Spirometry Portfolio Analysis

spirometry portfolio Essay
Spirometry Portfolio
HEA 3077
Student Number
September 2012
Contents
Section
Heading
Page number
1
General statements
2
Method of referral
3
Lung function request form
4
Flow sensing spirometers
5
Introduction
6
Calibration/Verification and Cleaning
7
Spirometry Testing for Patients with known Infections
8
Immuno–compromised Patients
9

Education and Training
10
Flow/Volume Calibration check Procedure
11
Biological control check procedure
12
Calibration charts
13 Spirometry cleaning Record
14
Instructions for spirometry
1.Mild Obstruction
2.Mild obstruction
3.Moderate obstruction
4.Moderate obstruction
5.Severe obstruction
6.Severe obstruction
7.Reversible
8.Non–reversible
9.Combined picture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Turbines
Turbines are flow sensing devices. They consist of a low inertia vane. When a subject exhales into
the device, the vane rotates. Also, inside the device are a light source and a photo cell. When the
vane rotates, the light signal is interrupted and so the number of rotations can be measured. The
frequency of rotations depends on the flow of air so a flow signal can be generated.
5. Introduction
The spirometer used within this service is the Micro Lab Spirometer; we use a 3Litre syringe to
calibrate the device prior to each clinic or start of the working day.
The protocol is used along side other trust policies. These are:
Hand washing policy

Record keeping policy
Hospital incident reporting system
Infection control policy
Decontamination policy for medical equipment
Information Governance and Caldicott policy
6.Calibration/Verification and Cleaning The spirometer must undergo pre–test quality assurance
testing.
Prior to each spirometry session a 3Litre test syringe is used to calibrate the micro lab spirometer
10 verification spirometer testings are performed and then averaged.
A repeat verification spiometry is carried out each day using the micro lab spirometer.
The 3L syringe and the micro lab spirometer is serviced annually by W_______M_____.
If the spirometer fails the calibration/verification it is removed from the service. A
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Essay On Spirometry
I am going to presume that if you are reading this article on Jane's website, you have COPD [or
other lung disease]. I am also going to take a big leap and presume that you have all done a
breathing test called spirometry? I ask this because statistics show that a surprising number of
people have been diagnosed with COPD, but have never had spirometry done. That is like
diagnosing a patient with diabetes without ever testing their blood sugar level. Spirometry is done
using a piece of equipment called a spirometer. The term spiro comes from the Latin language and
means to breathe, and meter (derived from either Old English, French or Greek...take your pick)
means to measure. The spirometer is not a new invention. In 1846 an Englishman named John ...
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These patients cannot easily exhale all of their air, leaving some air in the lungs at the end of
exhalation. We refer to this as air trapping. Patients with the Little Lung Syndrome can't get air in
because something is restricting the flow of gas into their lungs. Imagine someone putting a wide,
very tight belt around your rib cage...what would happen when you tried to take in a deep breath?
You couldn't! With restrictive disease; pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, asbestosis,
etc...your lungs are very stiff, and they do not inflate easily, so it is hard to take in a deep breath. If
after doing a spirometry test, the therapist determines that your lungs are not functioning normally,
we give the results to your doctor and he/she will order more specific tests in a pulmonary function
lab to see what exactly the problem is. You have no doubt heard or read the National Lung Health
Education Program (NLHEP) slogan; "Test your lungs, know your numbers". Spirometry gives you
the numbers. If you have high cholesterol, you know your numbers...I know, because I do. I also
know that I do not have diabetes because I know my

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: A Case Study
Introduction Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is a valuable clinical tool often utilised to aid in the
detection, treatment and management of an obstructive airways disease, such as asthma. PEFR is a
measurement of "maximum expiratory flow occurring just after the start of a forced expiration from
the point of maximum inspiration." (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing,
2004). By taking PEFR readings regularly, an airways obstruction may be identified if an unusual
reading is given. It is expected that PEFR will vary significantly between individuals due to the
many different factors that may affect pulmonary function. Therefore, it is important to consider an
individual's characteristics when determining the normality of their PEFR measurement. Two such
characteristics that appear to impact PEFR are gender and fitness levels. ... Show more content on
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The study was conducted over a 16 week period and involved a control group, where participants
did not exercise at all, and an experimental group, where participants followed an exercise program
involving 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, 5 days per week. PEFR measurements taken at the
beginning of the study were compared with those taken after. The study found that the mean PEFR
of the experimental group increased by 17%, whilst that of the control group showed only a 0.4%
increase. Therefore, the study concluded that undergoing aerobic exercise leads to an improvement
in pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Furthermore, this indicates that in general, increasing
fitness levels will increase

Physiology Assignment : Client Report
Physiology Assignment 1 – Client report.
This set of particular tests were carried out at Manchester Metropolitan University in the
Interdisciplinary Laboratory. Prior to the tests that were going to be carried out the client in question
was asked to carry out a Pre–Test Medical questionnaire to assess the risks involved and to see if the
client would be able to participate in the tests. The tests that were performed on the client were
height, weight, haemoglobin, cholesterol, FEV1 and FVC.
Table 1. Client Details.
Client Details
Name: Sam Morse Occupation: Administrator
DOB: 22/12/1973 Activity Levels: Moderate
Gender: Female Alcohol Intake: Occasional Drink
Smoker: No Current Medication or illnesses: Asthma
Weight: 97 kg Height: 163.8 cm
Our Pre–Test questionnaire showed us that you have some slight issues in your health and
wellbeing, looking at the PTQ, you told us that you were currently moderately active and fit but
valued your current body state as being very overweight and none of your immediate family had any
medical conditions. Along with this, you told us that you enjoyed an occasional drink which you
told us was less than 2 units per day which is the recommended amount to be consumed (Latest UK
alcohol unit guidance, 2016). You described yourself as being highly stressed at the moment, this
you explained to us was a result of your work load from your occupation (Administrator), you also
mentioned that at the moment in time you were highly stressed

Copd Research Paper
Introduction of COPD
Defіnіtіon
Defіnіtіon of COPD The Global Іnіtіatіve for Obѕtrustіve Lung Dіѕeaѕe (GOLD) Guіdelіneѕ defіne
COPD, chronic progreѕѕіve dіѕeaѕe, even after admіnіѕtratіon of Broncodіlatorѕ but not full
reverѕіble aіrway obѕtructіon іѕ charasterіzed. The aіrway obѕtructіon іѕ cauѕed but mіxture of
obѕtrustіve causes bronshіtіѕ and bronchial іnјuruy and іѕ an abnormal inflammatory with the lungs
associated with harmful particles. Symptoms of COPD are chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough
and sputum production. The diagnosis of COPD and backup is done in addition to the clinical
diagnosis of the Spirometry. It should be assumed that COPD when the forced post bronchodilator
force expiratory volume (FEV1) less than 80% of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diagnosis of COPD
The diagnosis of COPD is based, essentially, on a story of cigarette smoking or chronic inhalation of
dusts, gases, or toxic and are confirmed by specific pulmonary function tests. Consider the
possibility of COPD in smokers and ex–smokers over the age of 40 years
Spirometry
All international guidelines published in the last 5year [11,12]. Agree in Spirometry, with execution
the maneuver of forced vital capacity (FVC), as an indispensable means for the diagnosis of COPD.
The diagnosis is possible when the ratio of volume in the Expired first second (FEV1 according to
the English acronym) and FVC (FEV1 / FVC), measured after administration of a bronchodilator
(usually Salbutamol 400 mcg inhalation from dispensers pre–dosed), it is less than 0.70. In some
works and some guidelines were discussed on the opportunities to use a single value of the FEV1 /
FVC ratio to identify those who are suffering from COPD [13]. However, even if it agrees on the
potential underestimation or overestimation of the disease, respectively in young and elderly, linked
to the use of this method, the current unavailability reliable estimates of the distribution of the ratio
valuesFEV1 / FVC in the various age groups, it blocks a diagnosis based on values below the 5th
percentile of the Distribution FEV1 / FVC in the reference population, so far the 5th percentile was
chosen by convention as the limitless of normal

The Effect Of Pulmonary Function On Reaching V Àô O2 Peak....
SPX211 Report
Student: Heather Nicolle
Student Number: 1077265
Abstract:
The main point of this report was to determine if pulmonary function was a limiting factor in
regards to reaching V˙O2 peak [maximal aerobic capacity]. There were thirty–two Sunshine Coast
University students that were tested over the two–week period of class. The first session was to
figure out the students V˙O2 peak by participating in increasing high intensity exercise. Whereas,
the second class was more to do with discovering pulmonary function and measuring forced vital
capacity [FVC] and forced expired volume [FEV]. Overall, the results had proven that overall lung
function was not a primary limiting factor– even though there was a positive correlation in
determining V˙O2 max.
Introduction:
Maximum oxygen uptake V˙O2 peak is classified as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken
up and utilized by the body during severe exercise. It was one of the main variables in exercise
physiology and regularly is used to specify the cardiorespiratory fitness of an individual.1 However,
there are several physiological functions such as; cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolism
[tissue] that all impact how oxygen intake and consumption is used within the body. It was proven
that patients who had chronic obstructive lung disease, had a limited exercise capacity. Whilst
normal, young subjects had a larger ventilatory reserve, due to maximal exercise capacity in this
population had a disadvantage of a

A Brief Note On Kate Is A 94 Year Old Lady Essay
Case study 2
Kate is a 94 year old lady. She is an energetic and happy person currently living at Northbridge
retirement home across the road from AUT. Her health condition deteriorated when she was 87 after
a stopover in Singapore in 2007, she says the stopover changed her condition completely which
gave her breathlessness, and made it difficult for her to walk long distances as she feels restricted.
She sees the general practitioner every 3 months to get repeat blood pressure prescriptions, and is on
a number of medications. Kate enjoys participating in rowing and has won a gold medal in a
competition. Based on the current information given to us the main impairments, activity
limitations, participation restrictions and environmental factors are listed below.
Impairments
Breathlessness – Restricts her from walking long distances, it started in 2007 changing after a
stopover in Singapore.
Balance – Loss of hearing in one ear caused her to have a difficult time balancing on one leg.
Activity limitations
Driving – Does not drive as it is costly to maintain.
Walking – Since she feels restricted because of her breathlessness she does not walk long distances.
Environmental factors
Family – Help her to get to places
Participation restrictions
Transport – requires other people for transport such as to competitions and to shopping.
Spirometry
ICF domain: Impairments
As Kate has a problem with her breathlessness a spirometry test was chosen. A spirometry test
measures the flow

Informed Consent Form For Participation
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX
Informed Consent Form for Participation in Research
Title: Effect of Aquarobics Combined Treatment in Asthmatic Patients
You will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent Form.
Introduction The purpose of this form is to provide you information that may affect you decision as
to whether or not to participate in this research study. The person performing the research will
answer any of your questions. Please read the information below and ask any questions you might
have before deciding whether or not to participate in the study. If you decide to be involved in this
study, this form will be used as evidence of consent.
About the Research You have been asked to participate in a study looking ... Show more content on
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It measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your longs. For this test, you
breathe into a mouthpiece following the instructions of the technician. The mouthpiece is connected
to a recording device, the spirometer, which collects information about your lungs and breathing. A
spirometry takes about 30 minutes.
Take aquarobic classes three times a week offered in our facility for 2 weeks. Aquarobic classes will
be about 30 minutes long and will be supervised by a doctor.
Continue taking your current medications as usual.
How long will the study take? The study will be four weeks long in total. During that time, it will
necessary for you to come to the clinic once the first and once the fourth week of the study for the
spirometry test. During the second and third weeks, you will need to participate in aquarobic classes
three days. These three days are flexible to match your schedule. After the last visit on the fourth
week for the spirometry test, the study will be finished.
What are the risks involved in this study? Possible risks associated with this study include
exhaustion or tiredness and forced breathing during and after aquarobic treatment. Moreover, it is
possible that the aquarobics may not be beneficial. The aquarobic classes will only include basic and

fundamental exercises and you are permitted to stop at any time you feel uncomfortable. A doctor
will be on–site to attend any discomfort or

Evaluation Of A Program For Incentive Spirometry
1. Education provided must be specific to the patient's needs and appropriate to the care, treatment
and services provided. Initial teaching for Incentive spirometry is failing to be documented in all
cases in the hospital's electronic health record.
2. Patient–specific education is designed to help medical professionals and patients make better
decisions about their health and links to relevant information with extensive articles, videos, and
images for the patient. (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology,
2014). Properly documented patient education can help organizations meet Meaningful Use
Requirements (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2012, 2016; National Learning
Consortium, 2012) for reimbursement under Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services guidelines.
3. This quality improvement project's aim is to identify how many initial teach documentations for
incentive spirometry were missed and for what reason.
D. Project Results:
Define: The problem at Norton Audubon Hospital is initial teach documentations for incentive
spirometry are not being documented in the electronic health record.
Patient education and patient engagement in many forms support improved care and reduced cost of
care as patients who are engaged with their health care have better outcomes and cost savings for
their care. (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2015, p. 62771). This project is occurring at
Norton Audubon Hospital. Norton Audubon

Quality Control Criteria
Aurora, P., Bush, A., Castle, R., Chaziparasidis, G., Oliver, C., Saunders, C., Stocks, J. (2004).
Quality control for spirometry in preschool children with and without lung disease. American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 169, 1152–1159.
Spirometry relies on strict quality control and is most commonly used in pediatric pulmonary
function laboratories. Based on the quality control criteria, the reports would justify the criteria
could not be achieved by preschool children ages 2 to 5. However, the quality control criteria from a
spirometry recommended to adults could be applied to preschool children. The study proved
whether preschool children could easily achieve certain quality control criteria, determined if the ...
This study is connected to the first survey of preschool children spirometry results because both
studies develop results from comparing reference data of children to adults. However, this study
provided a broader explanation of how spirometry tests developed over the course of transitioning
from childhood to

Essay about spirometry report
Spirometry Lab Report: Name__________ Lab Section: 1 2 3 Lab Partner(s) _________________
Use your PowerPoint notes, lab book, text book, your data, and the Internet to answer the following
questions. All reports must be typed and stapled. All reports must be in your own words. One
student from each group should include the LabTutor–generated data tables and/or graphs.
Exercise 1: Pulmonary function tests
Respiratory parameter Units Experimental Value Predicted Value*
BPM 14
TV L 0.490L
IRV L 1.984L
ERV L 0.905L
RV L 1.45L
* Go to: http://www.dynamicmt.com/dataform3.html to calculate your predicted values.
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which value do you choose and why? (3 pt).
– I choose value the TV "Tidal volume", because I would like to know the amount of air inhaled and
exhaled with breath under resting conditions of the patients.
Exercises 2 & 3: Pulmonary Function Tests: Compare the respiratory parameters between normal
and simulated obstruction. Recall, we simulated an obstructive pulmonary disorder by covering the
tube with duct tape and cutting an opening in it about the size of a pen's diameter. Using the
Horizontal Compression controls and the scroll bar, display the data for both normal pulmonary
function tests (Exercise 2) and the simulated restricted airway (Exercise 3) for inclusion in your
report.
Normal:
Respiratory parameter Experimental Predicted
FVC 3.392L
PIF 214.55L/min
PEF 237.09L/min
FEV1 2.438L
FEV1/FVC 71.88%
Simulated Airway Restiction:

Respiratory parameter Experimental Predicted
FVC 2.101L
PIF 24.04L/min
PEF 26.24L/min
FEV1 0.188L
FEV1/FVC 8.95%
Study Questions
5. There are two major categories that lung diseases fall into: Obstructive and Restrictive. Construct
a small table for each lung condition (obstructive or restrictive) and predict what spirometry
parameters that we measured in lab would most likely be decreased, which parameters would most
likely be unchanged, and which parameters (if any) might be increased. (3 pt). Obstructive
Restrictive
FVC normal or minimally decreased decrease
PIF

The Effects Of Deep Breathing Exercises On The Prevention...
PICO question: How does the use of incentive spirometers compare to the use of deep breathing
exercises in the prevention of pulmonary complications in post–operative, hospitalized patients?
Background and Rationale: Currently, postoperative pulmonary complications "account for about
25% of deaths occurring within 6 days of surgery," (Yoder, M 2015). Post–operative pulmonary
complications (PPCs) are of major concern due to the increased length of hospital stays and high
rates of occurrence and death as a result. Those at greater risk of developing a pulmonary
complication include preexisting lung disease, medical comorbidities, poor nutritional status, overall
poor health, and in those who smoke. (Yoder, M, 2015.) The type of surgery the patient is having
also affects the risk. Complications include, but are not limited to, pneumonia, bronchospasm,
respiratory failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation. The development of such complications
negatively affects the expected outcomes for patients. "The basic mechanism of PPCs is a lack of
lung inflation that occurs because of a change in breathing to a shallow, monotonous breathing
pattern without periodic sighs, prolonged recumbent positioning and temporary diaphragmatic
dysfunction. Mucociliary clearance along with the decreased cough effectiveness, increases risks
associated with retained pulmonary secretions, " (Overend, T., Anderson, C., Lucy, S., Bhatia, C.,
Jonsson, B., & Timmermans, C., 2001). Currently,

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )
Matt McGuire
Dr. Wilson
25 November 2014
Chronic Bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects an estimated 24 million
individuals in the United States, where half of these people do not even know they have it (COPD
Foundation 2014). COPD governs a deluge of ailments including: emphysema, refractory asthma,
some forms of bronchiectasis, and the very prevalent chronic bronchitis. Chronic Bronchitis is a
long–term pulmonary disease where there is a problem in the airway of the lungs, making it very
difficult to breath, especially when one is trying to exhale air out of the airways. It is clinically
defined as cough production of sputum occurring on most days in three consecutive months over
two consecutive years (Chaudhry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chronic Bronchitis has some fairly common disease symptoms (cough, increased mucus production,
shortness of breath/difficulty breathing, fatigue, and wheezing) making it tricky to spot for the
diseased individual (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Though it can be easy to diagnose with a
doctor/physician present. Spirometry is a simple, non–invasive technique used to diagnose
individuals with possible COPD. The most commonly examined values in spirometry tests are
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) and FVC (forced vital capacity). The two values are
calculated into a ratio, consequently named the FEV1/FVC ratio. If this ratio drops below 70–75%,
(depending on the guideline) the individual would be diagnosed with a type of COPD, and likely
chronic bronchitis. Once an individual is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, they have a few options
for treatment. Although chronic bronchitis cannot be cured, there are several effective methods to
reduce the effect of the disease. For the chronic smokers that are diagnosed, smoking cessation is
the single most effective intervention in chronic bronchitis (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Bronchodilators
(beta–2 agonists) can be inhaled to cause bronchodilation of the smooth muscles cells, and
corticosteroids act by inhibiting transcriptions factors to reduce inflammation of the airway
(Chaudhry et al., 2013). Although both corticosteroids and bronchodilators improve FEV1, reduce

Linear Spirometry Lab Report
Thirteen adult subjects (five male and eight female) 19–23 years of age were gathered to perform a
forced expiratory volume (FVC) maneuver and have pulmonary testing conducted during increasing
intensity exercise. Respiratory measures for tidal flow volume loops were measured using
pulmonary spirometry. For this experiment, an MC–TA–200V Metabolic Cart was used to collect
data. The equipment was setup as follows: a sterilized mouthpiece was attached to a filter
configured with one way valves to ensure only inspired air came in to the system from the outside
and the expired air was sent to the apparatus. Upon configuring the mouthpiece, it was attached to
clean bore tubing, which was then connected to the flow head. From the flow head, two tubes
separately connect to the spirometry pod. Before the first subject performed their trials, the
spirometry pod was zeroed once. If an additional file was used in LabChart for a new subject it
would be zeroed an additional time. It was important to ensure that the data being placed into the
LabChart data pad contained the first traces of both channels. Once the subject had the mouthpiece
inserted in their mouth and nose plugs were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participant were instructed to complete three–five minute bouts of exercise on the cycle ergometer
(Monark Ergomedic 828 E) at a cadence of 60 rpm. The first stage was performed at a resistance of
1kp, the second at 2kp and the third at 3kp. At the three minutes and thirty seconds into each stage
the subject was connect to the mouthpiece apparatus and removed at the end of each stage. During
the final minute of each stage one respiratory cycle was recorded using LabChart as many times as
possible to ensure a better data sample to choose from. The best respiratory cycle recording was
labelled and used to obtain PEF and PIF. All pertinent data was then transferred into Microsoft
Excel to enable data

Pulmonary Case Study : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary...
Pulmonary Case Study Analysis and Care Plan Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
most prevalent in the older adult and smokers. It is the third leading cause of death in the United
States and affects 329 million people worldwide. The disease also carries a burden on the economy
with an estimated cost of $29.5 billion annually for treating exacerbations (Hattab, Alhassan,
Balaan, Lega, & Singh, 2016). It is defined as the limitation of airflow within the airway and lungs
secondary to a chronic inflammatory response from exposure to noxious stimuli. Repeated exposure
to chemicals like cigarette smoke lead to the destruction of the lung parenchyma and alveoli
decreasing the lungs ability to appropriately exchange gases (Baraldo, Turato & Saetta, 2012). The
disease is both preventable and treatable with appropriate evidence–based practice and patient
education as presented. Normal Pulmonary Function The primary function of the lungs is to move
air into and out of the respiratory system and to perform gas exchange of oxygen into the blood and
release carbon dioxide through expirations. The air movement begins with the bronchial tree with
inspired air being moved into the lungs then into the pulmonary capillaries and finally into the
alveoli where gas exchange takes place (Baraldo, Turato & Saetta, 2012). Within the bronchial tree,
pollutants or foreign noxious stimulants are often identified here. Cilia work to remove them by
triggering the cough reflex and with

Chronic Bronchitis Is A Medical Condition That Enhances...
Chronic bronchitis is a medical condition that enhances the swelling and mucus (phlegm or sputum)
production in the breathing tubes (airways). Airway obstruction takes a place in chronic bronchitis,
as the swelling and extra mucus cause the inside of the breathing tubes to be narrower than normal.
This illness is the fourth leading cause of death and WHO predicted that COPD will be the third
leading cause of death by 2030. Spirometry is the most recommended diagnostic test to assess as to
whether a patient has a COPD or not by Glob initiative in Obstructive Lung disease (GOLD). This
test is specifically designed to identify abnormalities in lung volumes and air flow. Spirometry is
utilized along with physical assessment, medical history notes, x–rays and blood tests to confirm the
type of lung disease that a patient is suffering from, which enables timely diagnosis and treatment.
Spirometry can be defined as a mechanism that illustrate the degree of airflow obstruction with a
forced expiratory volume per second (FEV1) of <0.7. This review will focus on the recent
developments spirometry as a diagnostic tool for COPD . Keywords: COPD,emphysema, chronic
bronchitis, spirometry Executive Summary Introduction: COPD is a disease that characterized by
airflow limitation, because it is irreversible. Sign and symptoms: There are very helpful to diagnose
the type of COPD the patients have to get the right treaments. Breathlessness, cough, fatigue, cough,
dyspnea and

Spirometry Essay
INTRODUCTION: The class conducted a spirometry test that involved two normal subjects in order
to assess their pulmonary function. The main goal of this experiment was to distinguish the
difference between normal and abnormal lung volumes/functions by analyzing specific variables in
the tested subjects. Additionally, the class level goal was to obtain competence in understanding
lung function measurements, such as analyzing forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory
volume in one second (FEV1), and forced expiratory volume in three seconds (FEV3).
METHODS: Two class volunteers were selected for spirometry testing. Subjects were both required
to enter height, weight, age, and ethnicity. Subjects were seated upright and corrected to the
spirometer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The class measured FVC, FEV1, and FEV3 values in order to evaluate whether each subject
exhibited normal or abnormal lung volume/function. Interpretation of a subject's lungs can be
assessed by using FEV and FEV1. The spirometry device calculated the best FEV1 and divided it by
the best FVC to obtain a subject's FEV1/FVC ratio. Subject 1 data reported a best FEV1 of 84.9%
while Subject 2 data reported a best FEV1 of 81.1%. Part 1: The FEV1 value represents the volume
of air a subject can forcefully exhale from the lungs in one second. The FVC is used to determine
the vital capacity from a maximal forced expiratory effort after a deep inhalation. The class also
conducted a FEV3, but this experiment will not require this value in relation to the evaluation of
abnormal lung function in both subjects. Importantly, obstructive lung disease can cause a subject to
exhibit abnormal values in the FVC. This means that a subject's lung is restricted, thereby impeding
the lung from filling to its normal capacity of air. Moreover, the subjects' lung volume readings from
the spirometry test will allow assessment of each subject's flow volume loop with forced expiration
and inspiration in order to diagnose obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma or emphysema. The
spirometry results from FEV1 and FEV ratio indicated Subject 1 and Subject 2 reported normal lung
function (i.e. equal to or greater than

Acute Asthma Research Paper
EVALUATION:
Log and go: It is a free app for iphone, ipad and ipod. It is very easy and user friendly app. Users
can easily log in to this app and keep their asthma activity, medications and causes of their asthma
attack in the form of a diary. It is very straight forward to use and really easy to follow the steps to
store data.
Asthma journal: All of the past records of the patients data, reports and medication will be there.
Also there will be more information about past daily symptoms, peak flow measurements, past
medication records will be there.
Chart severity: There is a graphical view of peak flow measurement (PFM) which is called chart
severity. If anyone enter higher PFM, then the graph also show higher range. It can be as high as ...
If Multilanguage version of this app could be created then it would be more beneficial for doctors
and patients. Adolescents normally don't like to use paper AAP, as mobile app is more acceptable
and feasible in between teens. They can download this app in their smartphone and record their
daily symptoms, peak flow measurements and their medications happily. In between teens
personalized mobile based app is more popular method to

Unit Project 4 Essay
A Typical Cold? by Brent J.F. Hill
Part III–Your Explanation of Sam's Condition
Objectives and Issues
1. What type of disease is Sam suffering from?
Cystic Fibrosis
2. What tissues and organs does this disease affect? Once you identify all the tissues and organs,
briefly explain their respective dysfunction.
Exocrine Glands – glands may become blocked, produce excessive secretions
Sweat Glands – extreme decrease in salt reabsorbtion, resulting in high salt content in sweat.
Lungs – Mucus plugging, chronic bacterial infections, pronounced inflammatory response, damaged
airways leading to respiratory insufficiency, progressive decline in pulmonary function.
Male reproductive tract – males with CF are sterile due to degeneration ... Show more content on
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One of the distinguishing features of cystic fibrosis is the thick mucus that lines both the airways
and the intestinal tract of affected individuals. In the respiratory tract, this thick mucus is not
removed by the cilia that usually beat and push mucus up into the throat. This thick mucus builds up
in the airways, and bacteria trapped in the mucus are not removed. Thus bacterial respiratory
infections are extremely common.
Colorado.edu
4. Explain the reasoning behind the appearance of his sputum.
Sam's sputum was viscid because the excessive Chloride ions inside the cells attract water, so water
does not leave the cells. This water is what makes the mucus thin and slippery. Without the water
the mucus is thick and sticky.
Sam's sputum was probably green due to all of the bacteria that has built up in his respiratory tract
because the mucus escalator cannot move the mucus up and out..
Textbook pg 817 5. Typically, a pulmonary function test will not be given until about age 7.
However, if Sam was given a pulmonary function test it will demonstrate a decreased FEV1 (forced
expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity). Based on these hypothetical
pulmonary function test results, answer the following questions:
1. What can you infer about the surface area and/or diffusion distance for gas exchange in Sam's
lungs?
I would guess that the surface area has been decreased and the diffusion distance for gas

Common Obstructive Lung Diseases That Affects Adults And...
Introduction:
Asthma is one of the common obstructive lung diseases that affects adults and children. According
to centers of diseases control, approximately 26.8 million people are suffering from asthma [].
Asthma is hard to diagnose in early stages because it doesn't have obvious early symptoms. Studies
revealed that inflammatory cells increase in the small airways causing dysfunction in the respiratory
system, often before the onset of symptoms or changes in spirometry or imaging[1]. Despite the
importance of small airways in respiratory system evaluation, but they are hard to study with the
currently available tools [1, 2]. Spirometry has been used for decades as the gold standard
pulmonary function test. It requires a series of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Until now, early detection for respiratory system disease remains one of the challenges for patients
who suffer from asthma or COPD. Asthma and Forced oscillation technique
Asthma is a chronic lung disease which inflames and narrows the respiratory system airways. It
causes shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness [8]. The airways are typically uniform
circular tubes that carry air through the respiratory system. Asthma causes these airways to inflame
and narrow, leading to changes in the characteristic of the airways[8]. According to Kirchhoff's
Theory for the circular tube, the radius of the tube affects the propagation of sound in a uniform
circular tube[9]. The same concept can be applied to airways in the respiratory system, when asthma
alters airway characteristics, it causes changes in the propagation of the soundwave and changes in
the measured impedance, this is called Forced Oscillation technique. Previous data revealed that
through Forced Oscillation Technique we can distinguish between healthy respiratory systems and
dysfunction respiratory systems [4–7]. Forced Oscillation Technique allows the assessment of
respiratory system impedance without the need for active cooperation from patients which make this
a suitable technique for infants and children[10]. Previous studies have obtained reference values for
Rrs and Xrs from adults and children population [11–14]. The

Clinical Overview Template ( Asbestosis )
CLINICAL OVERVIEW TEMPLATE (Asbestosis)
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
Asbestosis is a bilateral interstitial fibrosis affecting the lower 2/3 of the lung.8
In rare cases, may occur in the upper portion of the lung10 CLASSIFICATION
Grade of severity10
0 ? No fibrosis associated with bronchioles
1 or I ? Early fibrosis involving at least one bronchiole; inflammation similar to that caused by
cigarette smoking
2 or II ? More severe fibrosis involving acinus; aveolar ducts and/or at least two adjacent layers of
aveoli. Normal lung remains between adjacent bronchioles
3 or III ? Advanced fibrosis involving entire acinus; all lung between two adjacent bronchioles is
affected; some aveoli completely obliterated.
4 or IV ? Honeycomb ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES Primary diagnostic tools
Patient history10
Imaging
Laboratory
Not applicable Imaging
Chest X–ray10
Initially small, irregular

Effects Of Exercise Versus Sedentary Lifestyle On Lung...
Effects of exercise versus a sedentary lifestyle on lung function for those who are asymptomatic
smokers
Since discovering the harmful effects of cigarette smoking to ones health, the United States has
worked hard to reduce the prevalence of illness and death attributable to this behavior. Based on
recent Gallup polls, the percent of people claiming to have smoked a cigarette within the past week
has been steadily declining since 1945 and the number of pack–a–day smokers is at the lowest point
its ever been (http://www.gallup.com/poll/1717/tobacco–smoking.aspx).
According to the Center for Disease Control
(http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/copd.html), cigarette smoking is responsible
for 80% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases. Smoking can be attributed to this
class of diseases because it causes lung damage and inflammation that can lead to COPD. Airways
become clogged as excess mucus accumulates to move tar out of the body, they become thick and
enflamed, and air sacs may lose their elasticity and become destroyed, all affecting gas diffusion
capacity. A nagging cough, shortness of breath, and due to the reduced oxygen levels in the blood,
discoloration of lips and fingernails are a few of the potential symptoms of this class of diseases.
The severity of one's reduced pulmonary function, as measured by forced expiratory volume in one
second (FEV1.0), is a marked mortality risk factor (Baughman, Marott, Lange, Andrew, & Hnizdo,

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Better Known As Copd...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease better known as COPD is a term used to describe
progressive lung diseases which includes the following: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory
(non–reversible) asthma, and some forms of bronchiectasis. Mainly caused from toxins in cigarette
smoke. Other causes being air pollutants, chemicals fumes, and dust from work environments.
COPD is the fourth most common cause of death in the United States. COPD has four stages of
progression with no viable cure. The only relief persons who suffer from this condition is treatments
to help manage the disease. Treatments used are determined by what stage you are in the
progression of the disease. COPD COPD is a progressive lung disease which affect your ability to
breath. You have less airflow in your lungs due to one or all of the following: airways and air sacs
lose their elastic quality, walls between the air sacs are destroyed or become thick and inflamed. You
may also make more mucus than usual, which can clog the airways. COPD also affects your way of
life due to your inability to normal life things such as going for walks, working around your house
or even being able to hold a job in some cases, which then can cause financial difficulties. COPD
affects up to 16 million Americans with millions more going undiagnosed. COPD is the fourth most
common cause of death in the United States and rising quickly. It is expected by the year 2020 that
it will be number three. Here is a chart breaking

Spirometry Lab
The respiratory system is responsible for supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide. Respiration allows this gas exchange to occur in the lungs. While respiration can be
observed as a physical process, the chemical process provides the body's cells with adequate
amounts of energy, which is produced by the breakdown of ATP (VanPutte, 2014). In order for the
cells to obtain this energy, the respiratory system goes through a process called pulmonary
ventilation, or breathing. The two concepts involved in pulmonary ventilation are an inspiration, air
flowing into the lungs, and expiration, air forced out of the lungs. The air pressures and volumes are
essential to breathing. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts allowing the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In this particular lab, we used a type of spirometer known as the "wet" spirometer; this instrument
consists of a plastic bell floating from the rectangular tank, which is surrounded by water. The outer
tank containing the water has a flexible tube attached to it to carry air from exhalations above the
water level to the bell. During respiration, the bell will move up and down according to the air
inhaled or exhaled, which allows air volume to be measured on the scale above the tank. In this
activity, a nonrecording spirometer was used to show the air forced through the device meaning only
the exhaled air volumes was directly

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case Study
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multisystemic disease that often coexists with
comorbidities that may have significant impact on prognosis.1–8 Some of these comorbidities arise
independently of COPD whereas others may be causally related, either with shared risk factors or by
one disease increasing the risk or compounding the severity of the other.9 Although many risk
factors contribute to the development of COPD, cigarette smoking is still considered the most well
studied COPD risk factor.10 Several studies reported the significant effect of smoking on hearing
loss.11,12 In a previous research, the impact of chronic hypoxaemia secondary to COPD on the
auditory function of these patients was investigated. Results showed a statistically significant
difference for all auditory measures between patients with COPD ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All included subjects attended one hearing testing session in the audiology laboratory of Ain Shams
University Hospitals. The audiologist, who was unaware of the smoking status of the study
participant, performed an otoscopic examination. Pure tone threshold audiometry was conducted in
a sound–isolated rooms or booths using a clinical audiometer in accordance with the Maximum
Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Room.18 Pure tone audiometric air
conduction testing is performed by presenting a pure tone (single frequency) to each ear through an
earphone and pressing a button, hand raising, or saying "yes" when stimuli were heard. Hearing
thresholds were measured in each ear for frequencies: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hertz
(Hz). Hearing thresholds is defined as the lowest level in decibels (dB) at which a signal (tone) is
heard 50% of the time according to standard clinical procedures.19 Testing should begin with the
better ear when identifiable, otherwise it is arbitrary. Test instructions were presented in the Arabic

Incentive Spirometry Case Study
Mrs. Cook, a 65–year–old female, came to the hospital for a hernia repair. She is relatively healthy.
Her medical history includes asthma due to a history of smoking but states she quit about 5 years
ago. When Mrs. Cook arrived to the surgical unit she is complaining of moderate to severe pain.
Laura, her registered nurse, medicated Mrs. Cook and oriented her to her room. After 30 minutes,
Laura decided the patient is comfortable and awake enough to teach her how to use the incentive
spirometer. Laura explained to Mrs. Cook that using the incentive spirometer will help open up her
lungs so that she does not develop complications such as pneumonia causing a longer stay in the
hospital. It also provides her body with oxygen which promotes healing and helps to clear her lungs
and body from the anesthesia. Laura informed Mrs. Cook that her doctor has ordered her to do these
breathing exercises 10 times every hour while awake. Mrs. Cook followed Laura's instruction and
made a tight seal around the mouth piece. She took a couple of small quick inhalations which barely
registered on the incentive spirometer but did stimulate a cough. Naturally, the cough caused severe
pain to her abdomen. She sneered at Laura with a look of questioning, 'why are you making me hurt
myself?' Laura gave her a pillow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best choice for Mrs. Cook was pain control with early ambulation and self–attempts at
coughing. Her pain decreased and became manageable and she began to ambulate more frequently.
She did not have any postoperative pulmonary complications and was discharged after 5

Incentive Spirometer Research Paper
Incentive Spirometer
An incentive spirometer is a tool that measures how well you are filling your lungs with each breath.
This tool can help keep your lungs clear and active. Taking long, deep breaths may help reverse or
decrease the chance of developing breathing (pulmonary) problems, especially infection, following:
Surgery of the chest or abdomen.
Surgery if you have a history of smoking or a lung problem.
A long period of time when you are unable to move or be active.
If the spirometer includes an indicator to show your best effort, your health care provider or
respiratory therapist will help you set a goal. Keep a log of your progress if directed by your health
care provider.
RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS
Breathing too

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )
Alex Rose
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Do you know what the third leading cause of death is
among Americans? That's right, it is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, which is an
overall heading used to cover several conditions, all of which are characterized by blockage of air
from the lungs, resulting in increasing breathlessness. The two main diseases that fall into this
category are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. According to the American Lung Association,
COPD affects the lives of more than 12 million adults in the United States. There is a large
difference in the way an unaffected, healthy lung and a COPD stricken lung operates. Some people's
life styles and living environments put them at a higher risk for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of the bronchioles, there are clusters of microscopic, stretchy air sacs termed alveoli that
inflate in a balloon–like fashion. Oxygen from the air is then incorporated into the bloodstream via
the air sac walls while the carbon dioxide waste is transferred from the blood to the alveoli where
they readily delate causing exhalation. Unfortunately, not all lungs function as so. The lungs of an
individual with COPD experience symptoms of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. With
bronchitis, airways are constantly irritated causing those structures become inflamed and thick.
Also, excess mucous production causes blockage. Emphysema is a condition where the walls of the
alveoli are damaged. Airways lose their elasticity so the amount of gas exchange is limited. The
body's tissues are deprived of oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide becomes more difficult. Overall,
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is less than normal and shortness of breath becomes
increasingly more prevalent. Symptoms worsen over time. Symptoms include those of both chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. Signs of COPD include shortness of breath, a chronic, productive
cough, wheezing, chest tightness, cyanosis of lips and nail beds, frequent respiratory infections,
fatigue, and unintended weight loss. A chronic cough is the most obvious symptom of COPD as the
body is trying to rid itself of the extra mucous that is produced from the

Pulmonary Fibrosis Research Enhancement Act ( Pfrea )
Abstract
Pulmonary Fibrosis is a serious disease that claims and terrorizes thousands of lives and families.
Due to severity of the disease two Senators have decided to introduce an Act that is dedicated to this
horrifying disease (the Pulmonary Fibrosis Research Enhancement Act (PFREA)). After the onset of
symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, a person has about 5 years of lifespan, that's taking in
consideration treatment that will be given to the patient. About 30 present of patient that receive
treatment for pulmonary fibrosis with oral glucocorticoids will see improvement in their lung
function. There are many studies that are being to find a cure for the disease or find a way to present
it, unfortunately the studies are still on going ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
get PF. According to (Food & Drug Law Weekly, 2010) the Pulmonary Fibrosis Research
Enhancement Act (PFREA) that has been introduced by Senators Patty Murray (D–WA) and Mike
Crapo (R–ID) in the U.S. Senate working together with The Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis
(CPF). The PFREA is designed to help the registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis for patients with PF. The
PFREA also calls on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to expand and intensify PF research
efforts (Food & Drug Law Weekly, 2010). The PFREA was first introduced in 2009 by
Congressman Brian Baird (D–WA) and Congressman Mike Castle (R–DE) to the House. The reason
why the two Congressman introduced this Act was because they both had family members that were
affected by PF. PFREA was also the first congressional legislation to increase federal funding for
PF, a fatal disease that affects more the 128,000 Americans (Food & Drug Law Weekly, 2010).
Unfortunately, PF claims 40,000 lives each year which is the same number as breast cancer. PF also
kills two–thirds of the patients are diagnosed with the onset symptoms usually expire within five
years of the diagnosis. The National PF Education and Awareness Plan was created because the
PFREA ordered it, this also collaborated with the National Institutes of Health and the Centers of
Disease Control. The purpose for these three organization collaboration is to focus of improving
public awareness of PF and accelerate

How Spirometry Affects The Lungs
There are two main categories of diseases that can affect the lungs, which are obstructive diseases
and restrictive diseases. These lung diseases can have detrimental effects on the lung because they
can result in decreased airway size, swollen or loss of alveolar sacs, and ultimately reduced gas
exchange. Lung diseases, as well as the overall function of the lung can be evaluated using a method
known as spirometry. Spirometry is a tool used to evaluate the breathing mechanisms of a patient
and allow doctors to detect pulmonary diseases in patients displaying abnormal lung function.
Spirometry can consist of static and dynamic tests to measure variables such as vital capacity, which
is the highest volume of air that can be exhaled out of the

AACN Synergy Model
Synthesis of Literature The current literature regarding our PICO question and relevant search terms
provides rationale for why guideline–based COPD management is beneficial for the healthcare
system and affected population. Evidence–based guidelines, studies concerning the best steps to
confirm a COPD diagnosis, spirometry discrepancies in primary care, and the effects of less–than–
ideal COPD care for the patient as well as the healthcare system were covered in the literature
matrix table. The following synthesis offers discussion for the main concepts covered by the
literature, as well as pointing out where evidence gaps exist. Background COPD is a devastating
chronic disease for those that are affected by it. Primarily comprised of chronic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This model promotes a system driven by the patient's needs, and a system where the nurse can make
contributions that add to the delivery of care. Developed throughout the 1990's, this middle–range
theory was initially created with critical–care nursing in mind. The AACN desired to identify
concepts of certified specialty nursing practice. (Peterson & Bredow, 294). However, as will be
discussed further, this model is actually applicable to chronic health care diagnosis and management
as well, which is why it was selected for this DNP project. The AACN Synergy Model is centered
around five primary assumptions that regard healthcare providers, patients and families: 1. Patients
are social, psychological, and biological entities; the patient's body, mind, and spirit must be
considered for their particular developmental stage. 2. The nurse–patient relationship is created in
part by the patient, family, and community. 3. All characteristics of the patients are contributory to
one another and should not be isolated. 4. The nurse has interrelated dimensions that form their
overall profile. 5. The primary goal of nursing is to restore the patient to a level of wellness that the
patient desires. Death is acceptable, as long as the agreed upon goal is to move a patient towards a
peaceful death (AACN,

Copd : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is one of the most common lung diseases.
Thousands of people are diagnosed every year, and it recently moved up to the 3rd leading cause of
death in the U.S., behind heart disease and cancer. This paper will discuss disease pathology, the
most common and recently discovered diagnostic tests, as well as treatment options. It will also
address end of life care. COPD is a multi–system and multi–symptom disease. This means that it
attacks the respiratory system, primarily, as well as the cardiovascular system. It also produces
several symptoms that can be disguised for other pathologies and diseases. It is a progressive
disease, meaning that treatment generally consists of easing symptoms, not curing them. Since it
ends up being a terminal disease, a large part of treatment and patient care is developed around
quality of life and the final stages of the patient. Several tests have been a part of diagnosing COPD
for many years, including the most common, Spirometry. Spirometry is a lung function test that
measures the total volume of air that the patient can expel from the lungs after maximum
inspiration. Although this test is successful in helping diagnose COPD, it has been said to be
overlooked more and more in primary care. Spirometry testing is essential, along with thorough
examination and history taking, to avoid missed or late diagnoses. Healthcare workers responsible
for conducting and interpreting

Spirometry Lab Report
The overarching goal of this experiment was to measure respiratory volumes and capacities using
spirometry (Marieb & Smith, 2016). Spirometry is a technique which makes use of a device known
as a spirometer in order to determine values for inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory
reserve volume, as well as others, and thus has a practical use in the fields of anatomy and medicine
(Marieb & Smith, 2016). Consequently, since this experiment deals extensively with the processes
involved in respiration, it is essential to have a sufficient level of background information on the
anatomy and physiology of the lungs (Marieb & Smith, 2016).
The lungs are an essential part of the respiratory system, since their main purpose is to perform ...
Beginning with the inspiratory reserve volume, abbreviated as IRV, this value refers to how much
air one is able to actively inspire (Marieb & Smith, 2016). This is followed by tidal volume, or TV,
which is the amount of air a person takes in and then expels in every breath under standard
conditions (Marieb & Smith, 2016). The third value measured in this experiment was the expiratory
reserve volume, shortened to ERV, which denotes how much air one actively expires after breathing
normally, or after a tidal volume expiration (Marieb & Smith, 2016). The final value was the total
lung capacity, or TLC, which refers to the total amount of air the lungs can hold after a having put in
the maximum effort in inspiration, and can also be calculated by the following formula:
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV (Marieb & Smith, 2016). RV, or residual volume, is how much air is left
behind in the lungs after an active effort to expire, and is noted to be around 1200mL or 1100mL for
men and women, respectively (Marieb & Smith,

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Drinking Tea And Otc Essay
CC: Wheezing HPI (S): O: 3 years L: Around chest area radiate to throat D: Multiple, persistent
episodes, specially in the morning C: musical vibrating sound A: Aggravated by smoke and other
respiratory irritants and vigorous exercise; Relieved by drinking plenty of water, juice, tea and OTC
R: Cough excessive amount of yellow sputum with no odor, difficulty breathing, lack of energy,
malaise, fatigue, poor appetite and lost "a little weight" over the past few weeks. T: Variable,
especially in early the morning S: Wheezing severe with increases difficulty breathing Home
Treatment: Drinking tea, Respitrol A 55–year–old male with a 2ppd x35 years smoking history
presents today with a complaint of wheezing. The patient states the wheezing began 3 years ago
with multiple persistent episodes and especially early in the morning. He also states the wheezing
feels likes a vibrating musical sound that occurs around the chest area radiate to his throat when he
breathes. The patient states that he coughs and sometimes it produces excessive amounts of yellow
sputum with no odor. He has difficulty breathing, lack of energy, and malaise. The symptoms are
aggravated by smoke, other respiratory irritants, and vigorous exercise and relieved by drinking
plenty of water and juice. He also reports that his appetite his poor and that he has lost "a little
weight

Airway Defects: A Case Study
The only treatment for a variety of large airway defects, including bronchomalacia is tracheal
resection. However the resectable length is limited to less than 30% of the total trachea length in
children and 50% in adults. This study looked at the clinical application of a TET in an adult patient
to treat a large segment airway defect.
METHODOLOGY: The patient was a 30–year–old woman who presented with tuberculosis,
subglottic stenosis and an underdeveloped left main bronchus with expiratory collapse. Initial
treatment included tuberculosis irradiation, subglottic tracheal resection with primary end–to–end
anastomosis and left main bronchus stent placement. The stent was poorly tolerated and after
multiple revision attempts it was ultimately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The surgery was completed without complication. Two week postoperative endoscopy confirmed
that the graft was integrating with host environment via the presence of an internal mucosal coating.
One–month endoscopy with graft biopsy elicited mucosal bleeding, which verified angiogenesis had
occurred. Anti–donor HLA antibodies were undetectable confirmed rejection had not occurred.
There was potential for antibody production as after completing the decellularization process several
annuclear, distorted chondrocytes were found. It is speculated that these retained cells may have
aided in the host–graft integration and helped to reduce inflammation, but also have the capability to
induce

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional distortion of the chest...
Scoliosis is a three–dimensional distortion of the chest cage, which typically produces a reduction in
pulmonary function, caused by stiffness of the chest wall and decrease in the force of the respiratory
muscles (8). However, the current study showed a negative relationship between the degree of Cobb
angle, which indicates spinal deformity, and pulmonary function although the relationship was not
statistically significant. An inverse relationship between spinal deformity and pulmonary function
has been reported by a few studies. Vitale et al. found that the degree of thoracic curves was
negatively correlated with FEV1. There was also a trend toward significant negative correlations
between thoracic curves and FVC. Patients with larger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increased frequency of respiratory impairment was also found in 50 patients aged 11 to 78 years
with untreated idiopathic scoliosis, especially those with a severe degree of scoliosis (13).
In contrast, ventilatory function may be impaired in mild, idiopathic scoliosis and that the force
developed by the respiratory muscles is a more important determinant of this impairment than the
radiologically determined degree of spinal curvature (14). The changes are restrictive in type with
reduction in vital capacity (VC) and TLC but normal residual volume. In children whose curves had
an early onset, the amount by which VC was reduced depended on the severity of the deformity; this
severity had little or no effect on VC in those whose curves began in adolescence (15).
Our study found that the more proximally located spinal curve resulted in more impairment in the
pulmonary function. In addition to thoracic scoliosis, thoracolumbar scoliotic curves were included
in the study because those curve patterns, while not confined to the chest, may theoretically distort
the orientation and function of the diaphragm and the mechanics of the chest with unexpected
effects on pulmonary function. The finding was in line with those reported by other studies. They
found that pre operative pulmonary function tests have identified as

Combo Washer Dryer Essay
Assignment–2
Problem 1(Enhancing, Augmenting and Transforming Devices)
Enhancing Device: Nebulizer Machine
Asthma patients feel difficult to breathe. Nebulizer Machine is an enhancing device which helps the
Asthma patients breathe easily. The machine effectively sends the medicine to the lungs better than
the inhalers when the patients require a higher level of oxygen.
Augmenting Device: Combo Washer Dryer
Combo Washer Dryer is an automated machine where it is a combination in a single container of a
washing machine and a clothes dryer. In the Combo Washer Dryer, the container has a washer and
dryer which allow the clothes to be washed and dried at once. Combo Washer Dryer is an
augmented device which reduces the activity

Factors That Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Author/Title/Year in APA Reference Citation Problem Purpose Sample/
Population Data Collection
Method Major Findings/Conclusions
Collard, H. R., Ward, A. J., Lanes, S., Hayflinger, D. C., Rosenberg, D. M., & Hunsche E., Burden
of illness in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, (2012). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a highly
morbid disease of aging in which the incidence has been reported to be climbing, with no widely
accepted therapy in the U.S other than a lung transplant. Harold et al., 2012). The purpose of this
study was to describe the burdens that patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) encounter,
such as comorbidites, healthcare utilization, and associated costs (Harold et al., 2012). The sample
for this study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This PROMIS scale measures associations between HRQOL and symptoms that patients with IPF
experience (Yount et.al, 2016). The sample from this study was 220 individuals who presented with
IPF and were ages fifty and older who had not already received a lung transplant (Yount et.al, 2016).
The data for this study was collected by individuals, reported being told by a doctor that they have
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), who completed an online questionnaire, and seven to ten days
later were retested for reliability. When reliability was determined, these individuals where then
given a survey of demographic and helath related questions, the Modified Medical Research
Council Dyspnea Scale, the PROMIS 29 profile, and the PROMIS dyspnea severity short form
(Yount et.al, 2016). The results from this study concluded that compared to the general population,
patients with IPF had PROMIS scale scores that were significantly lower. The deficits that these
patients face need motioring in clinical practice and also need consideration when investigating new
therapies Yount et.al, 2016).
Martinez, F. J., Andrade, J. A., Anstrom, K. J., King Jr, T. E., Raghu, G., & King, T. J., Randomized
trial of acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2014). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a
progressive lung disease of unknown cause that to date has no pharmacologic

Spirometry Essay
Definition or Description: (1 point)
Spirometry is a physiological test measures a patients forced vital capacity, forced inspiratory vital
capacity, slow vital capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation.
Indications: (5 points)
List the Indications:
DIAGNOSTIC = evaluation of the symptoms, measurers the effect of the disease, used as a
screening for patients who are believed to have a pulmonary disease
MONITORING = used to assess the change in lung function over time. Monitor for adverse
reactions, uses also to monitor possible environmental exposure.
DISABILITY = Assesses a patients inherit disability from lung disease.
PUBLIC HEALTH = Surveys or for research purposes.
Contraindications: (5 points)
List the Contraindications
Recent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Obstructive disorders, less than what percentage is considered to be abnormal for FVC: – less
than 80 % FEV1: – less than 80% FVC/FEV1 ratio: – less than 75% FEF25–75: – less than 65%
Equipment Calibration: (4 points) What is the device that is considered to be the gold standard for
calibration? Spirometry How often must calibration be done and when? Calibration should be
performed for every new patient that comes in. Brief description of calibration procedure (i.e. it
requires more than a single trial –what specifically must you do)? Calibration should be performed
using a 3 liter syringe following the manufacturer's recommended procedures fluctuation at 3
different speeds for accurate calibration. What is an acceptable calibration value? +3/–3 of a known
volume
Quality Control: (8 points) How is Quality Assurance determined for Spirometry, i.e. In what mode
is it performed, when, how often, what data is recorded, what statistics must be computed at the end
of the month? includes examination of test values and evaluation of both the volume–time and
flow–volume curves for evidence of technical errors (CDC) During the test we want at least 3 valid
test that are

Spirometry Portfolio Analysis

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