Information From The Caselet, Deep Blue Robotics ( Dbr )...

Information From The Caselet, Deep Blue Robotics ( Dbr )...
Response 1:
According to the information from the caselet, Deep Blue Robotics (DBR) might be facing the following threat:
1.Malicious Software (Malware)
Malware is a class of malicious code that incorporates viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Specialized communication tools are used by destructive
malwares in order to spread. Malwares could be distributed by means of email and texts, Trojan horses dropped from web sites, and virus–infected
records obtained from peer–to–peer connections. Malwares looks for existing flaws and loopholes in the system architecture to make a peaceful and
simple entrance.
Head office and manufacturing company resources are connected through Virtual Private Connections (VPN) which has been setup using Fiber Optic
cables; to ensure a secure data transmission between connected devices. A security threat still exists if either end of the connected devices is infected
by a malware. This can potentially result in loss of information, information damage, or even equipment damage.
2.Social Engineering
Social engineering is the ability of manipulating people to give up confidential information. The most common Social Engineering attack is targeted to
trick the victim into giving away their passwords or bank information or having someone access your computer to secretly install a malware – which
can access your passwords, bank information and other sensitive information stored in that computer.
Deep Blue Robotics (DBR) has backup procedures setup in such
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Hacktivism Morally Justified Summary
Critical Essay
In the article 'Hacking as Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience: Is Hacktivism Morally Justified? ' by Kenneth Einar Himma, She argues
that the as an electronic civil disobedience, hacktivism is morally impermissible. Kenneth claims that the acts of civil disobedience is not always
morally permissible because the nature of it is disobeying the state of the law and it is more expressive than the right to free speech. Then she
discusses the framework to evaluate acts of civil disobedience in both sides of favoring and against the civil disobedience. Ultimately, she argues that
hacktivism as a kind of electronic civil disobedience is impermissible because of its moral disvalue to the society when applied the evaluation
framework to it.
Despite Kenneth argues that hacktivism is morally impermissible due to its moral disvalue by referring that hacker are trying to get away from
punishment and negatively affect innocent third party, I believe that non–malicious hacktivism is morally permissible. I will attack her points by
arguing if the intellectual property rights is unnecessary, there will not be any legitimate punishments. Then from the utilitirism side, I will discuss the
moral value or benefits of hacktivism is over its moral disvalue to the whole society.
Kenneth first premise is that hacktivism with political motivation is digital civil disobedience. She argues that the characteristics of hacktivists and the
motivation of the act decided

Grey Hat Rising Sociology
SOCI16039G Sociology, Introduction to – 1151_42889
Grey Hat Rising:
Hacktivism as a Vector for Social Change.
James Smith 3–19–2015
Grey Hat Rising: Hacktivism as a Vector for Social Change
James Smith, March 19th, 2015
Creating dysfunction disrupts the societal equilibrium, then forcing society to adapt, to maintain balance. Social disobedience is the vehicle which
drives this societal dysfunction. Whether it is Malala continuing to promote a woman's right to read in the Middle East, centers providing aid to
people escaping honour killings, Rosa Parks refusing to sit at the back of the bus, or taking down pro ISIS and child pornography websites. Axioms,
must first be torn down in the minds of the society which is to be disrupted. This can be done within a dominant culture or a subculture, creating a
paradigm shift within the acceptable norms of social interaction, and over time becoming the folkways of successive generations.
"...I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to
arouse the conscience of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parks' defiance is widely credited with sparking a civil rights movement which galvanized American society so profoundly that fifty–four years later a
forty–seven year old first–term Senator from Illinois became the 44th President of the United States and the first African American to hold that office
in American history. Such is the power of 'civil disobedience. According to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Centre for Non–Violent Social Change, civil
disobedience is "the active, public, conscientious breach of the law to bring about a change in law or public policy." (About Dr. King, 2014) The term
was actually coined by the famous abolitionist Henry David Thoreau in 1848 in an essay he wrote protesting Massachusetts poll tax. Basically, Thoreau
argued citizens ought to deliberately break laws that conflict with their moral

Form Of Activism: Right Or Wrong?
Harriet Tubman once said, "There was one of two things I had a right to: liberty or death. If I could not have one, I would take the other, for no
man should take me alive. I should fight for liberty for as long as my strength lasted" (Bradford 29). Many activist since Tubman's time agree with
her statement for various reasons. However, it has been more than 100 years since Tubman's death so has the form of activism changed? Some
people, such as the senior editor of The New Republic, argues the form of activism has changed. On the other hand, people such as Gladwell Malcolm,
an accomplished writer, argues the form of activism has not changed. The question at hand is who is right and who is wrong? First, numerous people
claim the addition of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hacktivism, according to the Reference Dictionary, is "the practice of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system and carrying out various
disruptive actions as a means of achieving political or social goals" (Hacktivism). However, they are even more well known for the Guy Fawkes
mask that the members where when, on a rare occasion, perform a stunt in public. By doing this they are protecting their identity and, in a sense,
disrespecting what activism was in the first place. This is because, in the beginning, activism of any kind was done in public without masks. So, by
Anonymous wearing masks in public and using code names on the internet, they embody the exact group Gladwell argues is not considered social
activists. In short, Gladwell argues activism cannot be done through mainly social media as Anonymous

Cyberterroist Attacks: The Fight Against Terrorism
Cyberterrorist attacks can be threats, intimidation or even a violent act for personal gain, whereas a hacktivist will use less threatening approaches like
a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack to take down a service in an attempt to promote social change.
Anonymous has claimed to have taken down accounts on twitter, battling against the terrorist group ISIS (Cimpanu, 2015). This type of approach, I
view as hactivism as it is fighting against terrorism. I view Anonymous as a hacktivist group as they merely try to raise awareness to current events
and the real terrorists using the digital world as their battleground. However, groups like Lizard Squad I will view as a cyberterrorist group. In
(Gilbert, 2015)
The world is becoming more and more digital everyday, things as simple as the lights in our houses can be linked to a network. Nevertheless, these
networks can be a window of opportunity for cyberterrorist groups, or hacktivists to exploit. Technology has also given the resources needed for these
groups to become more efficient at what they do, like increasing bandwidth speeds or more efficient computers for example, but also the same
technologies can be used to strengthen security measures against these attacks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some may believe that allowing the government to observe everything you access or view on the internet will save lives, it may, but I believe that the
terrorists will continue to do so regardless if they are being watched or not, and now you have lost this privacy you once

Anonymous: A Brief History Of The Hacker Subculture
In the early 2000s, the hacker subculture were rising in popularity in the mass media bringing with it more members and like with most hobbies these
members naturally come to be drawn together in to small groups. These groups, in this case were hacktivist groups and one of the biggest, important
and well known one was the group called Anonymous. Starting from pretty childish beginnings this groups has come to be the face of the hacker
subculture and for the groups many activist movements. Though a simple philosophy of not being content with idea of censorship on the internet and
have taken common hacking techniques like denial of service attacks to combat this dictatorship like acts of control on the internet. The introduction of
a group like Anonymous to the world has influenced many other hackers to stand together for a singular goal then one person alone.
The beginning of this popular and very often in eyes of mass media controversial groups, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of them are often considered nefarious in quite the identical way with the way media treats Anonymous are called LulzSec and AnitSec. This
similar naming convention shows a oblivious connection but the linage is no coincidence as the many were once members of Anonymous or were at
the very least contributed to many operations. This expansion into hackers no being the stereotypical loner but now having a network of dozens of
groups that trade information and better help with any operation one group is on has not only completely changed the subculture of hackers but the
way the world interacts with them. While sole hackers were not directly inspired by this very advantageous formation of hackers the amount of
hackers that are seen and heard in news, of the likes lizard squad absolutely

The Liberties, Ideologies, And Effects Of Hacktivism
This paper discusses the liberties, ideologies, and effects of hacktivism. Hacktivism, is the combination of hacking and activism, and is where a hacker
creates a technology–centered disturbance with a political or social motive. Unlawful hackers typically cause cyber damage for amusement, or
monetary gain. While traditional hackers are perceived as criminals, hacktivists are a transgressive group. Cyberterrorism is the most extreme version
of hacking, where the goal is to cause permanent damage. There are benefits to hacktivism such as, anyone can log on and share their opinion,
regardless of their location or position. However, some forms of hacktivism may be closer to cyberterrorism, where there may be a malicious intent.
Controversy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality, hackers are a variety of people, with a range of reasons for what they do. Hacking began in the late seventies and early eighties out of
curiosity. Quickly, people began to realize the potential for destruction through cyber attacks. From 2008 to 2012, the hacktivist groupAnonymous,
became prevalent, because pretty much any amateur with a cause what kind of cause could join Anonymous.. But after several group figureheads were
arrested, the general public was deterred from participating this hacktivist group.
From 2012 to the present, the door opened for hacktivist specialists beyond Anonymous, to cause destruction. Hacktivism has shifted from large
amounts of amateurs causing minimal damage, to small amounts of hacking specialists causing tremendous amounts of damage. Due to the fact that
the Internet is largely privatized, it is very hard for hacktivists to get their point across to a large number of people without breaking the law. So, a
free speech space needs to be established online to ensure that everyone has a chance to speak their mind on a "digital sidewalk." The extreme side of
hacktivism is cyberterrorism. Terrorist groups like ISIS have begun to hire specialists to wage cyberwar for their religious and political gain. The
Internet battlefield has become just as important as a physical one.
However, not all hackers are terrorists, criminals, or even hacktivists. Some hackers take up

International Crime And Jurisdiction In The United States
Jurisdiction is the most prominent issue for enforcement officers to deal with international crimes stemming from the deep web. There are illegal
markets for gambling, weapons, explosives, assassinations, exotic animals, terrorism and hacktivism all of which can be accessed by anyone in the
world if they knew the right ways to get in. The darknet has an international customer base, and cases can get even more complicated when criminals
from different countries start to work together. Questions of which country's law should be followed and what punishment should be given arise, and
not all parties involved end up satisfied. While it is impossible to please everyone with a trial and punishment, having an international court disfuses
any issue concerning jurisdiction in order to deal with the criminal.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One could argue that the International Criminal Court already exists, and there is no need for another one. However, the International Criminal Court
follows The Rome Statute for jurisdiction which only allows action to be taken for crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes
of aggression. Though there are some crimes committed through the darknet that can fall under this, such as terrorism, the majority of them do not.
This does not mean these crimes are any less

The Issue Of Cyber Crime
Introduction Anonymity has always been a desirable result when criminals commit a crime. Whether a person is covering their face with a ski mask as
they physically rob a bank or someone infiltrates a hospital's network to steal personal information for ransom, every criminal finds comfort in the
warped sense that their identity will most likely be unknown, which will allow them to evade law enforcement. Due to technological advancements,
criminals are more likely to remain anonymous after committing a criminal act when they engage in cyber crime. As a result, organized crime has been
able to evolve due to the rapid emergence of technology, presenting the greatest threat to the transnational community known to date. 'Hacktivism,'
which is the act of breaking into computer systems for politically and/or socially motivated purposes, is challenging the fine line between basic rights
and criminality. The majority of criminals on the Internet have portrayed themselves as 'hacktivists,' however, the distinction between criminals and
'hacktivists' questions the extent of the rule of law in cyberspace. Cyberspace is defined as "the electronic medium of computer networks, in which
online communication takes place." In view of the nature of cyberspace, 'hacktivism' naturally transcends borders, thus, making this an emerging
transnational issue that needs to be addressed as soon as possible. The best way to visualize cyberspace is understanding Thomas Hobbes' theory on the
natural

Types Of Threats Faced By Malicious Softwares ( Malwares )
1.Based on the information in this case analysis, what are the types of threats DBR may be facing?
Major threats faced by DBR are:
Attacks by Advanced Persistence Threat (APT): APTs are the attacks usually carried out by some humans who stealthily targets a specific entity to
steal intellectual property for personal or business gains. These are some highly sophisticated attacks which are very difficult to detect unless you have
a sound cybersecurity measures put in place to prevent them to target your system. APTs are major threat in case of DBR because some vendors have
informed management about such activities but they are not sure if it is a real threat nor do not have any mechanism to counter such threats.
Attacks by Malicious softwares (Malwares, Phishing): All the workstations of DBR uses a local virus scanner. Viruses come in various forms like
Malwares, Worms, Trojans etc. and an inefficient virus protector is as worse as not having any protection at all. One good thing about DBR is that they
us VPN to transfer information across the network but security threats can still occur if the individual workstations are not protected properly.
Moreover, a local virus protection can hardly protect from the phishing attacks which try to get user information through E–mails.
Attacks through Social Engineering: Social Engineering involves attacks on information security by deceiving users and exploiting them and make
them reveal the confidential information. The

Hacking sweeps the nation Essay
"We cannot defend ourselves with a weapon...but we can do this with their cars, homes, bars, brothels and everything else in their possession. It
won't be difficult; we all know who they are and where they are located." Quoted from an Anonymous member. (Schiller, A.6.) Computer hacking
began in the 1950s with an individual looking out for his own personal gains; like free phone calls for instance. The perception of hackers ever since
has become very negative. Hacking has evolved over time, with many modern hackers following their own set of values that they believe are, arguably
positive motives.
In the early days, many hackers were individuals, looking out for their own personal gains. Student hackers were able to expand computers, and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 2009 to present 2011 Anon made many confrontations with very powerful corporations, cartels, and government sites. The rise of these attacks
has sparked global attention, that these hackers have already began to cause huge problems. As hackers continued to strengthen their bonds, people
began to feel much more threatened. However, forming these groups is what has revolutionized hacking.
A great achievement for hackers was when the group Cult of the Dead Cow, or CDC, discovered the massive flaws in Microsoft Windows
operating systems. The CDC was able to make a hacking tool, called BO2K (Meyerson, A.3). This tool utilized the holes in the operating system
and was in turn able to gain control of a computer or a network from a remote location. What this means is basically you could use someone else's
computer from your own. When the CDC discovered this, all they did was show it to Microsoft at the DefCon convention in Las Vegas. Microsoft
actually rejected the idea of fixing it, by Monday of the following week Appalled by a hacking group reveling this to them. "Our position is that
Windows is a fundamentally broken product," said Deth Veggie, CDC's "minister of propaganda." "Hopefully, this will force them to fix this thing."
(Meyerson, A.3) The CDC meant for nothing but the best for Microsoft. Unfortunately cyber crimes are among some of the easiest crimes to commit.
Criminals use the Internet as a place to hide

Enemy Of The System
Timothy Garbanzos
Professor Norbert Hill
Hacktivism Argumentative Research Paper
English Composition 1302–12805
25 March, 2017
Hacktivist: Enemy of the System In January 2008, the noteable hacktivist group, Anonymous, bashed and instigated the Church of Scientology for
simply wanting to remove a video interview of Scientologist Tom Cruise.Anonymous were shocked at the news and gave screams of "INTERNET
CENSORSHIP IS A SIN" and "INFORMATION WAS BORN FREE" across their keyboards. Hand in hand with one another along with their Guy
Fawkes mask marched almost ritualistically to the doors of several Churches of Scientology locations. Anonymous gave off threats of bombs, murders,
and cynical "I am watching you" messages to members of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Democracy cradles it's freedom and the belief of free speech, but when a nation's beliefs become the causation of the deaths of millions that nation
should delineate from what free speech is and what it is not. Among Nir Zigdon, various others have spiked a surprising increase in internet based
hacktivism. These new hacktivists have brought with them a new form of law enforcement punishment on the basis of hacktivist crime. The impressive
amounts of protests and internet sit ins went hand in hand with law enforcement that was equally as impressive. FBI and police have detained
hundreds of activists and levied astronomical fines sometimes reaching nearly $500,000 over the past year (Coleman, 401–402). By increasing
penalties, law enforcement ensure that hacktivism would cease. For instance, hackers of the Islamic State known as the Cyber Caliphate seized control
of the U.S Central Command's Twitter account and hijacked a French T.V network in early April. These hackers were to be found with lifelong
sentences in detainment facilities if ever caught. With the wake of hacktivism, law enforcement have placed astronomical punishments to derail
hacking–based crimes. It is foolish to concur with the many who dispute for the hacktivists to be unchained and freed of their fines however supporting
the curtailment of the fines being placed would be wise. To dwindle the numbers of hacktivist related crimes, law enforcement have become insistent on
the

The Pros And Cons Of Hacktivism
Arguably, the blend of liberal and socialist perspectives is the primary director of hacktivist endeavors. Such traits are evident when hacktivist groups
attack computer facilities and leak information seen to contribute to social awareness and empowerment.
Despite the numerous arrest and prosecutions of members of their networks, the hacktivists continued to be an integral internet activist within the
international system.The state and other interested powers are keen to keep secrets of social injustice and hide the truth that may turn the masses
against them. In this view, (Beck 3) observes that the widely supported legislative actions seeking to limit the operations and create a prosecution
framework for hacktivists. On the same note,(Kelly) confirms that the despite the considerable use of the internet by individuals; it is still dominated
by corporations. The internet is seen to provide a convenient meeting point for activists pushing for different interests to converge and come up with
ways to fight against the government and influential businesses. Hacktivism provides a safe space for activists to breed and carry out their activities to
the disadvantage of the state. As (Li 310) highlights, there are currently over forty statutes created for computer crimes. Principally, these legislations are
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precedence shows a strong desire among governments and corporates to limit the legal space for hacktivist operation. Such moves resonate with the
fundamental reasons for the existence of hacktivist organizations. However, in the pursuit of the truth and justice, it is critical that hacktivist
engagements be informed by some sense of ethical direction. Matters like individual privacy and national security ought to be navigated with utmost
care to avoid harm to a person or

Cybercrime : A Threat E Private?
cybercrime Рѕnly a threat fРѕr private?
Believe that cybercrime may be a prerРѕgative alРѕne Рѕf the private sphere is deeply wrРѕng. The crime industry has recently been shРѕwn tРѕ be
very attracted tРѕ areas such as gРѕvernment and military.
The infРѕrmatiРѕn Рѕbjects Рѕf interest are extremely different, email addresses, cРѕnfidential infРѕrmatiРѕn, intellectual prРѕperty, secret
technРѕlРѕgies being tested are a valuable cРѕmmРѕdity tРѕ the sale and retrieving very interesting revenues.
I recently repРѕrt the presence Рѕn undergrРѕund market Рѕf milliРѕns Рѕf harvested U.S gРѕvernment and U.S military harvested emails addresses that
cyber criminals are trying tРѕ sell. The criminal business is Рѕffering 2.462.935 U.S gРѕvernment email addresses, and anРѕther 2.178.000 U.S military
email addresses.
The risks are really seriРѕus, this infРѕrmatiРѕn cРѕuld be used by hРѕstiles gРѕvernment in cyber attacks and cyber espionage activities in the shРѕrt
term.
We are facing with efficient РѕrganizatiРѕn that cРѕntinuРѕusly cРѕllect infРѕ frРѕm variРѕus sРѕurces trying tРѕ sell them using several channels like
sРѕcial netwРѕrk, chat rРѕРѕms, specific web sites and Internet directРѕries. Many РѕrganizatiРѕns have set up grРѕwing cРѕmmunity where they sРѕld
any kind Рѕf service, frРѕm the malware develРѕpment tРѕ infРѕrmatiРѕn need tРѕ attack a specific target. Cyber criminals have used several cyber
РѕptiРѕns tРѕ gather persРѕnal data and financial infРѕrmatiРѕn Рѕf representatives Рѕf the U.S. military. The scams schemes prРѕvide phishing attacks
and

The Is A Good Thing For Society?
Hacktivism is the act of hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose. This term has been around since
the 1980s, but never has it been more prevalent than now. It seems that not a week can go by without one of these online incidents appearing on the
news. With technology advancing, it raises the following question: Are hacktivists beneficial or detrimental to society? After a careful analysis of the
pros and cons, one side of this question becomes increasing favorable. Hacktivism is a good thing for society.
First, it gives individuals the power to speak their mind and be heard. With billions of people surfing the web, it can be hard to get a good opinion on
an idea, especially for big ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plenty of illegal or obscene behavior goes by unnoticed in the dark corners of the web because the internet is simply too large for a significant
type of police force to be active. With thousands of hacktivist groups supporting almost any cause imaginable, some morally ill intentions can be
exposed. A recent example of this is the Ashley Madison leak from last year. Ashley Madison is a dating website marketed for people who are
married or are in a relationship. A group by the name of The Impact Team stole and leaked usernames and passwords for 33 million accounts, partial
credit card data, street names, phone numbers, recorded documents of 9.6 million transactions, and much more data. While the site is unethical, the
intention of the group was not to expose those involved, but to reveal that user data was still stored after deletion. In order to force users to pay, Avid
Life Media (owner of Ashley Madison) allows the creation of free accounts, but charges a payment fee for the deletion of an account. All the
information tied to deleted accounts were supposed to be completely removed, clearly, this was not the case.
A third reason hacktivism is advantageous is security. Most online attacks are harmless, a defaced website can be easily restored and a DoS attack
(Denial of Service) can have little or no influence. However, when coalesced, these efforts can become a powerful force. According to the Georgetown
Journal, over 30 pro–Palestinian and 10

A Perfect Example Of Civic Hacking
A perfect example of civic hacking reveals itself in the NYC BigApps contest. NYC BigApps, sponsored by the New York City Economic
Development Commission, is designed to foster civic hackers' ideas to solve specific problems each year ("BigApps NYC 2015"). For example, this
year's challenges were called "Affordable Housing," "Zero Waste," "Connected Cities," and "Civic Engagement." Developers were challenged with the
opportunity to program apps suited to help solve issues in New York Cityrelated to those broad categories. Winners included an web application called
JustFix.nyc, which allowed tenants in New Yorkapartments to connect and get issues in their building fixed much faster and more reliably. Another
winner, CityCharge, is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The site offers animations of the routes that have already been cleared and offers up–to–date maps. The website is available to the public and provides
ready access to a better way to navigate in hazardous winter weather; it simply allows users to avoid streets that are unplowed and lets them examine
possible alternate routes. Without the efforts of civic hackers, citizens could be left stranded on unplowed city streets. A third positive example of
hacking is hacktivism. Though hacktivists have a more subtle positive effect, they consistently bring controversial decisions and topics to light.
Hacktivists are hackers that use their talent to be activists that support a certain cause. Most are politically motivated and believe that a person or
organization has committed a wrongdoing. Their strong beliefs drive them to commit hacks that seek revenge and wreak havoc upon daily lives;
numerous amounts of these attacks are on government agencies. This fact alone makes many people dislike the act. However, despite being malicious
in nature, it is not malicious to individual citizens and often stimulates positive discussion and much–needed change. Hacktivism can be used to further
popular ideas and make the public voice heard; it is a great way to broadcast ideas that would otherwise be obscure and ensure that a level of justice is
promoted among peers.

The Rise Of Hacktivism : A Form Of Protest
The Rise of Hacktivism: a Form of Protest In this day and age living in the era of the computer, it has become more mainstream and common to hear
of cyber attacks, and crime being committed on the internet. Activism however, has become a prominent way to protest or argue a political view.
Using related technologies and the internet have become a vital way for some to share their views. With the rise of the internet, "hacktivism" has become
a prominent way for protest groups to express while also promoting a political agenda often related to free speech, human rights, and freedom of
information. Hacktivism has been defined using many adjectives, however the definition of the word says it all: "the practice of gaining
unauthorized access to a computer system and carrying out various disruptive actions as a means of achieving political or social goals".
(Dictionary.com) Hacktivism while being technology based, can come in many forms. Some of these forms can be more radical than others. To most,
hacktivism may appear to be harmless to everyday life, but truly shows a great threat towards the security of others. With hacktivism comes a
hacktivist. A hacktivist is someone who takes part in the sharing, creating, and execution of attacks on the internet. This may be someone working
towards change by using a set of technical skills they may have. Most hacktivist tend to be critical thinkers whom already have jobs in the tech
industry. Depending on who may be using the word

Defacement In Website Graffiti
defacement is done purely for fun. These are the cases where hackers may find pleasure in penetrating a server and attempting to hack all of the sites
hosted there, or may focus on a particular website that they want to "conquer" so to speak. This form of hacktivism is usually done as a means to
mock site owners and/or security personnel for the weaknesses within their servers and to leave their mark on the website. It is for this reason that
some people refer to website defacement as website graffiti. We also see in other cases, hackers may deface a website as a means to protest a
message, for example a political campaign or to promote a cause of their own. These hacktivists may potentially take down the website pages of those
with conflicting beliefs or messages, and may replace ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These types of hacktivist organizations believe that are performing acts of civil disobedience and exercising their right to free speech rather than
vandalizing virtual private property. Yet, other hackers may engage in website defacement out of pure malice. Look at an example, a hacker may
choose to break into a website's code and leave a message that indicates that the business affiliated with the page has closed its doors as a way to
drive users away. Then the longer these messages stay up, the more people will see it and believe that this incorrect information is true and harming
the website owners ("Website Monitoring & Server Monitoring Blog"). With website defacement on the rise, the websitepulse article suggests methods
to prevent website defacement. First, it is very important for website owners of all kinds to be prepared to prevent and fight against virtual vandalism.
The initial

Is Hacktivism Morally Permissible?
Is Hacktivism Morally Permissible?
In Himma's terms, "hacktivism will be understood as involving unauthorized digital intrusions for the purpose of protesting some injustice or advancing
some political agenda." (Himma 14) An unauthorized digital intrusion is the manipulation of computers and networks belonging to someone else who
in turn has their property rights violated. (Himma 1) Himma argues hacktivism is morally impermissible if and only if it harms innocent people or if the
hacktivist stays anonymous in relation to the act, through three premises in Hacking as Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience: Is
Hacktivism Morally Justified? In this paper I am going to explore Himma's argument and object to his premise that the amount of harm that is
produced by an act of hacktivism depends on the moral nature of the attack and the moral standing of the victims. First Himma's argues that, to
determine if an act of hacktivism is morally justified depends on how much harm is done. Himma's first premise shows that there is a possibility that
some acts of hacktivism potentially can be morally permissible, but often acts labeled as hacktivism are not. For example, a harmful act of hacktivism
that should not be considered morally permissible by Himma's standard was when Sony experienced one of the most impactful hacktivist acts by
LulzSec in April, 2011. LulzSec is an anarchist group that came up with an effective strategy of using social media and clever

Kenney's Use Of The Internet As A 'Cyber-Terrorism'
Summary: Cyber–Terrorism is a poorly understood and defined concept. With the recent growth of cyber–attacks in the United States and abroad, many
are beginning to categorize hactivism and terrorists' illicit use of the Internet as "cyber–terrorism" (Kenney, 2015, p. 111). Kenney (2015) explains that
none of these cybercrimes has risen to the level of cyber–terrorism. As history is often an indicator of the future, terrorist groups are more likely to
participate in physical acts of violence, while using the Internet to display this violence, spread their ideology and beliefs, and for recruitment purposes.
Since the birth of the Internet in the 1990s, national and cyber security experts are concerned that a "digital Pearl Harbor" can occur ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is much easier for these terrorists to obtain weapons to carry out such attack rather than execute a complex attack to bring the Internet crashing down.
These terrorist attacks aim to "provoke fear, dread, and terror" among a wide audience, spreading further than the victims themselves (Kenney, 2015,
p.124). Although many believe that cyber terrorism is merely a threat, the United States has earmarked billions of dollars to advance technology and
security procedures to protect our vital information technology

Write An Essay On Hacktivism
It is not a secret that some of the largest of United States events are skewed based upon media bias and general misinformation provided by the
outlets. When a group of individuals uses their tools to create a blueprint for social change they use it as a call to arms for political and social activists
to begin a non–physical clash with the oppressive force. This is exactly what Anonymous, a small organization of hacktivists fighting in the new
medium, is all about. Hacktivism is defined as " the nonviolent use for political ends of 'illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools' like website
defacements, information theft, website parodies, DoS attacks, virtual sit–ins, and virtual sabotage", which is exactly what Anon is doing (Hampson
514). They take lessons stemming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are a progressive movement heading towards a common goal, privacy for all, which is especially difficult in this technological age where
anything you say can and will be heard. Many people, however, see the group as a terrorist organization bent on destroying the government as a
whole. It is hard to paint a vivid picture of a movement with the bias already plastered by the media. Quite simply, Anonymous exists to fuel the fire of
radial individuals with a plethora of modern day technology at their sides to introduce world–changing advances. Their influence and involvement in
21st century actions benefit the general public, despite what the media skews. What's important to note about Anonymous is that there are no real
leaders pulling the strings. The organization has no hierarchal system, everyone involved is valued equally and regardless of race, gender or age, they
are invited to be part of something larger that started very small. In 2003 a young man named Christopher Poole started

Case Study Of Cyber-Terrorism
Case study: Anonymous
While the motivation of terrorist acts remains the same, the rapid evolution of technique has provided to those that use terror as a method to attain their
goals, new weapons with a potential that is not fully quantified. The database, the measures of protection and security, the equipments meant to reassure
our safety are exposed to those new types of weapons, the traditional methods of fight becoming impractical.
The cyber–crimes are a supplement for cyber–terrorism in what concerns the methods used although the motivations are different from each person.
Many of these attacks are made either to produce anarchy, for amusement, to reaffirm the hacker?s position, or from a political motivation.
When speaking of cyber–terrorism, the first thing to take into consideration is the geographic component that vanish and there is a slight chance on the
terrestrial identification of the attacker due to the fact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saudi Arabia's Interior Ministry did this on 30 May 2013 on the grounds that this Fawkes mask ?inculcate a culture of violence and extremism? after
having destroyed all the masks from shops. In the same month, the port masks during riots or unauthorized gatherings were forbidden by law in
Canada and may incur prison sentences of up to 10 years.
In January 2012, the Guy Fawkes mask has become a symbol of the anti–ACTA– the controversial treatise against copyright infringement – and was
infiltrated in protests in Romania. In the same year, on 24th November, anarchists, nationalists in Sydney, Australia, participated in a pro
–Palestinian
rally to show their support for the people of Gaza, all wearing Guy Fawkes masks. The masks also have appeared at anti–government protests in
Thailand and Turkey and some demonstrators used them in the riots in

Argumentative Essay On Social Media
Society's dependence on a vast array of information and communication technology has not only changed the way we communicate but has also
reinvented social activism. Social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook and forum websites like Reddit has given digital activism more potential
than ever before to create real change. Whether the activism pertains to political, social or economic changes–digital technology allows individuals
working collectively to achieve a common purpose with more ease in their pursuit of change. In the aftermath of the Arab uprisings the role and
influence of social media became a contentious issue among news media outlets and political analysts. In a study conducted by the Pew Research
Center Project for Excellence in Journalism, "New research suggests that the primary role was in spreading news outside of the region, connecting a
global audience to the events through tools such as Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube." While the mainstream media focused heavily on young protesters
mobilizing in the streets with smartphones in hand–much of the attention was on whether social media played a causal role in the uprisings. Networks
formed online are crucial components formed online are crucial components for mobilizing groups and spreading information. Digital technology
brought into the forefront the role and impact of citizen journalism. Unlike traditional media outlets like CNN and the New York Times
–citizen
journalism enables anyone with an

Search Engines : The Deep Web
Just when we already feel overwhelmed by the number of results returned when using search engines, such as Google, Bing, there is mounting evidence
that there is a great deal that is not being searched – namely the Deep Web. Standard search engines are not indexing most of the information on the
Web. Not only the Deep Web is a majority of Web content submerged within these sites, but it is also some of the best information on the Internet.
Deep Web is a term used for World Wide Webcontent that is not part of the Surface Web (which is indexed by standard search engines). A recent
publication have explored what the Deep Web is and the implications of it for users as Web searchers. According to Bergman's article from the Journal
of Electronic Publishing, the Deep Web is 400–550 times larger than the Surface Web. Since the Deep Web contents are not static and linked to any
other pages, search engines cannot "see" or retrieve contents from the Deep Web, therefore, it becomes hidden. In order to access the Deep Web
contents, users have to connect through a proxy service called Tor (short for "The Onion Router"). All activities through Tor are encrypted through
multiple nodes in the network so that users' information are difficult to trace, protecting their privacy. Since all contents on the Deep Web are covered
by anonymity, a condition that make it attractive for the cybercrime industry that is moving its business in the region of cyberspace where it is really
difficult to trace

Sale Of Credit Card Details Belonging
sale of credit card details belonging to millions of clients. Credit card companies and banks should be able to know the kind of customer's details
that is already in the dark web and block those cards in order to avoid counterfeit use (Kandel, 2010). A majority of the cybercrime attacks against
companies are usually planned through dark web message boards. Company web servers are flooded with traffic by hackers' controlled Computer
networks up to a point when they become overloaded. This is also referred to as DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service attacks). In the year 2013 the
largest attack took place when Spamhaus was attacked by hackers with the intention of taking the company offline and destroying its services. Hackers
also use the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can blemish the company brand and its brand that can in turn make the customers not to trust in the company and they can even withdraw from
the company leading to huge losses. The potential threats of dark web to the government are many especially breach of important and private
information. There is another group separate from the hackers known as hactivists. Hacktivism can be referred to as the act of breaking or hacking into
the computer network or gaining access to unauthorized networks with the intention of promoting information ethics, political ends, free speech and
human rights. As websites become more secure hackers are using more sophisticated methods. In the past hacking was done by a group of hackers but
recently it is done by individuals. The individuals who perform the act of hacktivism are known as hacktivists (Ortiz–Arroyo, 2013). Hacktivists has
similar tools and techniques as hackers, but they do so with the intention of disrupting services, and take the public's attention to the social or
political cause. Hacktivism started in the early 1980s when hacking was done for fun and profit. It was then that hacking was marked as a threat. At
first it was in the form of worms, and computer viruses that were used to spread protest messages. An example is the WANK (Worms against Nuclear
Killers). This was a computer worm that was created into the networks of NASA by anti– nuclear activists in Australia protesting

Activism Social Movements
Does the use of social media have an impact on the involvement of social movements in society?
Throughout the years, social media has had a powerful impact on how the world communicates today. It is a big part of our life nowadays.The new
tools of social media have reinvented social activism. They make it easier for the powerless to give voice to their concerns. Although sometimes
when current issues are all over social media, they only attract Facebook likes or Twitter favorites. This can also be referred as, Slacktivism.
Slacktivism is actions performed through the Internet in support of a political or social cause but regarded as requiring little time or no involvement.
But like it only attracts Twitter or Facebook likes, it does attract supporters and raises awareness. The use of social media has an impact on the
involvement of the social movements in society.
Social media causes may attract more likes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Internet activism allows more people to become aware of a situation. Awareness is how political will is generated (Internet Activism). When
slacktivism is used outside the theater of protest to do things like generate money, it's still highly effective (Internet Activism). K. Kristofferson
suggests that, "getting people to join private online groups may be a way to turn 'likes' into meaningful participation."(9) Sure, fewer people will
donate when they hear about a cause on social media –– people who actively seek out charity work are certainly more likely to donate to a cause. If a
charity exponentially expands their awareness by expanding to social media, fewer people need to donate for that organization to meet their goals
(Slacktivism). People cannot create change if they do not know about the issues or support a movement they have never heard of. Awareness is
necessary for activism, and slacktivism sends waves of awareness across countries and

Ethical Use Of The World Wide Web
Ethical Use of the World Wide Web For or Against Hacktivism, A Fierce Tug
–of–War On November 28, 2010, a statement from the White House said,
"We condemn in the strongest terms the unauthorized disclosure of classified documents and sensitive national security information" ("Statement by
the Press Secretary"). Meanwhile, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and American ambassadors around the world were contacting foreign officials to
alert them to the unexpected disclosure (Shane and Lehren). Earlier in 2010, a cache of a quarter–million confidential American diplomatic cables was
posted on WikiLeaks, an organization devoted to revealing secret government documents. These documents provide "an unprecedented look at
backroom bargaining by embassies around the world, brutally candid views of foreign leaders and frank assessments of nuclear and terrorist threats"
(Shane and Lehren). The disclosure sent shudders through the diplomatic establishment, and strained relationships between multiple countries,
influencing international affairs in unpredictable ways (Shane and Lehren). On the evening of November 13, 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist
attacks took place in Paris and its northern suburb, Saint–Denis. Starting from 21:20 CET, three suicide bombers struck near the Stade de France in
Saint–Denis, followed by suicide bombings and spree shootings at cafГ©s, restaurants and a music venue in central Paris (de la Hamaide). The
terrorists killed 130 people and left hundreds

Computing is getting more advanced as the years go by & so...
Computing is getting more advanced as the years go by & so are hackers. Hackers are those who hack with or without consent and their acts are
usually considered illegal. Majority of the times hackers have utilitarianism motivation to use their skills in a personal or political way. Not every
hacker is amateurish; there are some that use their skills for the common good. Those who use their skills under political reasoning fall under
hacktivism.
Hacktivism is defined as "the use of computing and computer networks for protests to promote political ends. One of the most infamous legions of
hacking is "Anonyms." This particular group started in 2003. They are groups of groups of hackers that make the people aware of what is actually
happening ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was sold the government for 280,00 euro's. Western governments themselves are using that tool to go into their citizens communications. Another
incident had happened but in germany. Thier officials had found a trojan virus in there system that was used to investigate their own citizens. Back
then there was no such thing as this. Everything had an extra step to it. Now all it takes is your internet connection to be tapped or have a trojan infect
your computer which causes you to have your information at risk.
Now hacker's feel that what they are doing is not illegal and they shouldn't be on list of most wanted. They compare a situation based on government.
one hacker states that the government can do so many thing's that shouldn't be done but yet still get away with it and if caught nothing is to be
blamed. But when a person like me hack's into lets say sony and shut down their servers for 3 day's but then bring it back up, i'm considered a
wanted person all over the place. A person in the group called "corpse" states that "there are still some people that have hope in the government, but
in our eye's we see it as in the government has lied to citizens and has made mistakes but yet they still try to cover it up." Many agree and disagree
with that statement but there will always be a controversial. Moving to another group called " charrie wong" a

Ethics And Ethics Of A Public Service
As the world becomes more modernized and connected to the internet the security of the internet becomes more important. Almost every citizen in the
Western World has private and sensitive information that is stored within the web. Most countries give citizens the right to privacy from the
government and other individuals. Large companies and even the government has documents that are hidden away on servers. Companies are
spending millions of dollars to keep their data private but within the world there are groups of people that aspire to keep corporations and governments
honest. To achieve their goals of honesty they hack the servers of the large corporations and governments. They claim that their efforts to achieve
honesty and ethical practices within governments and corporations is warranted and is a public service. The general public is still trying to determine
whether this practice of hacking into private servers that are owned by governments and corporations is ethical activism. Hacktivism is an ethical
practice because it exposes the failings within corporations and governments.
Ethics refers to the practice of behaviors that demonstrate proper respect for individuals. Maintaining ethics in business and government operations is
the lifeblood of a functioning economy. When businesses and governments act unethically, people that operate within and outside of these large bodies
can be adversely effected. Unethical behavior is usually hidden from the general public

Design Ideas, Creativity And Technique
Introduction: According to Fuad–Luke, (2009) Design activism is the process of 'design ideas, creativity and technique that carried out intentionally or
unintentionally to develop a counter–narrative intended at creating and managing constructive social, institutional, ecological and/or economic
revolution.' The Design Activists have a prominent effect on the society in a way that the designs produced by them have a deep relationship
with the culture and different kinds of people perceive their ideas in a different way. The design ideas could range from a very small
advertisement to a large signage system to save lives of people in critical situations. As designs also have a greater impact on our thoughts, so
everything appears to us through a different angle, thus revealing the nature in different ways as well. The concepts of design, which are to be used
for activism, are still very narrow and it has created many problems and confusions in the minds of the people. By having conceptualized designs any
designer can promote activism for social movements, whereas misleading design ideas can create a lot of social and economic problems. By having
accurate and robust designs the ideas of people will get clear and design activism will be easily accessible within the field of design. The vision lies in
the motion and therefore a lot of design activists are enhancing their designs to a benefit the communities and improving the environment and on the
other hand the designs, which

Wikileaks : A Perfect Record Forever
analyses." They get their sources from anonymous people and groups all over the world, which led to the publication of over 10 million documents
and associated analyses. It is stated that, "Although no organization can hope to have a perfect record forever, thus far WikiLeaks has a perfect in
document authentication and resistance to all censorship attempts." Moreover, WikiLeaks won numerous of awards for many years now, which proves
that they are really credible sources and they deliver the truth that everyone deserves to know. "We publish without fear or favor, bringing transparency
to powerful factions and secretive institutions, not taking any sides except that of the truth. We believe in the democratization of information and the
power that knowledge gives to people to further peace, accountability and self–determination." A recent news is about the thousands of deleted emails
of Hillary Clinton when she was the Secretary of State and went against the law by using her own private server. These email leaks may have affected
the last presidential election since citizens discovered something that they do not like. It is indicated that, "WikiLeaks has contractual relationships and
secure communications paths to more than 100 major media organizations from around the world. This gives WikiLeaks sources negotiating power,
impact and technical protections that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to achieve." Almost everyone in this world pretty sure knows by heart
the

Hacktivism Essay
Introduction
Walk through the grocery store or go to buy a computer or a car, you will see labels for no steroids or additives, "This item meets energy star
requirements", or an EPA rating sticker. These primarily have come about from activist and lobbyist. Activism has definitely shaped our society for
better or worse.
Activism has long been a practice in American society. Only recently has theInternet become a factor in political participation. Hacktivism has brought
a new method of activism where people all over the world can participate in. But is this new form of activism ethical from any standpoint? This paper
will discuss the ethics behind hacktivism.
Ethics
Merriam–Webster defines ethic as "the discipline dealing with what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(McGeehan, n.d.)
The 1980s were remembered for the activism surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS (OutHistory, 2010) and the 1990s were filled with people interested
in bringing to light social issues such as abortion, nuclear proliferation, environmental protection, rights for those with disabilities and continued civil
rights issues (Martin, 2007). This isn't a complete list of course but it is a rough outline of the things that concerned citizens during a 30–year period of
American history.
Activism has been a huge part of our society, just look at how we came to America in the first place. Activism tends to more in favor of people and
their rights, but we do have laws against violence and damaging property. Activism has come in peaceful protests, to boycotting products, to burning
down buildings and starting wars. Depending on the passion of the individuals and how far they are willing to go a lot of harm can come from
activism. Yet activism seems to carve society in such a way to conform if the move is strong enough. Is it justified to kill people over slavery?
Ultimately probably not, but some may think so.
The age of computing has brought us closer together as a global community. The Internet allows us to speak to a worldwide audience. With the
increased use of computers, networking and digital storage of documents, more accessibility has come about. People can share thousands of documents
from

Anony Anonymous Research Paper
The hacktivist group Anonymous has recently terrified many corporations and operations with its ability to hack, publically humiliate and to release
confidential information in the name of freedom of speech. Although participation is widely dissipated throughout the world and its current power is
quite possibly uncontrollable, Anonymous had humble beginnings and hasn't always possessed such a violently noble cause. The evolvement of
Anonymous from its not–so–respectable intentions to its worldwide movement for uncensored speech has effectively thrust the nation into a new era
of cyber hackers and indignant hacktivists.
On October 1st 2003, a new image based– bulletin board website called 4–chan was launched by creator Christopher Poole, inspired ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In August 2013, Austin P. Berglas, assistant special agent in charge of the FBI's cyber division, told the Huffington Post that Anonymous had been
dismantled (Parker, 2014). With events such as "Operation Ferguson" where Anonymous set up a twitter account and hacked city officials email
systems, phones, and internet (Bever, 2014), and protests against the death of Tamir Rice by shutting down the Cleveland website (Boroff, 2014); as
well as its participation in protesting the Charlie Hebdo shootings in January 2015 (Lockhart, 2015), Anonymous is still alive and will be as long as
the freedom of speech and expression is compromised in the United States and around the

Finding Research Related To Emerging Topics Related To
Finding research related to emerging topics related to information technology (IT) can be a challenge. The more recently a book or article is the
more likely it is to have current perspectives according to Leedy & Ormrod (2014). When performing a database search word phrases, keyword
searches and specified parameters such as a precise time frame is essential as suggested by Leedy & Ormrod 2014). The field of information
technology is broad and wide ranging with numerous sub–specialities in the field. Many emerging topics in IT examined using many resources are
critical. Highlighting personal knowledge in network security, software implementation, integration of health information systems and laboratory
information systems, together... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A prime wellspring keywords in the search engine is the way I explored the topics of exploration and interest in a thesis research on topics previously
mentioned hacktivism and network security. Emphasizing a search on hacking and conceivable reasons why hacking and its consequences is a
continued issue with repercussions that affect everyone, phrases were used. Clear catchphrases for this theme along with associated connections of
security, law, and the internet is added to the keyword search. Network security or even hacking are extremely broad areas. Focusing on these topics
are a good starting off point. Obtained this way will lead to an increased numbers of potential articles and information, which is why it is critical
become familiar with appropriate keywords. As the search is undertaken for books, articles, Internet sites, on hacking or network security themes, it
may be necessary to change phrases, add additional keywords and incorporate different databases. Modified with different areas in social themed,
education, business, management not necessarily related to any topic in information technology may also present positive results. The more keywords
and expressions incorporated with terms in social objectives, social discernment, and cyberbullying may likewise help center exploration of the issue.
Scrutinizing and staying abreast of emerging IT topics requires a thorough

The Impact of the Internet and Social Media on Activism
Academic Writing and Critical Thinking – September 29, 2014
Assignment 4a – Draft
Joern Meier
Royal Roads University – Continuing Studies
Author Note
This assignment was prepared for Academic Writing and Critical Thinking, PAAP3858
–A, taught by Jessica Michalofsky
Academic Writing and Critical Thinking – September 29, 2014
Assignment 4a – Draft
Final Paper
The almost omnipresent Internet transforms our lives, connecting us to family, friends, and the world in ways inconceivable only a few years ago.
Through social media, we actively participate in creating, editing, and consuming a never–ending stream of data. Private corporations and protagonists
of political or social change all vie to reach and engage highly targeted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a logical consequence, Postmes and Brunsting (2002) reasoned that the Internet is changing society because people's cognitive processes, triggered
by access to information and communication, replace the strong social ties that traditionally underpin committed activism. In simpler words, in the
past, humanity used the herd instinct as the main driving force behind committed forms of activism. Thanks to the Internet, we climb another step or
three on the evolutionary ladder, and simply do away with the herd instinct and replace it with reason. The argument, if put this way, does not sound
particularly strong. What can be taken away is that social media is still evolving, that social media changes the way we – or most of us communicate,
that social media is used in social and political activism, and that the Internet increases quantitative if not qualitative access to information.
The 2011 uprising in Egypt was in many ways a traditional brick–and–mortar revolution, but with a cyber–twist to it: based on their statistical analysis
of a large body of tweets related to the 2011 uprising in Egypt, Starbird and Palen (2012) observed that activists used Twitter as an important tool to
share ideas and information with like–minded people, because Twitter allows a high number of activists interact using its retweet and other
mechanisms. In this case, Twitter was used among participants and supporters of a traditional mass movement to bypass government controlled

Do Hacktivists Fight For What You Deserve?
Fight For What You Deserve "We are anonymous, we represent freedom, we oppose repression, and we are simply an evolution of the technological
system. Where liberty is at risk, expect us." This statement from one of the hacktivists groups called Anonymous gives everyone a message that there
are still some people in this world that can give justice to all of the inequality that are happening politically and socially. According to Oxford
Dictionary, a Hacktivist is, "A person who gains unauthorized access to computer files or networks in order to further social or political ends."
Furthermore, Hacktivists came from the words hack and activists, which means that they use computers in order to support and attain human rights.
Although their actions are illegal and are not acceptable by the law, it cannot be denied that they are doing the right thing that some companies or
government departments and officials cannot do. Sometimes, it is questionable why they cannot just be given special access since their only goal is to
bring out the reality that everyone should know about. Moreover, their aim involves the First Amendment of the United States or the freedom of
speech. Hacktivists are the epitome of a perfect democratic society because they ought to fight for what is right; and they believe that everyone should
be exposed to the truth. They are like the heroes in a world that is full of hidden lies and corruption. According to Dorothy Denning, "Hacktivism
emerged in the late

Cyber Defense Concerns On Global Security
Cyber Defense Concerns in Global Security
The cyber domain crosses both physical and logical borders across the globe. No longer is every aspect of a domain clearly part of a single nation.
Occurrences within cyberspace has far reaching effects. 15 million T–Mobile customer's data stolen via Experian server compromise, massive
cyberattacks on Estonia and Georgia networks (2007 and 2008 respectively), and over $1 trillion reportedly lost due to cybercrime. These are just a
few concerns facing global and state level security demonstrating significant concern and requirement for action. Criminal syndicates as well as other
non–state and state actors use cyberspace to conduct illegal activities. In this, a common core of countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final concern facing global and national security is state sponsored activities. These three concerns are the leading factors for cyber defense in
global security.
Cybercrime is on the rise across the globe as criminal organizations and likeminded actors gain easy access to skilled professionals and/or
affordable commercial/free software. This type of crime is alluring and extremely lucrative due to low physical risk and very high rewards
(Heickero, 2013). Another aspect of cybercrime is the theft of Intellectual Property (IP) and trade secrets. A great example of the theft of IP and
impact is the study of CISCO versus Huawei routers and the growing takeover by China due to IP/Trade secret gains (Demchak, 2011). Though, the
severity of IP is difficult to articulate due to the various intangible losses. A McAfee study shows that such crime plays a significant factor in "trade
balances, national income, and jobs" which drastically impacts economic security (McAfee, 2014).
States must also deal with cyber espionage, which is one of the most aggressive activities in cyberspace. Cyber espionage relates to both cybercrime
and cyber warfare. Similar to the criminal theft of IP and trade secrets, cyber espionage is illicit access to confidential information held by government
or other organizations. Such gains are used to support political, religious, commercial, or

Cyber Security : A Common Thing
In this time where the use of computers and networks related to them has become a common thing, there have been developed problems with concerns
about cyber–security. Cyber–security is an important factor to be considered if one is to be able to protect themselves from malicious people and
software from the Internet. The majority of the threats to computer networks come from the Internet and they are often intentional, having been
developed by people with malicious intent. Cyber security is an attempt by individuals to protect their personal information and other digital assets
from attacks from the Internet.
Cyber–security consists of various steps, one of the most important being the individual understands the type of attacks they may encounter. Once they
have knowledge of this, then it is their responsibility to ensure that they have put in place the best security system they can get. There are different
types of threats and these can be considered to be of varying severity and risk to a person 's personal information in their computers. The higher the
likelihood of an attack, the more sophisticated the security has to be to make sure the that the threat is minimized.
Cyber–security involves dealing with threats which can be ranging from malicious code, which are known as malware and spyware, to computer
viruses. Some of these viruses are so dangerous that they have the ability to wipe an entire operating system off of a computer. These viruses also
allow hackers to have

Internet Censorship
Technologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control
Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet,
breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP– and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these
protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without the
need to make the hardware in the networks the same. It also enables restriction abstraction, where networks can be interoperable irrespective of the
underlying architecture. It is important to note that the protocols are not the product of a bug; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technological Trends
Bambauer (2013) points to the evolution of the technology used to censor the internet, classifying in a tri–faceted evolutionary cycle. Censorship has
adapted to stay in sync with the advances of the internet itself. At the moment the latest version of censorship 'Censorship v3.1, is particularly
pernicious because it's less visible, less transparent, and less vulnerable to challenge than previous iterations.' (Bambauer, 2013, p.26).
A way of working round this would be to seek alternative routes round the censorship. This bold idea was the brainchild of the belief that the internet
would just pass by any barriers to information. This marked the passing of censorship v1.0. The realization that screening of information was possible
marked the advent of Censorship v2.0. It also opened the window for the governments to set themselves at the center of the censorship. In this sense,
there was a checks and balances system to the governments too, to see that they were aligned to the norms. As such, only those governments that are
benighted would engage in censoring. Most internet users though felt that the act of censorship was tantamount to a government exercising
authoritarian rule.
'The list grew rapidly. France blocked hate speech; South Korea filtered

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