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Ch12 - Heart
1.
Essentials of Anatomy
and Physiology, Seventh Edition Valerie C. Scanlon and Tina Sanders Copyright © F.A. Davis Company 2015 Chapter 12 The Heart
2.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 The heart pumps blood, which creates blood pressure in the vascular system. The pumping of the heart circulates oxygen, nutrients, and other substances. The cone-shaped heart is located in a thoracic area called the mediastinum. Question: Describe the location of the heart in terms of surrounding organs.
3.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answer The heart is medial to the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. The rib cage protects the heart from mechanical injury.
4.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Muscle Tissue—myocardium Cardiac muscle fibers—units of contraction are sarcomeres: myosin and actin Mitochondria: Cardiac myocytes generate their own action potentials. Intercalated discs— Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)—produced when the atrial walls are stretched by greater blood volume Function:
5.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Pericardial Membranes—three layers that enclose the heart Fibrous pericardium—the outer layer, a loose-fitting sac: Parietal pericardium—a serous membrane; lines the fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium or epicardium—a serous membrane on the surface of the myocardium Serous fluid—
6.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Chambers of the Heart—the walls of the four chambers are made of myocardium Endocardium—simple squamous epithelium that lines the chambers and covers the valves Function: Right and left atria—upper chambers: Interatrial septum— Right and left ventricles—lower chambers: Interventricular septum—
7.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Right Atrium (see Table 12–1) Receives blood from: Superior vena cava— Inferior vena cava— The tricuspid valve (right AV valve)—at the opening of the atrium to the right ventricle Function:
8.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Left Atrium Receives blood from the pulmonary veins— The mitral valve (left AV or bicuspid valve)—at the opening of the atrium to the left ventricle Function:
9.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Right Ventricle—has relatively thin walls Pumps blood into the pulmonary artery— The pulmonary semilunar valve is at the junction of the artery with the ventricle. Function: Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae—anchor the AV valve flaps to the floor of the ventricle Function:
10.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Left Ventricle—has relatively thick walls Pumps blood into the aorta— The aortic semilunar valve is at the junction of the aorta with the ventricle. Function: The heart is a double pump; both pumps work simultaneously. The right side receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. Question: What does the left side of the heart do?
11.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answer The left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
12.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Coronary Vessels Pathway: ascending aorta coronary arteries coronary capillaries coronary veins coronary sinus right atrium Purpose: the system of coronary vessels circulates oxygenated blood throughout the myocardium. Myocardial infarction—
13.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Cycle—the sequence of events in one heartbeat Systole— Diastole— 1. The atria continually receive blood from the veins; pressure within the atria increases. The AV valves are opened. 2. Two-thirds of atrial blood flows passively into the ventricles. Atrial systole—
14.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Cycle (continued) 3. The beginning of ventricular systole closes the AV valves and opens the arterial semilunar valves. 4. All blood that enters the pulmonary artery and aorta is pumped by ventricular systole. 5. The ventricles relax, and because blood is flowing into the atria, the cycle begins again. Question: The events of the cardiac cycle keep blood moving from the veins, through the heart, and into the arteries. Are these events electrical, chemical, or mechanical?
15.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answer The events of the cardiac cycle are mechanical.
16.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Heart Sounds—two sounds per heartbeat First sound—created by the closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole Second sound—created by closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves Heart murmur—
17.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Conduction Pathway—the pathway of electrical impulses (action potentials) during the cardiac cycle 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node—in the wall of the right atrium Cells of the SA node are more permeable than other cardiac cells to Na+ ions— 2. Atrioventricular (AV) node—in the lower interatrial septum
18.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Conduction Pathway (continued) 3. The atrioventricular (AV) bundle, or bundle of His, is in the upper interventricular septum. 4. Right and left bundle branches— 5. Purkinje fibers— If part of the pathway malfunctions, the next part will initiate the heartbeat— Question: What is an arrhythmia?
19.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answer An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat caused by damage to part of the conduction pathway, or by a beat generated in another part (usually damaged) of the myocardium.
20.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Heart Rate Healthy adult—heart rate of 60 to 80 beats per minute Bradycardia: Tachycardia: Children and infants—faster heart rates: This is a size factor. An adult in excellent physical condition—the heart is a more efficient pump, therefore:
21.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Output (see Table 12–2) Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute. CO depends on pulse and stroke volume. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat; average: 60 to 80 mL. Cardiac output = stroke volume × pulse Example: stroke volume, 70 mL; pulse, 70 bpm Cardiac output =
22.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Output (continued) For the athlete: Resting cardiac output: 5000 mL Resting pulse: 50 bpm Therefore, resting stroke volume = The athlete’s more efficient heart pumps more blood per beat and, therefore, needs fewer bpm to provide sufficient cardiac output.
23.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Cardiac Output (continued) During exercise: Stroke volume: 100 mL Pulse: 100 bpm Exercise cardiac output = Cardiac reserve: the difference between resting cardiac output and maximum cardiac output:
24.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Regulation of Heart Rate—the heart generates its own beat; rate may be changed by the nervous system Medulla: cardiac centers: Accelerator Inhibitory Sympathetic impulses to the heart: Parasympathetic (vagus nerves) impulses: Information for changes in rate comes from pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors.
25.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Regulation of Heart Rate (continued) Pressoreceptors—detect changes in blood pressure; located in the carotid sinuses and the aortic sinus Sensory nerves: carotid— aortic— Chemoreceptors—detect changes in blood oxygen level; located in the carotid bodies and the aortic body Sensory nerves:
26.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Regulation of Heart Rate (continued) If BP to the brain decreases: Carotid pressoreceptors detect the change. Fewer impulses are sent along glossopharyngeal nerves to the medulla. Accelerator center is stimulated, sends motor impulses along sympathetic nerves to increase heart rate and force of contraction. Result:
27.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Regulation of Heart Rate (continued) Hormonal regulation Questions: Name the hormone that stimulates increased heart rate and force of contraction. Name the gland that produces this hormone, and state when it does so.
28.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answers Epinephrine stimulates increased heart rate and force of contraction. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during stressful situations (fear, anger, exertion).
29.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Wrap-Up Question Name the part or aspect of the heart described. 1. Initiates each heartbeat 2. On the surface of the myocardium 3. Tracing of the electrical activity of the heart 4. Volume of blood pumped by LV in 1 minute 5. Left AV valve 6. Nerves to slow the heart rate 7. Lining of chambers 8. CNS center for heart rate
30.
Copyright © F.A.
Davis Company 2015 Answers 1. Initiates each heartbeat—SA node 2. On the surface of the myocardium—epicardium 3. Tracing of the electrical activity—electrocardiogram 4. Volume pumped by LV in 1 minute—cardiac output 5. Left AV valve—mitral valve 6. Nerves to slow the heart rate—vagus nerves 7. Lining of chambers—endocardium 8. CNS center for heart rate—medulla
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