The document provides guidance on writing research papers, outlining important steps like thoroughly reviewing relevant literature, developing a clear structure with sections for background, aims, methods, results, and discussion, and ensuring the paper follows ethical standards and contributes new knowledge to its field. It emphasizes starting the writing process early, learning from others, and focusing the paper with a concise title and aims.
Development of research proposal
Concept of Research Proposal- its components,identifying and formulating research questions, hypothesis, objectives, methodological considerations, justifying potential conclusion, significance of the proposed research.
Basic steps involved in research proposal
steps in research proposal or aspect of research proposalZaryabQureshi3
this slide is all about the research methodology or research proposal in this slide you will found the steps of doing research or present your proposal.
This is the second of two presentations delivered at Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata (IDSK) to participants of an ICSSR sponsored research methodology course for early career MPhil/PhD scholars on 1st April 2019. This lecture on research proposal draws upon related write-up put up by Trinity Western University (Paul TP Wong's How to write a research proposal), University of Southern California (Writing a Research Proposal), University of Toronto (Margaret Procter's The Academic Proposal), and University of Westminster (How to write your research proposal). It also touches upon Alan Bryman's "Getting Started: Reviewing the Literature" from his Social Research Methods (Oxford University Press, New York), as contextualizing with literature is one of the important aspects of a research proposal. If I have to sum up a message from the talk, then "a research proposal outlines a journey to be taken to unravel unanswered questions."
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research.
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
Development of research proposal
Concept of Research Proposal- its components,identifying and formulating research questions, hypothesis, objectives, methodological considerations, justifying potential conclusion, significance of the proposed research.
Basic steps involved in research proposal
steps in research proposal or aspect of research proposalZaryabQureshi3
this slide is all about the research methodology or research proposal in this slide you will found the steps of doing research or present your proposal.
This is the second of two presentations delivered at Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata (IDSK) to participants of an ICSSR sponsored research methodology course for early career MPhil/PhD scholars on 1st April 2019. This lecture on research proposal draws upon related write-up put up by Trinity Western University (Paul TP Wong's How to write a research proposal), University of Southern California (Writing a Research Proposal), University of Toronto (Margaret Procter's The Academic Proposal), and University of Westminster (How to write your research proposal). It also touches upon Alan Bryman's "Getting Started: Reviewing the Literature" from his Social Research Methods (Oxford University Press, New York), as contextualizing with literature is one of the important aspects of a research proposal. If I have to sum up a message from the talk, then "a research proposal outlines a journey to be taken to unravel unanswered questions."
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research.
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
Publishing and Disseminating your Research and PracticeHelen Fallon
Slides from a one-day workshop facilitated by Helen Fallon for librarians who wish to write for publication on Wednesday 26th June 2013, at National University of Ireland Maynooth
This presentation accompanies a Malayalam video on writing literature reviews in Social Sciences.
The video can be found at https://www.youtube.com/c/DrChinchuC
Breastfeeding in low-resource settings: Nota a “small matter”
The evidence is clear – breastfeeding has positive health effects both for mother and child. In an editorial published in PLOS Medicine Professor Lars Åke Persson summarises some of the most striking reasons for babies to be breast-fed within the first hour, exclusively within the first six months and continued during the second year of life. Health benefits include lower morbidity and mortality rates, as well as better neuro-cognitive functions. For mothers who breastfeed reduced risk of cancer is cited. Why then is breastfeeding not the social norm around the world? Professor Persson explains that an enabling environment, at societal level, within the health system, at the workplace and in families, is necessary for more babies to be breastfed.
Dagu Baseline Survey Report, Ethiopia, December 2016 – February 2017Dagu Project
The intention of the survey was to get a baseline description of newborn and child health service utilization in four regions of Ethiopia from household and service provider perspectives.
This presentation was delivered at a workshop for PhD supervisors at four leading Ethiopian universities collaborating in the Dagu project, which aims to foster mutual capacity development for large-scale public health evaluation
Research problem formulation - Jan 2017Dagu Project
A presentation delivered at a workshop for PhD supervisors from four leading Ethiopian universities which are all collaborating in the Dagu project, to foster mutual capacity development for large-scale public health evaluation
Optimizing the Health Extension Program (OHEP) - Jan 2017Dagu Project
And overview of Optimizing the Health Extension Program (OHEP), a collaborative effort to increase use of community based newborn care(CBNC) and integrated community case management of childhood illness (iCCM) services in Ethiopia
An overview of the Dagu baseline survey which forms part of an evaluation of Optimizing Health Extension Program (OHEP), a project aimed at increasing the uptake of maternal and child health services in Ethiopia
And overview of the Dagu project of the project it is evaluting: Optimizing the Health
Extension Program (OHEP). OHEP aims to increase uptake of maternal and child health services in Ethiopia.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Writing research papers - July 2017
1. Writing a research paper
Lars Åke Persson MD PhD
lars.persson@lshtm.ac.uk
Dagu Scientific Writing Workshop, Gondar,
Ethiopia, July 10-14, 2017
2. Writing research papers
Read the literature!
• Use the net to follow the
literature in your field
• Search for relevant papers:
ask colleagues, snow-balling
• Try to read broader than just
the narrow focus of your own
study
• Literature club at your
university? (You start!)
• Learn by reading fellow
students’ manuscripts,
discuss improvements
3. Writing research papers
• Write up the work step by
step (literature review,
organizing references,
describing aims and
methods..)
• Learn from others (and by
reading lots of research
articles) but no plagiarism!
• What is title of the paper?
A way to focus on what the
paper really is about
4. Writing research papers:
Common structure of the
paper
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
5. Writing research papers:
Volume?
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
Please remember
that most journals do
not accept more than
3000 words (maybe
12 pages, double-
spaced) in your
manuscript!
6. Writing research papers:
Title
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
How to phrase a
good title?
• Condenses the
content
• Captures the
attention
• Differentiates the
paper from other
papers
7. Writing research papers:
Authors
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
Who is an author?
8. Who is an author?
An author should fulfil all four criteria:
• 1. Substantial contributions to the
conception or design of the work; or the
acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of
data for the work; AND
• 2. Drafting the work or revising it
critically for important intellectual
content; AND
• 3. Final approval of the version to be
published; AND
• 4. Agreement to be accountable for all
aspects of the work in ensuring that
questions related to the accuracy or
integrity of any part of the work are
appropriately investigated and resolved
http://www.icmje.org/recommendatio
ns/
9. Writing research papers:
Abstract
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
A first draft of the abstract is useful at
an early stage (maybe before finishing
results):
Why was it worth doing (rationale) and
aim
What did you do?
How did you do it?
What were the key results?
What are the implications of your
results?
10. Writing research papers:
Background and Aims
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
• When you are systematic in your
reading the Background is
relatively easy to outline. Most
journals want it short.
• Move from general to specific
information
• Should provide the rationale for
the study, and very naturally lead
to the Aims
• A conceptual framework may
sometimes be useful
11. One version of UNICEF’s
conceptual framework of
malnutrition
12. Sometimes a “mind-map” is a
useful way of sorting out what
the literature tells you about
your topic (more for your own
use)
13. Writing research papers:
Aims
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
• The Aims should be precise,
include sufficient information, and
easily understood. Avoid
ambiguous and general words!
14. Writing research papers:
Methods
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
We will discuss
Methods tomorrow!
15. Writing research papers:
Ethical considerations
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
What to include in
Ethical
considerations?
16. Major principles of
medical ethics
• The principle of respect
for autonomy
• The principle of non-
malevolence (not
causing harm)
• The principle of
beneficience (doing
good)
• The principle of justice
17. Writing research papers:
Results
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
What to include in
Results?
18. Writing research papers:
Results
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
• Participation, study flow graph
• Characteristics of the study
population
• Main findings, according to
promises made in the Aims
• Results in text, tables, when
appropriate, and graphs, when
appropriate
• Results presented without
comments or discussion – that
comes in Discussion section
19. Writing research papers:
Discussion, Conclusions,
References
Title
Authors (plan at an early stage, only those
contributing)
Abstract
Background, maybe theoretical framework
rationale. Maybe hypothesis.
Aims (objectives)
Methods
• Study area
• Study design
• Study population
• Sample size
• Study methods
• Analyses
Ethical considerations
Results (deliver results as promised in aims)
Discussion (short summary of findings, validity,
discuss key findings in relation to other
research)
Conclusion (of the findings presented)
Contributions, Funding, Acknowledgements
References
Will be discussed
Wednesday and
Thursday
20. Table 1. Level of education among 30-
year old women and men in Fictitia. Fictitia
Demographic Health Survey, 2014.
Primary, Secondary, University. Women, Men.
Table? How? Make a dummy table
Making a table
21. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey,
2014.
Level Women Men
Primary
Secondary
University
22. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey
2014
These were the numbers, what about %?
Level Women Men
Primary 300 150
Secondary 150 250
University 50 100
23. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey
2014
Data are n (%)
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
24. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey
2014
Data are n (%)
Statistics? Where should that be written?
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
25. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey
2014
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
26. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey
2014
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
Make tables and
graphs relatively
independent of the
main text – without
overloading the table
head
27. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey,
2014
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
But we would like to show this for urban and
rural areas? How?
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
28. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in urban and rural areas of Fictitia. Fictitia
Demographic Health Survey, 2014
Data are n (%)
Geographical
area
Level of
education
Women Men
Urban Primary 100 (42) 50 (18)
Secondary 100 (42) 150 (53)
University 40 (16) 80 (29)
Rural Primary 200 (77) 100 (43)
Secondary 50 (19) 100 (43)
University 10 (4) 30 (13)
29. Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year old women
and men in Fictitia. Fictitia Demographic Health Survey,
2014
Could we show this in a graph?
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
30. Level of education among 30-year old
women and men in Fictitia 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Primary Secondary University
Women Men
%
32. Level of education among 30-year old
women and men in Fictitia 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Primary Secondary University
%
33. Incorporate tables and
figures into the writing
The main text should:
• Tell the reader when to
look at a table or a graph
• Introduce the content of
the table or graph
• Point at key features or
trends for the reader to
note
• Draw conclusions from the
table or graph
34. Incorporate tables and
figures into the writing
The achieved educational level of 30-
year old women and men was
investigated in the survey. As shown in
Figure 1, women overall had a lower
educational level than men. No
participants were illiterate. Seventy
per cent of men had secondary or
higher education, while only forty per
cent of women had reached that level.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Primary Secondary University
Figure 1. Education levels among 30-year old
women and men in Fictitia, 2015
35. Table versus Graph
Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year
old women and men in Fictitia 2014
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Primary Secondary University
36. Table versus Graph
• Tables more precise but are more
difficult for the reader to interpret
• Graphs less precise but often
easier to interpret and convey a
message more strongly
Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year
old women and men in Fictitia 2014
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Primary Secondary University
37. Table versus Graph
• Tables more precise but are more
difficult for the reader to interpret
• Graphs less precise but often
easier to interpret and convey a
message more strongly
• When to use which depends upon
what the author wants to
emphasize: details or overall
impression
• Don’t use the graph for not so
important findings – it takes away
the attention from more important
results
Table 1. Level of education among 30-‐year
old women and men in Fictitia 2014
Level Women Men
Primary 300 (60) 150 (30)
Secondary 150 (30) 250 (50)
University 50 (10) 100 (20)
Data are n (%). Chi2 91.7, p<0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Primary Secondary University
38. Check the logical flow of the paper!
Background,
rationale
Aims Methods Results Discussion Conclusion