3. Expanding the
Boundary of Knowledge
3
New
Knowledge
Present
Knowledge
(state-of
the-art)
Research: to break that boundary!
4. 4
Formulation
• Background Study; Research
Question; Problem Statement
• Identify the research gap, “niche”
• Formulate Hypothesis
• Define Objectives and Scopes
Design and
Execution
• Research Design
• Execution
• Data collection
Obtain New
Knowledge
• Gathering Results,
• Analysis, Comparing,
benchmarking, Validating
• New Knowledge Formulation
Dissemination
• Papers, Reports, Thesis
• Intellectual Properties (Patent,
Copyrights
5. Research
Methodology
A systematically
methodical study in
order to prove a
hypothesis or to answer
a specific question
(research question).
It follows a series of
standard/designed
procedures and
protocols
Executed using
organized plans to
achieve the desired
goals
7. Main Sources of Literature?
Conference proceeding
Article in journals
Intellectual Property (Patent, Copyrights)
Books, Thesis/dissertations
8. Other Sources
Standard Documents
Popular press such as newspaper, magazines (rarely used:
not peer reviewed, can be biased).
Wikipedia?
(controversial: who is responsible for the content?)
Websites
Products
Datasheets
10. 10
What is
Research
Question?
A research question
is a clear, focused,
concise, complex
and arguable
question which you
centre your research
In another view
A specific problem,
issue, difficulty,
contradiction, or gap
(niche) in knowledge
that you will aim to
address in your
research.
14. Objectives
14
A set of achievable action, which are
specifically designed to answer (or prove)
the hypothesis
15. 15
Keywords for Objectives
(Action Words)
To study
To design
To build
To Simulate
To evaluate
To construct
To validate To Study
To prove/disprove
To analyze
18. Main
Considerations
• Decisions have to be
made regarding
• Approach of research;
Type of research; Primary
or Secondary data?
• Financial, material,
equipment, facilities,
support needed.
• Location, logistics
• Timescale
• Participants
• Methods for collecting
data (activities)
• Methods to analyzing data
18
22. Structure of Scientific Paper: IMRAD
(Introduction, Methods, Results,
and Discussion)
• Introduction: What did you/others
do? Why did you do it?
• Methods: How did you do it?
• Results: What did you find?
• And
• Discussion: What does it all mean?
24. Research Misconduct
As defined by Office of Research Integrity,
US Dept. of Health and Human Services
• Research misconduct means fabrication,
falsification and plagiarism in proposing,
performing, or reviewing or reporting research
results
• However, honest error or difference in opinion
is not included in this definition
Known as FFP
