Ch11 - Blood

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition
Valerie C. Scanlon and Tina Sanders
Copyright © F.A. Davis Company 2015
Chapter 11
Blood

General Functions of Blood—transportation,
regulation, protection
Characteristics of blood
Amount—4 to 6 liters; cells—plasma:
Color—arterial blood:
venous blood:
Viscosity—resistance to flow; importance:
pH—slightly alkaline
Question: What is the normal pH range of blood?

Answer
The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45.

Plasma—91% water
The water of plasma transports:
Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver.
Albumin—
Clotting factors—
Alpha and beta globulins—
Gamma globulins—

Blood Cells—also called formed elements: RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets
Red bone marrow is the primary hemopoietic tissue;
contains stem cells that can develop into all of the kinds
of blood cells.
Lymphatic tissue—spleen, thymus, lymph nodes:
Questions: What is the literal meaning of “hemocytoblast”?
Where is red bone marrow found?
State a brief function for each type of blood cell.

Answers
The literal meaning of “hemocytoblast” is “blood,” “cell,”
“producer” (or producing).
Red bone marrow is found in the spongy bone of short, flat
and irregular bones.
The functions of blood cells:
RBCs carry oxygen.
WBCs destroy pathogens and provide immunity.
Platelets prevent blood loss (participate in clotting).

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)—produced in
the red bone marrow (see Table 11–2 for normal values)
Structure: biconcave discs; no nuclei
Function: carry oxygen
The protein:
The mineral:
Stimulus for production: hypoxia  kidneys: erythropoietin:
Immature RBCs: Normoblasts:
Reticulocytes:

Red Blood Cells (continued)
Nutrients needed for production:
Protein and iron—
Folic acid and vitamin B12—
B12 is called the extrinsic factor. The intrinsic factor is
produced by the parietal cells of the stomach lining—

Life cycle—life span of RBCs is about 120 days.
Old RBCs are phagocytized by macrophages:
Parts recycled: Protein:
Iron:
Heme of the hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin 

Blood types (genetic)
The ABO group (see Table 11–1)—four types:
The antigens on the RBCs:
The antibodies in the plasma:
Importance:
The Rh factor (the D antigen)
Rh positive: Rh negative:
Questions: Which ABO type is most common? Least common? Which Rh type
is more common?

Answers
Type O is the most common ABO type, followed by type A
and type B. Type AB is the least common type.
Rh positive is the more common Rh type.

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)—produced in
the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
Structure: larger than RBCs; have nuclei:
Granular WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranular WBCs: lymphocytes and monocytes
WBCs often carry out their functions in tissue fluid and
lymphatic tissue.

White Blood Cells (continued)
Functions
Neutrophils and monocytes—
Eosinophils—
Basophils—
Lymphocytes—T cells:
B cells:
Natural killer cells:

Platelets (thrombocytes)—produced in the red
bone marrow
Structure: fragments of megakaryocytes
Platelets help maintain the vascular endothelium and
contribute to all mechanisms of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm—large vessels:
Platelet plugs—capillaries:

Platelets (continued)
Chemical clotting (see Table 11–3)
Stage 1  prothrombin activator
Stage 2  thrombin
Stage 3  fibrin
Questions: What mineral is necessary for chemical clotting? For which stages?

Answers
The mineral calcium is necessary for chemical clotting.
Calcium is part of all three stages of chemical clotting.

Platelets (continued)
Clot retraction—
Fibrinolysis—
Abnormal clotting is prevented by:
Normal endothelium:
Heparin:
Antithrombin:
Questions: What is the term for a stationary clot? A moving clot?

Answers
A stationary clot is a thrombus.
A moving clot is an embolus.

Wrap-Up Question
Name the part or aspect of blood described.
1. Last clotting factor to be split
2. Waste product of RBC destruction
3. WBC that can be T or B
4. Carries heat
5. Protein that carries oxygen
6. Block ruptures in capillaries
7. Organ that produces clotting factors
8. Site of most blood cell production

Answers
1. Last clotting factor to be split—fibrinogen
2. Waste product of RBC destruction—bilirubin
3. WBC that can be T or B—lymphocyte
4. Carries heat—plasma
5. Protein that carries oxygen—hemoglobin
6. Block ruptures in capillaries—platelet plugs
7. Organ that produces clotting factors—liver
8. Site of most blood cell production—red bone marrow

Ch11 - Blood

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Ch11 - Blood

Similar to Ch11 - Blood (20)

More from kevperrino

More from kevperrino (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Ch11 - Blood