Module 3.pptx
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This document provides an overview of the physical design flow for an ASIC chip. It discusses the key stages of physical design including partitioning, floorplanning, placement and routing (PnR), signoff, and parallel verification steps. The goals of physical design are to meet timing constraints while managing congestion, area, and power. Challenges include avoiding timing violations, congestion issues, and design rule violations. Hierarchical design is also covered as a way to partition very large designs for improved runtime and turnaround time.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
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image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Module 3.pptx
- 1. Module 3 Physical Design Flow
- 2. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Teams 3. What is ASIC Design of Chip 4. Definition PD 5. PD Flow PnR 1.Partioning 2.FloorPlan 3.PowerPlan 4.Placement 5.CTS 6.Routing 6. ECO Flow 1.BTO 2.MTO PV 1. Static timing Analysis (SI) 2. DRC & ERC Verification 3. LVS Verification 4.Formal Verification 5.Power Analysis (IR, EM, Cross Talk) 6.DFM (Antenna) In Parallel chorus With PnR Steps
- 4. The Design Teams Physical Design Verilog netlist GDSII SDC constraints Front End Team Back End Team Fabrication Team
- 5. ASIC Design Flow Placement & Routing ENTITY test is port a: in bit; end ENTITY test; LVS ERC Synthesize the Design RTL Design and Verification Mask Preparation System Specification Architectural Design Chip Packaging and Testing Floor Planning Placement Routing Partitioning CTS P H Y S I C A L Signoff Static Timing Analysis Formal Verification Parasitic Extraction Power Analysis Physical Verification Fabrication F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IR-Drop Analysis Frontend Backend Fabrication
- 6. EDA Tools EDA - electronic design automation. • It is a software application that is used to develop electronic circuits. • To ease the designing of integrated circuits on a large scale, companies use EDA tools. Tools Required • Innovus / ICC2 (for Floorplan to Route), • Tempus / Prime Time (for Static Timing Analysis) • PVS / Caliber (for Physical Verification like DRC, LVS) • QRC / StarRC (for RC Extraction) • Voltus / Redhawk (Power Analysis)
- 7. What is Physical Design? • Physical Design of VLSI systems is the process of transforming structural representation ( gate-level netlist ) into layout representation. • Structural representation : Is output of logic synthesis, that is performed using DC- compiler or RTL-compiler. • Layout representation : Is output of Place & Route Flow (P&R), which is in GDS-II format.
- 8. • Structural Representation to Physical Implementation i.e., Netlist to GDSII • Stages — Placement and Routing (PnR) — Signoff • Objectives — Timing — Congestion — Area — Power • Possible Issues — Timing Violations — Congestion Issues — Design Rule Violations Floor Planning Placement Signal Routing Partitioning Clock Tree Synthesis Static Timing Analysis Formal Verification Parasitic Extraction Power, IR-Drop Analysis Physical Verification PnR Signoff Power Planning Tape-out
- 10. Partitioning : The process of decomposition of a larger system into smaller blocks is called as “partitioning”. 20 million Gate FULL-CHIP 5 million Gate BLOCK-A 2.5 million Gate BLOCK-B 2.5 million Gate BLOCK-C 1.25 m Gate BLOCK-D 1.25 m Gate BLOCK-E 1.25 m Gate BLOCK-G 1.25 m Gate BLOCK-F 3.75 million Gate BLOCK-H 1.25 m Gate BLOCK-I Before Partitioning After Partitioning Smaller and manageable blocks are obtained. Easily handled by the tools and the available resources like ( CPU 's, memory). A partitioned module is called as soft block.
- 11. Hierarchical What happens if the design is too big to be handled by the EDA tools? Hierarchical Design Fullchip Design I/O Pad IP Macro Blk 1 Blk 2 Blk 3 Block / Tile P&R Flow P&R Flow P&R Flow Fullchip Timing & Verification
- 12. Hierarchical Design Hierarchical Design Advantages Faster runtime, less memory needed for EDA tools Faster eco turn-around time Ability to do design re-use Disadvantages Much more difficult for fullchip timing closure (ILMs) More intensive design planning needed, feedthrough generation, repeater insertion, timing constraint budgeting.
- 13. Hierarchical Design Partitions / Plan Groups Netlist must have partitions as top level modules. Partitions generally sized according to a target initial utilization ~70% utilization, ~300k-700k instances Channels or abutment Rectilinear block shapes are possible Channels Abutment Rectilinear Blocks