other conditions an appointment based on employee's sex, religion, race, or origin
(Kubasek, Brennan, & Browne, 2015).
1971 – Reed v. Reed. Key U. S. Supreme Court sex discrimination case. The case struck down a
state law, which discriminated against women as the administrators of estates and was the first of
many cases to alter the Court's ideas on gender discrimination (Cushman,

Gender Wage Gap Essay
The Gender Wage Gap
In 2015, women made ninety cents for every dollar that their male peers earned. The gender wage
gap has been a problem for centuries. In the 1700s, But since the 1980s, it hasn't shifted much
(Brown and Patten). Individuals like former President Obama have attempted to minimize the pay
gap between men and women by passing pieces of legislation, but his attempts have done little to
shift the wage gap. The community of American citizens needs to unite as a whole in order to stop
the gender wage gap because it is unjust, special interest groups need to be made to lobby
government officials into signing pieces of legislation that could help the wage gap decrease. The
gender wage gap has plagued women ever since they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article of "Institutional Bias Partially Explains the Gender Wage Gap", it states, "The research
organization Catalyst, for example, found that among MBA [master of business administration]
grads on a traditional career track, women are even more likely than men to seek out skill–building
experiences and training opportunities and to make their achievements visible by asking for
feedback and promotions. Women also reported similar rates of negotiating as men: 47 percent of
women and 52 percent of men had asked for a higher salary during the hiring process, and 14
percent of women and 15 percent of men had asked for a higher position. No gap there". The studies
conducted shows that women are more likely to seek higher positions and salary than men. So one
can deduce that there is no ambition gap between women and men who work in the same place.
There is bias, even if one is afraid to call it out ("Institutional Bias").
The gender gap is a problem today, there are individuals who have attempted to reduce the gap.
According to ACLU, in the article "Some Things Change with Time", it states, " It's hard to believe
it's been seven years since President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act the first piece of
legislation to become law during his presidency" (Lapidus). Barack Obama is an example of an
individual who has tried to do something about the gender wage gap. The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay
Act was essentially a

Ruth Bader Ginsburg : A Victim Of Gender Discrimination
Ruth Bader Ginsburg career did not begin as most individuals would image when considering that
she now holds one of the highest positions in America; she has been met with many challenges and
obstacles. Before becoming a Supreme Court justice, where she has used her position to fight
gender discrimination, she herself was a victim of gender discrimination. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was
born Ruth Joan Bader, on March 15, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York (Oyez, 2016). She is the second
daughter of two Russian Jewish immigrants, her father Nathan, was a furrier in the prime of the
Great Depression and her mother, Celia was a garment factory worker (Oyez, 2016). Ginsburg loved
of knowledge originated from her mother, who forfeited her own education in order to send her own
brother to college (Oyez, 2016). Celia instilled strong educational values in her daughter which fuel
her determination to excel in school; at the age of fifteen she graduated from James Madison High
School, unfortunately, the day before her graduation ceremony her mother died from her battle with
cancer (Oyez, 2016). Nevertheless, Ginsburg did not allow her mother passing to hamper her love of
knowledge, continuing her educational quest at Cornell University, she not only attain her Bachelors
of Art in government at the top of her class but also met her husband, Martin Ginsburg. Ginsburg
decided to halt her academic success to start a family and after taking a few years off she returned to
academia by enrolling

Social Disparity In The Cherokee Nation V. Georgia
In spite of the fact that law capacities to advantage society it can likewise reflect and strengthen the
social disparity found in bigger society. American history is loaded with case of two related parts of
law and imbalance. The utilization of law to encourage social disparity and the effect of disparity on
the causes of law and the operation of the lawful framework. The Cherokee Nation v. Georgia,
(1831) The US Supreme Court, in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 1 1 (1831) declared
the Cherokee people to be a "dépendent domestique nation," allowing a policy of separatism
through the reservation system The Cherokee individuals had lived in Georgia and what is currently
the southeastern Joined States for many years. In 1542, Hernando ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Georgia (1831) and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, Multiculturalism plays a big part in it because
the first is acknowledgment, its assorted qualities in a given society or association. For a very long
time racial/ethnic minorities, the physically debilitated, and ladies have not been given the same
acknowledgment as others. The uneven way to deal with history and training has been an
affirmation to that certainty. With acknowledgment ought to likewise come regard. Appreciation is
the procedure whereby the other is treated with regard, cordiality and empathy in a try to defend the
trustworthiness, poise, quality and social worth of the person. It implies treating individuals the way
they need to be dealt with. Admiration and acknowledgment are not the

Who Are Women Paid Equal?
Although jobs require both women and men to perform the same work, expend the effort,
responsibility and skill, they are not paid equally. Employers are continually paying lower wages to
women compared to men, which is due to a wide range of societal factors. In order for men and
women to be paid equally, tougher laws are needed. Through analyzing the debate over "Achieving
Gender Pay Equity", it has proven that harsher laws are required for equal pay to be a reality. Marcia
D. Greenberger presents some exceptional points in that for every dollar men earn a women will
only earn seventy seven cents and that throughout the United States not one state has yet achieved
equal pay. Greenberger's opponent Barbara Berish Brown firmly believes that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Equal Pay Act was signed by President Kennedy in 1963, which was supposed to ensure that
employers had to pay equal wages to men and women who perform the same work. Unfortunately,
the Equal Pay Act has failed to achieve its goals. For instance, in 2011 one of the largest sex
discrimination lawsuits occurred. Female employees sued Wal–Mart for pay disparities. Not only
was Wal–Mart paying women less than men for the same work, but they also created an old boys'
network for promotions that prevented women from receiving career advancements. One female
employee stated that when she complained about the pay disparity, her manager simply said that
women would never make as much money as men because "God made Adam first." (Rourke, 2012)
This illustrates how society is still basing wages on an ancient and out–of–date belief that a man
should be paid more than a woman. According to Barbara Berish Brown the Equal Pay Act is
reliable and adequately fixes gender discrimination in the workplace. Contrary to Barbara Berish
Browns beliefs the Equal Pay Act does not establish gender pay equity. One of the major reasons
why the current law is inadequate is that when a case is brought to court the employer is able to
deny the truth of the plaintiff's allegations or they can argue that there are additional facts that enact
a defense to the plaintiff's lawsuit. These affirmative defenses make it difficult for the plaintiff to
prove that there has been a violation of

Ledbetter V. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 05–1074
Summary of one or more of the main legal arguments:
It seems this class has made me realize how tricky the justice system can be. I have been coaxed
into reading more and more about the law and realizing that everything is not as black and white as
it seems. For this legal research paper I decided to analyze the law concerning pay discrimination.
This is a subject dear to my heart, as I believe I witnessed some of this first hand in relation to my
wife when she managed a branch of a credit union.
Lilly Ledbetter worked at Goodyear's facility in Gadsden, Alabama, for 19 years, beginning in 1979.
She first contacted federal authorities in March 1998, alleging sex discrimination. A formal ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brief overview of final outcome of lawsuit or current state of lawsuit
A divided 5–4 high court upheld the ruling that she only had the federally mandated 180–day
window in which to make her initial claim. The decision below is wrong," argued Ledbetter's
lawyers in the petition. "The Title VII limitations period does not provide an employer license to
continue pay discrimination in perpetuity whenever an employee fails to immediately challenge the
initial pay decisions. (http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003741.php) The EEOC
(Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) charging period is triggered when a discrete
unlawful practice takes place. Such a "filing deadline protects employers from the burden of
defending claims arising from employment decisions long past."
(http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/29/news/pay–discrimination/)
Update: George Miller (D–California) and top Democrats just introduced the Lilly Ledbetter Fair
Pay Act. (http://www.house.gov/apps/list/speech/edlabor_dem/rel062207.html) "Justice was denied
to Ms. Ledbetter, and she now has to live the rest of her life with years of pay discrimination. We
cannot allow this injustice to continue for other workers. The fact is that Ms. Ledbetter was
discriminated against with nearly every paycheck she received. The Supreme Court told employers
that they could escape responsibility by hiding their decision to discriminate and run out the clock."
(Miller, George, Chairman of the house and Labor

The Pay Gap Between Women And Men
Keith Holmes Capstone Ms. Eason/Ms. Allen February 21, 2016 The Pay Gap between Women and
Men Imagine you are a women who works hard and does the same job as some of the men, now
imagine you all are explaining your paycheck and you see you that your check is less than theirs.
Although women work the same jobs as men they are not being treated like it. We live in an age
where women are not financially equal to the men work the same jobs. Because of this there are
struggling single mothers, and the mistreatment of hard working women. Over the years as the
amount of women working in businesses rises so does the level of inequality. As women, they do
not want to be counted shorter than a man who does the same work, to be sure they get the equal
pay they deserve we need to pass laws that grant companies to pay genders equally, strengthen the
protections guaranteed by the equal pay act of 1963, and pass paid sick days legislation. First we
need to identify why women are not being paid equally. Some will say that the reason women are
not being paid equally is because they take sick days off because of pregnancy. The fact that
companies do not consider pregnancy a disability is the reason during that time it is considered an
unpaid sick day. Studies show that 39% of mothers say they stayed home or taken mothers say they
have taken a lot of time from work and 42 5 of mothers reduced their hours. A quarter of women say
that quit their jobs in all for family responsibilities.

Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men?
THE EARNINGS PUZZLE: WHY DO WOMEN EARN LESS THAN MEN?
ABSTRACT
Even though it is against the law to pay women a lower wage based on gender, a significant
earnings gap exists. Women earn less than men in almost every line of work regardless of age, race,
ethnic background or level of education. This study discusses the disparity of income between men
and women, and the primary factors that contribute to the disparity. It then looks at some of the
legislation that has been passed or is under consideration to address the issue. Finally, it concludes
that there are many reasons for the disparity other than gender discrimination. Men and women are
motivated by different things and therefore make different choices. Gender discrimination ... Show
During the Industrial Revolution, the discrepancy in gender wages decreased from a 70 percent
deficit in the agricultural economy to approximately 50 percent in the manufacturing economy.
During the period from around 1890 to 1930, the gender wage gap decreased from 46 to 56 percent
of male earnings. Clerical and sales professions began their ascendancy during this period.
However, women's participation in the workforce did not increase significantly in either of these
periods. Additionally, the gender earnings gap remained almost constant at around 60 percent from
1950 – 1980 when women's participation in the workforce increased substantially (Blau and Kahn
2000). Changes in household structure have also made equal pay more of a family issue. There are
an increasing number of dual income households and one–third of women who work are the
breadwinner of their family.
After analyzing the history of the gender wage gap, the paper will now look at the current state of
the issue. The percentage of female earnings compared to male earnings increased from around 60
percent in 1980 to 77 percent in 2010, according to National Compensation Survey conducted by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Blau and Kahn 2000). The gap was larger for African–American and
Hispanic women, who earned only 70% and 61% respectively of what white men earned. As a
result, April 20, 2011 was known as Equal Pay Day, which is the approximate day the average
female employee would

Analysis Of The Article ' Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
In the article "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act," the National Women's Law Center states, on average,
women earn 78 cents for every dollar their male counterparts earn. Of these women, African
American women earn 64 cents, while Latin American women earn a mere 55 cents. The Lilly
Ledbetter Fair Pay Act became one of the many stepping stones in achieving equal pay. Women
must continue to make people aware of the discrimination they faced in the workplace on a daily
basis.
Wage discrimination is embedded in our legal system. The ongoing battle for equal pay for women
dates back to the Civil War. Throughout history, men seemed as the ideal–type of employers. Men
were primary the breadwinners, and women who worked at the time only pinch in money oppose to
having a stable salary equivalent to their male counterparts. The job roles such as nurses, teacher,
and retail sales clerk became a "traditional female" occupations. In "Here's the History of the Battle
for Equal Pay for American Women," Charlotte Alter points out a letter sent to the editor of the New
York Times on February 1869. In this letter, the writer questioned why female government officials
did not have similar pay to their male colleagues: 'Very few persons deny the justice of the principle
that equal work should command equal pay without regard to the sex of the laborer.' Even in the late
19th century in which men had far more opportunities than women, people question the inequality
in regards of the workplace. The

Declaration Of Sentiment Analysis
"We hold these truths to be self–evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness"(US Declaration of Independence). Equality is a fundamental principle that has helped
form our law system to what it is today. Since the Declaration of Independence we have been able to
expand who should be included when our law system addresses equality. Today law, regarding
gender equality has progressed significantly. Examining American history, it is evident to notice
oppression women's faced from the time prior to the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 to the Civil
Rights act of 1964 and even today in some instances; the strive for equality amongst genders is a
conflict that has come a long way, but still needs to be addressed accordingly. Reading the
Declaration of Sentiments, there is an understanding of the oppressions women's faced during the
1800's. In the Declaration of Sentiments the Elizabeth Cady Stanton ... Show more content on
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As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known"(1). The sentiments staton disputes are
reasonable as they violate the unalienable rights stated in the Declaration of Independence. These
among other sentiments are important to mention as they remind us how far law, regarding women's
rights, has changed since

Gender Discrimination At Goodyear
Lilly Ledbetter had finally had enough of the gender discrimination at Goodyear and decided to take
a stand. In 2003, she sued Goodyear and the federal jury awarded her $3.8 million in damages. Later
in 2003, a judge reduced her winnings to $300,000. However, Goodyear appealed until Supreme
Court although the Civil Rights Act clearly forbids gender discrimination. At the Supreme Court
trial, Goodyear pointed out that the Civil Rights Act also has a statute of limitations which means
that an employee must file a complaint within 180 days of the first unfair paycheck. This means that
Lilly Ledbetter needed to have sued six months after she was hired. In 2006, the Supreme Court
found Goodyear innocent of gender discrimination meaning that Goodyear won the case. Lilly
Ledbetter got no reward at all and all of her previous awards were taken away except for a $3,165
check from Goodyear for "court costs." But this was just a small setback for Lilly Ledbetter. Samuel
Alito of the Supreme Court had declared that her complaint was "untimely." The Supreme ... Show
At Goodyear, Lilly Ledbetter had been targeted after rejecting the advances of a superior. Because
after she did this she was unfairly targeted, Lilly Ledbetter knew that she could be targeted again.
Lilly Ledbetter had filed her previous suit of harassment with the same organization that she was
filing her newest suit. Her last suit didn't work out and she realized that her gender suit might not
work out either. This suit cost her a lot of money and she spent most of her money on the case. She
knew that if she were to lose, she would lose everything. This happened as she was awarded
$3,285,979 but all of her money was taken away when Goodyear appealed. Not to be stopped,
Ledbetter risked her money yet again by appealing to the Supreme Court. Lilly Ledbetter even said
in her novel that she "had seen people lose everything in

Equal Rights Amendment Argument
The Boundless Push for the Equal Rights Amendment
The progress that lead to the ratification process of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), in 1972,
began over a century earlier. The advocates for women's rights began their efforts in 1848 at the first
Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York , where a meeting of 300 men and women
was held which called for justice for women in a society that limited their privileges. By 1900,
women had gained the right to keep their earnings and own property. By 1920, they had gained the
right to vote. By 1963, women were paid equally to men for completing the same work. In 1964, the
Civil Rights Amendment was passed and outlawed discrimination based on gender, religion, and
race. In 1972, Title IX ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Equal Rights Amendment stated, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of sex." Schlafly, and her Stop ERA movement, were
strongly opposed to this societal change. In Schlafly's speech, What's Wrong with 'Equal Rights' for
Women?, in 1972, she vocalized that, "Of all the classes of people who ever lived, the American
woman is the most privileged. We have the most rights and rewards, and the fewest duties. Our
unique status is the result of a fortunate combination of circumstances." The anti–equal rights group
believed that the ERA would lead women away from the support of their husbands, overturn privacy
rights, send women into combat, uphold abortion rights and same–sex marriages, and ultimately
leave women with less rights than before. Phyllis Schlafly and Stop ERA supporters believed that
the ERA was morally impractical because it would eliminate the traditional role of a female in
society. Despite Schlafly's speeches, feminists and pro–ERA supporters continued to push for equal
rights and finally, on March 22, 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment passed the U.S. Senate and then
the House of Representatives and continued to the states in order to be ratified. In order for the ERA
to be added to the Constitution, it needed approval from thirty–eight of the fifty states within the
span of seven–years. After the seven years, only thirty–five states had approved the amendment,
falling three states short of ratification. This lack in support was influenced by Schlafly's anti
abortion and gay rights opinions after delegates and female protesters began to support taxpayer
funding of abortions and a new gay rights agenda. People who supported equality of

Christine Jorgensen Biography
Christine Jorgensen Biography Christine Jorgensen (May 30, 1926 – May 3, 1989) was the first
widely known person to have sex reassignment surgery – in this case, male to female. She was born
George William Jorgensen, Jr., the second child of George William Jorgensen Sr., a carpenter and
contractor, and his wife, the former Florence Davis Hansen. She grew up in the Bronx and later
described herself as having been a "frail, tow–headed, introverted little boy who ran from fistfights
and rough–and–tumble games". She graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in 1945
and shortly thereafter was drafted into the Army. After being discharged from the Army, Jorgensen
attended Mohawk College in Utica, New York, the Progressive School of ... Show more content on
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By the end of her career, however, Lilly was earning less than any of the men in the same position.
Although she signed a contract with her employer that she would not discuss pay rates, just before
Ledbetter's retirement an anonymous individual slipped a note into her mailbox listing the salaries
of the men performing the same job. In spite of the fact that Ledbetter had received a Top
Performance Award from the company, she discovered that she had been paid considerably less than
her male counterparts. Ledbetter filed a formal complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunities
Commission and later initiated a lawsuit alleging pay discrimination. After filing her complaint with
the EEOC, Ledbetter, then in her 60s, was reassigned to such duties as lifting heavy tires. The
formal lawsuit claimed pay discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Equal Pay Act of 1963. Although a jury initially awarded her compensation, Goodyear appealed the
decision to the United States Supreme Court. In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled on the Ledbetter v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. case. In a 5–4 decision, the court determined that employers cannot be
sued under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act if the claims are based on decisions made by the
employer 180 days ago or more. Due to the fact that Ledbetter's claim regarding her discriminatory
pay was filed outside of that time frame, she was not entitled to receive any

Argumentative Essay On Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health was in 1989, albeit Boss Equity's majority assessment communicated the view
that was wrong, a larger part of Judges declined to overrule finding that the issue of the legitimacy
of itself was not legitimately before them.
The Webster majority did, nonetheless welcome states to finish laws forbidding fetus removal to test
Roe with the goal that the Court would have the capacity to specifically address the issue. Before
long, the region of Guam and two states Louisiana and Utah ordered statutes criminalizing for all
intents and purposes all premature births The 1994 bill was a watershed denoting the main thorough
government administrative bundle intended to end brutality against ladies.
The 1994 bill was a watershed, denoting the main thorough government administrative bundle
intended to end brutality against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Senate consistently affirmed her selection. On January 23, 1997, Madeleine Albright was confirmed
as secretary of state. She turned into the most noteworthy positioning female inside the United
States government.
Republican presidential chosen one John McCain today chose Gold country representative Sarah
Palin, a relative political tenderfoot, as his bad habit presidential running mate. The move is an
intense play for the conceivably a huge number of alienated Clinton supporters long to vote in favor
of a lady applicant in the November race and have stayed impenetrable to Equitable requests for
party solidarity. McCain presented Palin at a rally in Dayton, Ohio, before a horde of 15,000. He
lauded her as a lady of "strong principles, fighting spirit, and deep compassion".
To help address this out of line and inadmissible wage hole, President Obama marked the Lilly
Ledbetter Fair Pay. Follow up on January 29, 2009, reestablishing the insurance against pay
segregation that was stripped away by the Preeminent Court's choice in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire
and Rubber

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