Blood is very imrotant part of our body.It play improtant role in our human body circulation.here In this presentation various point of blood elaborated.very interesting slide....

1. BloodBlood
DefinitionDefinition: it is a sticky fluid and it: it is a sticky fluid and it
is the only tissue fluid. Presentsis the only tissue fluid. Presents
inside a closed system.inside a closed system.

2. CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Blood volume: it is about 8% of body weight. This
proporation is less in women, greater in children.
• Blood colour: depending on the amount of oxygen it is
carrying, it is bright red (O2.rich) to a dull red (O2.poor).
• PH: between 7.35 - 7.45.
• Viscosity: it means thickness, stickness, and resistance
to flow.
• a. It is five times more viscus than water.
• b. R.B.Cs and plasma protein are the cause of viscosity.

3. Blood FunctionsBlood Functions
• a. Transportation: it is a carrier so it carries:
• 1 - Oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for
Metablism and carbon dioxide from tissue to the
lungs for Excretion.
• 2-Nutrients from gastro-intestinal tract to the
tissues.
• 3-Hormones and enzymes to their target organs.
• 4-Waste products (Urea, uric acid) to the
excretory organs (Kidneys)

4. Blood FunctionsBlood Functions
• b. Regulation: it regulates
• 1-Metabolism.
• 2-Body temperature.
• 3-Internal environment (PH, water and
Electrolytes balance).

5. Blood FunctionsBlood Functions
• c. Protection:-
• 1-Formation of clotting to stop
Hemorrhage.
• 2-Formation of antibodies.

6. Blood ComponentsBlood Components
• Blood consists of two parts:
• Fluid part: " Plasma " which forming 55%
of total blood volume
• Cellular part: "Living blood cells" which
forming 45%of total volume.

7. Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma
DefinitionDefinition: it is the liquid part of the: it is the liquid part of the
blood; it is straw-colored forming aboutblood; it is straw-colored forming about
55% of the total volume of blood.55% of the total volume of blood.

8. Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma
Constituents Description
1- Water (90% of plasma volume ) Dissolving medium
2- Solid Substances
(10% of plasma volume)
Inorgamic = Electrolytes
Organic: 1- Plasma Proteins
2- Substances transported by blood:
a. Nutrients.
b. Hormones
c. Enzymes
d. Antibodies
e. Waste products.
3- Gases 02 , Co2 , N2

9. Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
(It is about 7 gm / dl of plasma)(It is about 7 gm / dl of plasma)

10. Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
Types Level Site of formation Function
1- Albumin 4-4.5 gm/dl. Liver 1- Maintaining the
osmotic pressure of
blood (25mm Hg)
2- Acts as carriers for
lipids, steroids.
2- Globulin 2-2.5 gm/dl -Liver, lymphoid tissue 1 - Antibodies for
mation.
2- Acts as a carrier for
hormones, e.g thyro
globulin.
3- Fibrinogen 4oo mg /dl Liver -Essential for blood
coagulation.
4- Prothrombin 10 mg/dl Liver blood coagulation

11. Blood cellsBlood cells

12. Red blood cells (RBCS) =Red blood cells (RBCS) =
ErythocytesErythocytes
• 1- Count: Female: 4.7 Million /ml,
• Male: 5.5 Million/ml.
• 2- Shape circular, Biconcave, non nucleated discs
permits "deformity" to occur without injury.
• Size: about 7 Micron.
• Color: Grenish Yellow
• Nucleus: The mature cell do not contain nucleus.
• Life span: 4 Months. (120 days )
• Function: gas exchange between lung and tissues.

13. Red blood cells (RBCS) =Red blood cells (RBCS) =
ErythocytesErythocytes
• Fate: as erythrocyte become older, they become more fragile and
they are ingested by the "reticulo-endo thelial cells" present in the
lining of blood vessels of spleen, liver and bone marrow. Here the
haemoglobin is broken down into its components which are carried
by the blood to the liver:-
• The "Globin part" is returned to the protein pool.
• The "Haem part" is split into "iron" which is stored and reused and
• "Pigment " which is converted by the liver into bile pigment and is
excreted in stools.

14. Erythro poisesErythro poises
It is the process of red blood cells formationIt is the process of red blood cells formation,,
erythrocytes are formed in the red bone marrow from aerythrocytes are formed in the red bone marrow from a
stem cell calledstem cell called
""HaemocytoblastHaemocytoblast" and pass through several stages of" and pass through several stages of
development till reach the mature stage.development till reach the mature stage.

15. Sites of red bone marrow in adultSites of red bone marrow in adult
• Axial Skeleton.
• Upper end of Humerus and femur.

16. Factors affecting ErythropoiesisFactors affecting Erythropoiesis
• 1- Erythropoiten hormone.
• 2- Iron.
• 3- Vit. B 12 and Folic acid.

17. Enythropoiten HormoneEnythropoiten Hormone
• Normally a small amount of erythro
poietion circulates in the blood at all
times .
• Tissue hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to
increase their secretion which stimulae
bone marrow to accelerate its production
of RBCs about seven times.

18. RBCs:- Homeostatic MechanismRBCs:- Homeostatic Mechanism

19. IronIron
• About 65% of our body store of iron is
present in the blood Hb.
• A man requires about 0.6 mg of iron per
day, women require about 1.2 mg /day to
replace the iron loss during menstruation ,
pregnancy , labour and loctation.
• Iron containing food rare red meat, egg
yolk, vegetables and lentis.

20. Vit B12 (cyanocobolamin):Vit B12 (cyanocobolamin):
• it is necessary for maturation of RBCs (ie causes
the cell to decrease in size and lose its
nucleus) .It is absorbed from the terminal ileum
only when it has been combined with the
intrinsic factor which is secreted by the parietal
cells of the stomach together these two
substances are known as (the anti-anaemic
factor,) which is stored in liver and passed to the
bone marrow. Vit 612 is also known as the
extrinsic factor (it derived from food).

21. Haemoglobin = HbHaemoglobin = Hb
• HB%: is the weight of Hb in whole blood
measured in gm/dl.
• Composition:-
• Haem (iron containg Pigment) + Globin.
• Each Hb molecule contains four atoms of iron.
• Each atom can carry one molecule of 02.

22. Types of HaemoglobinTypes of Haemoglobin
• Oxy - haemoglobin
• Carboxy - haemoglobin.
• Reduced haemoglobin.

23. Function of HaemoglobinFunction of Haemoglobin
• Oxygen carrier from the lungs to the
tissues.
• Co2 carrier from the tissues to the lungs.

24. Fate of Haemoglobin :Fate of Haemoglobin :

25. Sedimentation RateSedimentation Rate
• When blood prevented from clotting, is
placed in a vertical tube (200 mm long and
3mm diameter) the RBCs will sink down
slowly. After one hour a layer of clear
plasma appears above the column of
RBCs. the length of this clear layer of
plasma gives the sedimentation rate. So
ESR is DEFINED AS (The length of
Plasma (mm) formed above the column of
blood at the end of one hour.

26. Normal ESRNormal ESR
• Male: 4mm/hr
• Female: 8mm/hr
• Menstruation: 16mm/hr
• pregnancy: 32mm/hr

27. Clinical importance of ESRClinical importance of ESR
• ESR is not of diagnostic value, yet it helps
in studying the progress of the disease
and the effect of the treatment.

28. Blood GroupsBlood Groups
• Individuals have many types of antigens on the
surface of their blood cells. These antigens are
inherited and determine the individuals blood
group.
• In addition individuals synthytize antibodies to
these antigens, but not to their own antigen.
• • The most important antigen systems are ABO
and Rhesus systems.
• NB antigen = is a substance that can stimulate
the body to make antibodies.

29. ABO SYSTEMABO SYSTEM
• Blood is of four basic groups which one
named according to the presence or
absence of antigen. These groups are A,
B, AB, O.
• Each individual makes his antibodies but
not for his own antigen, so we have the
following antibodies.

30. ABO SYSTEMABO SYSTEM
• Anti "A" antibodies for group "B"
• Anti "B" antibodies for group "A"
• Anti "AB" antibodies for group "O"
• No antibodies for group "O".

31. Universal recipientUniversal recipient
• People of Blood group "AB" have no anti A
or Anti B antibodies in their plasma, so
they can receive blood from all other
groups.

32. Universal DonorUniversal Donor
• Blood group "O "people have neither "A"
nor "B" antigen on the surface of their red
blood cells so they can give their blood to
all groups.

33. ABO SYSTEMABO SYSTEM
Blood
groups
Antigen Antibodie
s
Ratio
A A Anti-B 42%
B B Anti-A 9%
AB AB Non 3%
0 0 Anti-A +
anti-B
46%

34. The Rhesus systemThe Rhesus system
• About 85% of white population have Rh antigen
on the surface of their red blood cells, they are
(Rh+) and do not there for make anti Rh
antibodies. The remaining 15% have no Rh
antigen (Rh-) so they have the ability to make
anti Rh antibodies in certain condition e.g
pregnancy and blood transfusion.
• N.B Anti "Rh" antibodies are not naturally found
in plasma as in blood groups.

35. White Blood cells (WBCs) =White Blood cells (WBCs) =
LeucocytesLeucocytes
• Characteristics:-
• count: 4000-11000/ml
• shape : Spherical
• size : from 10-12 microns
• color : They are colorless
• nucleus : have a nucleus
• life span : 4 days - 4 weeks
• movement: have an amoeboid movement

37. Comparison between GranulocytesComparison between Granulocytes
Name Ratio Staining Shape of
Nucleus
Functions
Basophils 0.5% Basophilic S-Shped Are related to
hepatic and
histamine
production.
Eosinophils 5% Acidophilic
granules
Horse-shoe
shaped
Elimination of
parasites such as
worms.
Neutrophils 70% Neutral
granules
Multi - lobed
(1=5)
Phagocytic to
micro organisms.

38. Comparison betweenComparison between
AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
Name Ratio Shape of
Nucleus
Functions
Lymphocyte 20% Large , fill the
cell
1-T-Lymphocytes:
Invade organisms.
2-B Lymphocytes
produces antibodies.
Monocyte 5% Eccentric,
kidney
shaphed
Highly phagocytic.

40. Origin of WBCsOrigin of WBCs
• The red bone marrow is the site of origin
of all WBCs except lymphocytes which
are formed in the Lymph nodes &
lymphoid tissue

41. Comparison between RBCs andComparison between RBCs and
WBCsWBCs
Items RBCs WBCs
1- Number From 4.7 - 5.5 million/ml From 4000 to 11000 milion/ml
2- Shape They are biconcave corpuscles They are spherical cells
3- Size 7 Micron 10-20 Micron
4- Type They are of one type They are of five type
5- Color Greenish yellow Colourless
6- HB They contain haemoglobin They have haemoglobin
7- Nucleus They have no nucleus They contain nucleus
8- Appearance They appear in Rouleaux No rouleaux appearance
9- Life span About 4 months (120 days) From 4 days to 4 weeks
10- Movement They have no movement They have an amoeboid movement.
11- Origin They develop in the red
bone marrow
They develop in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and lymphatic
tissue.
12- Function They carry O2 , Co2 while
they inside the B.V
They are phagocytic cells
but out side the B.V
13- Chemotaxis Negative chemotaxis Positive chmataxis: they can locate areas of tissue damage and
infection by responding to certain
chemical from the damaged cells.

42. chemotaxischemotaxis
• WBCS move around using ameboid
motion, They are attracted to certain
chemicals produced by the immune
system or by bacteria and migrate toward
areas of higher concentrations of these
chemicals. This is called chemotaxis

43. Rouleaux
• The RBC's here have stacked together in
long chains. This is known as "rouleaux
formation" and it happens with increased
serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and
globulins

45. Platelets = ThrombocytesPlatelets = Thrombocytes
• Characteristics:
• count: 250000 - 500000 / ml
• Appearance: small fragments of cells.
• size : from 2-4 microns
• color: color less
• nucleus: absent
• origins: in the bone marrow
• life span: 10 days then destroyed in spleen
• Function: Hem stasis.

46. Hem stasisHem stasis
Stoppage of blood flow (to plugStoppage of blood flow (to plug
ruptured vessels)ruptured vessels)

47. Stages of Hem stasisStages of Hem stasis
• 1)Vascular spasm.
• 2)platelet plug.
• 3)Blood coagulation or clotting.
• 4)Growth of fibrous tissue to close holein
vessel.

48. Vascular SpasmVascular Spasm
• After blood vessel is cut, its walls contract
to reduce flow of blood out of vessel.
• Causes:-
• 1)Nervous reflexes initiated by pain.
• 2)Local myogenic spasm initiated by direct
damage to vessel wall.
• 3)Vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2
released by platelets.

49. CoagulationCoagulation
• Coagulation (thrombogenesis) is the
process by which blood forms clots. It is
an important part of hemostasis.
• coagulation involves both a cellular
(platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor)
component.

50. CoagulationCoagulation
• Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the
blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the
vessel. Exposure of the blood to proteins such as
tissue factor (factor III, thromboplastin, present in
subendothelial tissue and leukocytes ) initiates
changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein
fibrinogen, a clotting factor. Platelets immediately form a
plug at the site of injury; this is called primary
hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs
simultaneously: Proteins in the blood plasma, called
coagulation factors or clotting factors, respond in a
complex cascade to form fibrin strands, which strengthen
the platelet plug.

51. Platelet activationPlatelet activation
• When the endothelium is damaged, the normally isolated, underlying
collagen is exposed to circulating platelets, which bind directly to collagen
with collagen-specific glycoprotein Ia/IIa surface receptors. This adhesion is
strengthened further by von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is released from
the endothelium and from platelets; vWF forms additional links between the
platelets' glycoprotein Ib/IX/V and the collagen fibrils. These adhesions also
activate the platelets.
• Activated platelets release the contents of stored granules into the blood
plasma. The granules include ADP, serotonin, platelet-activating factor
(PAF), vWF, platelet factor 4, and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which, in turn,
activate additional platelets. The granules' contents activate a Gq
-linked protein receptor cascade, resulting in increased calcium
concentration in the platelets' cytosol. The calcium activates protein kinase
C, which, in turn, activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 then modifies
the integrin membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, increasing its affinity to bind
fibrinogen. The activated platelets change shape from spherical to stellate,
and the fibrinogen cross-links with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa aid in aggregation of
adjacent platelets (completing primary hemostasis).[

52. The coagulation cascadeThe coagulation cascade
• The coagulation cascade of secondary
hemostasis has two pathways which lead
to fibrin formation. These are the contact
activation pathway (also known as the
intrinsic pathway), and the tissue factor
pathway (also known as the extrinsic
pathway).

53. Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic)Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic)
• The main role of the tissue factor pathway
is to generate a "thrombin burst," a
process by which thrombin, the most
important constituent of the coagulation
cascade in terms of its feedback activation
roles, is released very rapidly. FVIIa
circulates in a higher amount than any
other activated coagulation factor.

54. Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic)Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic)
• Following damage to the blood vessel, FVII leaves the circulation and
comes into contact with tissue factor (TF) expressed on tissue-factor-
bearing cells (stromal fibroblasts and leukocytes), forming an activated
complex (TF-FVIIa).
• TF-FVIIa activates FIX and FX.
• The activation of FX (to form FXa) by TF-FVIIa is almost immediately
inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI).
• FXa and its co-factor FVa form the prothrombinase complex, which
activates prothrombin to thrombin.
• Thrombin then activates other components of the coagulation cascade,
including FV and FVIII (which activates FXI, which, in turn, activates FIX),
and activates and releases FVIII from being bound to vWF.
• FVIIIa is the co-factor of FIXa, and together they form the "tenase" complex,
which activates FX; and so the cycle continues. ("Tenase" is a contraction of
"ten" and the suffix "-ase" used for enzymes.)

55. Contact activation pathwayContact activation pathway
(intrinsic)(intrinsic)
• The contact activation pathway begins with formation of
the primary complex on collagen by
high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein,
and FXII (Hageman factor). Prekallikrein is converted to
kallikrein and FXII becomes FXIIa. FXIIa converts FXI
into FXIa. Factor XIa activates FIX, which with its co-
factor FVIIIa form the tenase complex, which activates
FX to FXa. The minor role that the contact activation
pathway has in initiating clot formation can be illustrated
by the fact that patients with severe deficiencies of FXII,
HMWK, and prekallikrein do not have a bleeding
disorder. Instead, contact activation system seems to be
more involved in inflammation.

56. Final common pathwayFinal common pathway
• Thrombin has a large array of functions. Its primary role
is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the building block
of a hemostatic plug. In addition, it activates Factors VIII
and V and their inhibitor protein C (in the presence of
thrombomodulin), and it activates Factor XIII, which
forms covalent bonds that crosslink the fibrin polymers
that form from activated monomers
• Following activation by the contact factor or tissue factor
pathways, the coagulation cascade is maintained in a
prothrombotic state by the continued activation of FVIII
and FIX to form the tenase complex, until it is down-
regulated by the anticoagulant pathways.

59. HaematopoiesisHaematopoiesis
is the formation ofis the formation of bloodblood cellularcellular
components. All cellular bloodcomponents. All cellular blood
components are derived fromcomponents are derived from
haematopoietichaematopoietic stem cellsstem cells..

60. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
• Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside
in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow)
and have the unique ability to give rise to
all of the different mature blood cell types
and tissues

61. LineagesLineages
• All blood cells are divided into three lineages.
• Erythroid cells are the oxygen carrying red blood cells. Both
reticulocytes and erythrocytes are functional and are released into
the blood. In fact, a reticulocyte count estimates the rate of
erythropoiesis.
• Lymphocytes are the cornerstone of the adaptive immune system.
They are derived from common lymphoid progenitors. The lymphoid
lineage is primarily composed of T-cells and B-cells (types of
white blood cells). This is lymphopoiesis.
• Myelocytes, which include granulocytes, megakaryocytes and
macrophages and are derived from common myeloid progenitors,
are involved in such diverse roles as innate immunity, adaptive
immunity, and blood clotting. This is myelopoiesis.
• Granulopoiesis (or granulocytopoiesis) is haematopoiesis of
granulocytes.
• Megakaryocytopoiesis is haematopoiesis of megakaryocytes.