The Social Shaping Of Technology By Judy Wajcman

The Social Shaping Of Technology By Judy Wajcman
In this essay, I will critically discuss the following statement from The Social Shaping of Technology (1999) by Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman
in relation to the smartphone or tablet and the effect they have on society in multiple areas.
"A 'Hard', simple cause–and–effect technological determinism is not a good candidate for a theory of social change. However, the failure of a 'hard'
technological determinism does not rule out a 'soft' determinism (Smith and Marx, 1994), and to say that technology's social effects are complex and
contingent is not to say that it has no social effects." – MacKenzie and Wajcman
From this statement, I interpret that the "hard" form of technological determinism is not suitable for the changes in society has ... Show more content on
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In the same BARB viewing report, it shows that the viewing through these means is highest at 9 pm through 1 am. When considering this
information, the reasonable assumption can be made that these media texts are viewed when people are in bed or away from the TV. Upon
reviewing this through the "hard" determinism lens we can see that it is not suitable has, it is clear there are other factors at play here such as the time
of day when this form of viewing through this medium is more prominent in the evening when people are not watching the TV in the living room but
watching shows on their tablet in bed for it what members of that society prefer. Having said that after looking at these two areas the smartphone has
shown influence we can see that the "hard" determinism is only focusing on one area of a multi–faceted phenomenon. In William Hoynes and David
Croteau's book Media/Society: Industry, Images, and Audiences they write the following in regard to the outlook of this form of determinism.
"In the technological determinism's lens, people exist only as rational employers of technology or pieces on the proverbial chessboard who will be
moved by the requirements of the technologies...in this view, society is transformed by a technical, rather than a human, agenda" – W, Hoynes, D,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Difference Between Public And Commercial Broadcasting
Key Terms List # 1
Using various sources on the internet (such as Wikipedia and Google), look up and define the following terms. Upon completion, attach and return to
my email address. Keep a copy for use as a study guide for the exam.
1. Explain the difference between Public and Commercial broadcasting –
A public broadcaster is owned and supported by the general public. The TV license is paid by the general public, financing all of the general public
broadcasters. A commercial broadcaster is privately owned and they finance themselves through advertisements. The general public isn 't paying the
station.
2. The MacBride Report – The MacBride Report, was a 1980 UN agency publication written by the International Commission for the Study of
Communication issues, chaired by Irish Nobel Laureate SeГЎn MacBride. Its aim was to investigate communication issues in trendy societies, notably
regarding mass media and news, take into account the emergence of recent technologies, and to recommend a form of communication order (New
World Information and Communication Order) to diminish these issues to any peace and human development.
3. International Co–production – An international co–production could be a production wherever additional different production corporations area unit
operating along, for instance during a film production. within the case of a global co–production, production corporations from different countries.
4. Reuters – Reuters is a global wire service

Pepsi and Its Competitors
PepsiCo – World Leader In Convenient Foods & Beverages Industry
Revenues – About $43 billion and over 198,000 Employees across the globe PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi–Cola and
Frito–Lay PepsiCo brands are available in more than 200 countries and territories across the globe PepsiCo has more than 500 products in it's portfolio
of which 18 brands generate $1 Billion each in retail sales
A broad spectrum of beverages worldwide bringing fun and refreshment to consumers
Frito–Lay invigorates PepsiCo's portfolio of products with plenty of good food and 'good fun'
Tropicana, the strongest name in juices; the best of fruit
Quaker expands our portfolio with a wide range of healthy food choices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Social Media Landscape Today Is A Powerful Enabler Of The Changing Conversation
Types of Social Media
Blogs ( web–logs)
Emerged in the Mid 90s; Simple online diaries – by individuals, corporates
Micro blogs
Twitter fastest growing social media brand Instant messaging, news/image sharing, job board Continues to evolve as a real–time communication tool
Social Networks
Connections Music, sports, politics, sex, hobbies Sub–category includes customizable social networks – eg Ning, KickApps

Video/Image sharing sites
Upload and share; The blurring of 'public' vs 'private'
Social Media Aggregators
'FriendFeed', 'socialthing' Centralize users' various profiles; manage multiple conversations from one location
Social News Aggregators Submit links to content on other websites Ranked by discussion it evokes
Social Bookmarking sites – Folksonomies
Bookmark and share useful web pages Wikis Creation and editing of interlinked web pages – collaborative websites 100% UGC – By the readers
Media Consumption Is Evolving From LeanBack, Captive to Lean–Forward, Engaged
out & about
OOH, Malls, Book / Music Stores, Theme Parks
Mobile
Events, Gym, Disc/Pubs, Clubs
lean forward
Newspaper, Magazines
RSS – Feed, Internet
Blog, Gaming, Contests, Social Networking
lean back
TV, Radio

Cinema, Movies on Demand, DVR
IPTV, Interactive Games
scheduled
demand

Different Sources Of Information And Forming New Facts
Research in the media industries is investigating different sources of information and forming new facts to suggest innovative outcomes. Quantitative
Research and Qualitative Research are the two main methods of research. The different types of research methods carried out by the creative media
industries are: Audience, Market and Production Research.
Market research is the process of gaining the relevant information to identify the demands of any gaps in the market. Questionnaires are frequently used
in order to collect this information. The questions used in these must be carefully thought out to ensure that you collect the anticipated results so that
the business meets its demands. The results gathered allows producers to make decisions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Production research also requires advertisement. Internet, TV, Newspaper and Radio are sources of publicity and all have different target audiences.
Advertisements can increase potential customer's awareness of the product. However, they may lose interest if it has been advertised too much. When
good research has taken place it allows companies to have the opportunity to improve and become better than their competitors. Viability is the ability
of a product. Good research at this stage means that companies will be able to establish whether or not the product has potential in the market and
whether it will succeed or not.
Audience Research is the process of finding out who your target audience are for the product you would like to develop. Age, race, ethnicity and gender
are the segments often used to identify group audiences. Audience research must be done so that the producer of has a better understanding of who the
target audiences are. Audience research can be conducted using surveys, questionnaires, magazine reviews and focus groups. Internet forums have been
very effective in audience research as customers tend to state what they like about a product, what they have expected and what they have been
disappointed about.
Purpose of Audience, Production and Market Research
The purpose of audience research in the media industry is to decide on whether a product will be acknowledged by a group of people based on their
age, race, location and gender

CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay
CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Part 1
1.1 Axiata Company profile
1.2 Company mission and Organization Chart
Part 2
2.1 Axiata products
Models Analysis
2.2 Ansoff Matrix
2.3 Pestle Analyis
2.4 Product life cycle
2.5 The BCG matrix(applied by the Company)
2.6 The 5 forces
2.7 The generic Strategies
2.8 Axiata Competitors(Robi) and SWOT analysis
Part 3
Question 1
Question 2
Part 4
4.1 – General opinion about Axiata and suggestions
Axiata Group Berhad (AXIATA)
1.1 Axiata Company introduction and history
Axiata Group Berhad, an investment holding company, provides telecommunication and network transmission related services. The company offers,
mobile telecommunication, passive infrastructure leasing, interconnect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robi has got the widest international roaming coverage among all the operators in Bangladesh.
2.2 Ansoff's Matrix

Igor Ansoff was a Russian/American mathematician who applied his work to the world of business. His most famous work is the Ansoff Matrix. The
purpose of this matrix is to help managers consider how to grow their business through existing or new products or in existing or new markets. By
using this Matrix,he was helping managers to assess the differing degrees of risk associated with moving their organisation forward.
Marketing strategies
Ansoff's Matrix suggests 4 alternative marketing strategies which hinge on whether products are new or existing. They also focus on whether a
market is new or existing. Within each strategy there is a differing level of risk. The four strategies are such as:
1. Market penetration – This involves increasing market share within existing market segments. This can be achieved by selling more products/services
to established customers or by finding new customers within existing markets.
2. Product development – This involves developing new products for existing markets. Product development involves thinking about how new products
can meet customer needs more closely and outperform the products of competitors.
3. Market development – This strategy entails finding new markets for existing products. Market research and further segmentation of markets helps to

Mass Media
Gimnazija "Filip Visnjic"
Bijeljina
Maturski rad iz engleskog jezika
Vocabulary: Mass media
Mentor:Kandidat: Prof. Ljiljana Dragic Milos Kuvelja IV1
Bijeljina, maj 2013.
Content
Introduction........................................................................3
Mass media I.......................................................................4
Mass media II......................................................................9
Mass media III....................................................................12
Collocations and Phrases.................................................17
Conclusion..........................................................................18
Bibliography......................................................................21
Introduction Blalblallb
Mass media I
Mass media
Mass Media includes all the "tools" we have for communicating with large numbers of people... television, radio, film, ... Show more content on
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Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television,
radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are

often expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good. A columnist is a journalist who writes pieces that appear
regularly in newspapers or magazines.
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally
financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre–paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. They are published weekly, biweekly, monthly ...
Media bias
Media bias is a term used to describe a real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which
events will be reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" usually refers to a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards
of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely
disputed, although

Use and Abuse of Media
At the Intersection of Health, Health Care and Policy Cite this article as: W DeJong and J A Winsten The use of mass media in substance abuse
prevention Health Affairs, 9, no.2 (1990):30–46 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.9.2.30
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/9/2/30.citati on
For Reprints, Links & Permissions: http://healthaffairs.org/1340_reprint s.php E–mail Alerts : http://content.healthaffairs.org/subscriptions/etoc.dt l To
Subscribe: http://content.healthaffairs.org/subscriptions/online. shtml
Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution
Downloaded from content.healthaffairs.org by Health Affairs on October 18, 2011 by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These recommendations are based on: (1) our newly completed two–year study of previous mass media campaigns and innovative practices in
advertising, marketing, and public relations; and (2) our experience in implementing the Harvard Alcohol Project, a research–based media campaign
conducted in collaboration with the nation's broadcast, advertising, and entertainment industries. What Can Mass Media Campaigns Accomplish In
Health Promotion? When the broadcast media emerged as a major force, many public health advocates assumed that the presentation of factual
information through public communication campaigns would automatically change attitudes and lead to more healthful behavior. Subsequently, when
several such campaigns produced disappointing results, this boundless optimism was replaced by the highly pessimistic view that mass media
campaigns to change behavior are doomed to failure. Investigators recognized that a campaign could reinforce existing behavior, but this was viewed
as the most that could be achieved. Pessimists noted that the apparent success of commercial advertising had raised unrealistic expectations about the
potential of mass media to change behavior. In fact, there are basic differences in the goals of commercial advertising and public health campaigns.
Commercial advertising seldom is designed to bring about new attitudes or patterns of behavior; rather, it intends to

Monsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering
441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with
the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearв„ў – an Australian C A S E O N E high–technology leader Delta Faucet: Global
entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E
Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in
2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project
management in the electrical engineering division C A S... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porter argues that there is a key force in any industry, one that exerts more inп¬‚uence than the other forces. Now, is it an attractive industry? You
need to explain, brieп¬‚y, why or why not. Bear in mind that it is often not a clear decision because the forces are mixed – for example, there may be
little concern about new entrants, suppliers or substitutes, but buyers may be п¬Ѓckle 14_Hanson_3ed_SB_3869_TXT.indd 442 8/29/07 1:09:34 PM
443 I N T R O D U C T I O N : A S U M M A RY O F TH E C ASE AN ALY SIS P R O C E SS and rivalry high. In such cases, the key force analysis is
very important. Remember: It is the industry you analyse, not the п¬Ѓrm. Costly to NonRare? Valuable? imitate? substitutable Logistics management
in cochlear technologies Research knowledge and skill in cochlearrelated areas Etc. STEP 4 COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Is there a strategic
group that you need to take account of ? What is the rivalry like in this group? What capabilities do the relevant п¬Ѓrms have? What strategies do they
follow? What threats do they represent? Yes Yes No No STEP 5 YOU ABOUT NOW H AV E M AT E R I A L T H R E AT S Yes Yes Yes Yes
OPPORTUNITIES AND It is easy to pull this together from the four steps you have now completed. I N T E R N A L A N A LY S I S STEP 6 THE
TA N G I B L E

Disney Media Ownership
It is crazy to think that Disney owns ESPN. Honestly, who would have ever thought? It was kind of a no brainer to know that Disney owns ABC
because all they do is play Disney movies. I can see the reason of both decreasing and increasing the limitations of the ownership so, I am going to
talk about why I agree with having more and less limitations on ownership of broadcast media. According to Variety on December 1, the FCC is
required to review its media ownership rules every four years to determine whether they are still in the public interest, but the reviews of 2010 and
2014 have been folded into one and are still ongoing. Paul Boyle said, that some media companies "have moved on" with "no regulatory relief or
certainty in sight." Boyle said that the FCC's inaction has contributed to the decision by some media companies to either sell their broadcast stations
or to divide their publishing and broadcast properties although market valuation is also of primary concern. Broadcasters recently urged the FCC to
put their review of the proposed merger of Charter Communications and Time Warner Cable on hold until it can review and update the ownership rules,
which also include limits on the nationwide audience reach of a single station group and a ban on the combination of any of the four major broadcast
networks.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pittsburgh Post–Gazette's staff is growing smaller because of not having a newspaper and only really needing a few dedicated reporters for
online. It is also the new idea of hiring "Young and Cheap". I also heard a former Point Park student, Matt Adams, who now works as a photo editor
for National Geographic explaining how some of the most experienced people he knew got released and laid off and himself wondering why he wasn't
the one laid

Critical Approaches To Creative Media Essay
Critical Approaches to Creative Media Products
Now, one of the many ways that most businesses and mediums find their target audience, is that by narrowing down the audience/customers/consumers
to find the specific target audience that they want, it's always best to find a demographic that fits the profile on what medium they are producing for.
Resulting in better results and better profit and an overall success, but this doesn't ensure that large groups of their target audience are interested
One of many things that are to be taken into consideration when target profiling is:
Subjective research: Qualitative research is a more forthright and personal technique for media producers to discover their intended interest group.
This strategy requires the media producer or somebody working for them to solicit individuals from the public that will offer them assistance with
defining their target audiences, this should be possible through various strategies, for example, centre gatherings, surveys or face to face interviews.
As I would like to think this crowd profiling strategy is exceptionally helpful (specifically to media/documentary producers) since it permits the
media producers to be extremely definite in what they need to discover from people in general, a percentage of the inquiries they could ask would be
"what is your favourite channel?" or "What is your most loved type of documentary?". It is additionally a more secure technique for defining the target

Hegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural...
Journalism http://jou.sagepub.com/
Hegemony and discourse : Negotiating cultural relationships through media production
Michael Robert Evans Journalism 2002 3: 309 DOI: 10.1177/146488490200300302 The online version of this article can be found at: http:/
/jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309
Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journalism can be found at: Email Alerts: http:/
/jou.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jou.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions:
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309.refs.html
>> Version of Record– Dec 1, 2002 What is This? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Turner, 1990a, 1990b, 1992a, 1992b; Michaels, 1986, 1994). James Weiner (1997: 197) has noted thatindigenous peoples 'have utilized visual
self–representation as a mode of empowerment, political assertion, and cultural revival in the face of Western cultural and economic imperialism'.1 In
describing these shifts in the availability of media technologies and the challenges and opportunities created by them, Faye Ginsburg (1993: 559) has
embraced Arjun Appadurai's 'mediascape' term. Appadurai coined the term in 1990:
Mediascapes refer both to the distribution of the electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information (newspapers, magazines, television
stations and film production studios), which are now available to a growing number of private and public interests throughout the world, and to the
images of the world created by these media. These images of the world involve many complicated inflections, depending on their mode (documentary or
entertainment), their hardware (electronic or pre–electronic), their audiences (local, national or transnational) and the interests of those who own and
control them. What is most important about these mediascapes is that they provide (especially in their television film and cassette forms) large and
complex repertoires of images, narratives and ethnoscapes to viewers throughout the

The National Association of Radio and Television
Over the years,
The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters
The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (formerly known as the National Association of Broadcasters) is a trade association of
the radio and television industry, organized in 1923. The NARTB provides industry services relating to labor, public and government relations,
engineering, research and legal developments. On May 1, 1955, membership included 1,234 AM (amplitude modulation) stations, 327 FM (frequency
modulation) stations and 3 national radio networks, Columbia Broadcasting System, Mutual Broadcasting System, and National Broadcasting Co., Inc.
On the television side, the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters had 267 television stations as members and all 4 national
television networks, American Broadcasting Co., Columbia Broadcasting System, DuMont Television Network and the National Broadcasting Co., Inc.
. . .
Activities leading to the adoption of a code for television were begun simultaneously with the licensing of stations. The experience of many years of
operation in radio broadcasting pointed to the desirability of early agreement upon standards of programs. The NARTB Television Code became
effective March 1, 1952. Subscribers are entitled to display a seal of good practice signifying compliance with code standards.
The code is printed in booklet form and includes a preamble, section on advancement of education and culture, community

A Research On Creative Media Industries
Introduction
Starting a business of any kind can and will be very competitive, I guarantee that every business out there will have a small or large research team,
helping them gather the correct amount of research to create the product. This document will help you understand the purpose of using research in the
creative media industries.
The reason you will need to use research is because it plays a major part in all aspects of creative media production and it is the main starting point for
productions of any scale. It can be used to determine the financial outcome of any future production, it will determine the effectiveness of how
successful your business will become and it will assist with the planning and the technical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These kinds of meetings will take place in an office room and when there will be a set date and time for this. The way this kind or research will be
carried out is by setting up an application for a job role and then waiting for the applicants to apply. Once they have applied to the role you will then
need to invite them in for an interview. You will do this type of research when you need to find an employee or if you need to interview someone for
particular information.
Doing interviews has many advantages such as they are useful to obtain detailed information about feelings because you will be able to see how that
person reacts to your questions, you are able to ask more detailed questions, they have a high response rate and the interviewees won't be influenced by
others.
With advantages there comes disadvantages such as they are very time consuming and they can be costly.
Surveying is also a form of primary research and it is a good way to discover what a large amount of people think about a particular subject and you
can cover a wider range. Businesses will use this method of research. The reason they will use this method is because it is able to cover a large
quantity of people and what their views are on a particular issue. This kind of research can be created on the computer and then

Women, Hair, And Cancer
Chapter Three
Women, Hair, and Cancer in the Media
3.1.Introducing television into the home / The Rise of the (social) Media
[...]After going downstairs, for breakfast, Leonda picks up the remote and clicks on the TV. She "channels surfs" until she comes across a network
morning show that has the stat of a big new Hollywood movie as a guest. [...] Later [...], [s]he spends the rest of the period flipping through a
"women's" magazine featuring articles– and many advertisements– on fashion, makeup, health, and personal relationships. [...] She has also been using
an Internet "bulletin board" to post ideas and to read comments from dozens of other students across the country who are also studying business . . .
(Media / Society Croteau and Hoynes 4) In their book Media/Society: Industries, images, and Audiences, Croteau and Hoynes use this hypothetical story
about Leonda in order to demonstrate to what extent our western societies are enmeshed and saturated by the media.
The word media derives from the Latin medium, which means middle: "The communication media are the different technological processes that
facilitate communication between (and are in the middle of) the sender of a message and the receiver of a message" (7). Indeed, advertising is the key
source of revenue for television, newspaper, and more recently the Internet. As a consequence, an enormous amount of messages sent from the sender
to the receiver are contained in advertisings. Because women are considered as

Product Placement
Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of
ads, such as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or
service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s.
In April 2006, Broadcasting & Cable reported, "Two thirds of advertisers employ 'branded entertainment'–product placement–with the vast majority of
that (80%) in commercial TV programming." The story, based on a survey by the Association of National Advertisers, said "Reasons for using in
–show
plugs varied from 'stronger emotional connection' to better dovetailing with relevant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Publisher P. S. Harrison's editorials strongly reflected his feelings against product placement in films. An editorial in Harrison's Reports criticized the
collaboration between the Corona Typewriter company and First National Pictures when a Corona typewriter appeared in the film The Lost World
(1925).[15] Harrison's Reports published several incidents about Corona typewriters appearing in films of the mid–1920s.
Among the famous silent films to feature product placement was Wings (1927), the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. It contained
a plug for Hershey's chocolate.
Another early example in film occurs in Horse Feathers (1932) where Thelma Todd's character falls out of a canoe and into a river. She calls for a life
saver and Groucho Marx's character tosses her a Life Savers candy.
The film It's a Wonderful Life (1946), directed by Frank Capra, depicts a young boy with aspirations to be an explorer, displaying a prominent copy of
National Geographic.
In the film Love Happy (1949), Harpo Marx's character cavorts on a rooftop among

Journalistic and Commercial News Value: News Organizations...
JOURNALISTIC AND COMMERCIAL NEWS VALUES Journalistic and Commercial News Values News Organizations as Patrons of an Institution
and Market Actors SIGURD ALLERN Why do some events fill the columns and air time of news media, while others are ignored? Why do some
stories make banner headlines whereas others merit no more than a few lines? What factors decide what news professionals consider newsworthy?
Such questions are often answered – by journalists and media researchers alike – with references to journalistic news values or 'news criteria'. Some
answers are normatively founded; others are pragmatic and descriptive. In the present article, I submit that editorial priorities should not be analyzed in
purely journalistic terms. Instead,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By virtue of this myth or rationale, media companies are respected as patrons of the institution of news. Knut Helland describes the network of
institutional linkages surrounding news media, as follows: "It is in the tension between performing idealized societal functions and serving up
attractive products on the market that news reporting evolves as productional practices, as texts and as objects of interpretation" (Helland 1999:189). In
an institutional perspective journalism cannot be considered a uniform or monolithic force or collective player. Institutions are complex and allow
room for conflicting interpretations, priorities and solutions. How news companies and news desks perform their 'custodial' role in practice depends on
numerous factors, e.g., the economic resources at their disposal and their relations to multiple markets: the stock market, advertising, the information
market and users. Tracking News Values News is produced under different conditions, often in haste, and by people who may have different ideas as to
what is important. Unexpected events – such as a journalist calling in sick – can influence editorial priorities: a story that surely would have been
covered might be ignored due to a single reporter's illness. A major

Developing Countries Mega Events
The Issues Developing Countries face when Hosting and bidding for 'Mega Events' [pic] [pic] Table of Contents Conclusion and Outlook based on
Selection Criteria..............................................P223 I.Introduction4 II.Developed Nations traditionally host 'Mega–Events'6 I.23 II.23 III.23
IV.Conclusion and Outlook based on selection criteria23 Findling, John, Pelle, Kimberly Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement,
Greenwood Publishing group, 200625 Gleeson, Mark. "SA faces $1bn World Cup stadium bill." Mail & Guardian [JOHANNESBURG] 1 Oct. 2006.
Print.25 Hall, Alan "10,000 hookers, mob wars, drugs and Pounds 10billion... the Mafia can 'twait for German World Cup 2006" :[Final 1 Edition]. "
The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smaller European Cities such as Istanbul and Leipzig were also withdrawn from the running at the same IOC assembly in Singapore. (Wilson) Swiss
based Sports federations such as the IOC and FIFA have always tended to follow tactic similar to their country's banking systems, which is to be risk
averse. Developing nations seem to offer a whole host of challenges that hinder their bids being accepted. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
problems facing developing nations and trying to find ways to ensure that developing nations can compete on an even playing field with established
economically nations when competing for 'mega–events'. This will be achieved by analyzing the selection criteria that governing bodies use when
judging nations bids to host mega–events and by looking at the Olympic bid of Qatar, a developing nation with a strong economy. Qatar has superb
sports facilities that the government are attempting to leverage in its bids for both the World Cup and Olympics. However, as is the case with all
developing nations it faces a unique set of challenges that hinder its desire to host 'mega–events'. Table: Developed Nations traditionally host
'Mega–Events' [pic] The Selection Process Over the last few years the ways that federations such as the IOC and FIFA have selected cities and nations
for their flagship event has changed dramatically. For example, during the

Swot Analysis Of Cheers
Introduction
Steers is one of the most renowned and prosperous fast food restaurant brand in South Africa, amongst a remarkable manifestation in an exceedingly
economical fast food market. It is controlled with a mix of strategic actions such as a caring and friendly teams with a centric focus on customer
relationship that assist provide the firm with bases of competitive advantage (Barney, 2005).
The history of Steers turns around the Halamandaris family that was founded in the 1960's, some of whom the family members are still part of the
board of executives till current, with having achieved widespread knowledge and experience in the fast food industry and franchise marketing
management schemes to offer interested individuals.
Steers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Segmentation
To stay ahead of competition and congruence with the customer needs and want, the Steers menu has to continue inventing new value offers to meet
the demands of customers through demographic and psychographic aspects of the customers market. At current they are regularly active on their well
known promotion on wacky Wednesday for anyone, and the brat packs which is a single child's meal portion that also offer gifts to go along as part
of its value set.
ii.Targeting
Steers targeted customers are children aged between three to eight years old that get to enjoy the brat packs, while also recognized a profitable
fissure of the other people aged between twelve to eighteen years old. This teenagers and young adult's crowd is a large potential market that has
multiplied worldwide consideration as a primary target market. The people of that age range are frequently barraged with the latest socio trends in
approach, amusement and technology, that's why steers decided to issue a series of memorable adverts using mass customization for the Steers hoohah
burger campaign so as to interrelate with this sector through an exclusive offering of the crowd's clear–cut.
iii.

Chomsky Propaganda Model
Over the past century or two it has become quite evident that elite certainly hold all the cards when it comes to what the public should know through
the media which initially was supposed to be autonomous of the government and the socially elite. This essay will mainly focus on the findings of
Noam Chomsky and his postulations, the works of Harold Innis and his influence on the first application of the political economy approach within the
media. And I will touch base on theories by Boyd Barrett then neatly wrap it up with a bow of how influence impacts public opinion in general.
Like Benjamin Franklin Once said, Any society that's willing to give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both, that's
the exact analogy that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subject of power, inequality, capitalistic persuites, profitability all influences the quality of news people receive and the objectivity shown within
the news dissemination. In a critical media scrutiny Chomsky and Edward S. Herman in a book called The political Economy of the mass media(
Pantheon, 1988) provide a methodical 'propaganda Model' and it's 'filters' that clearly depicts the deeds of the corporate news agencies in the United
states. Thus being Media ownership, Advertising, Media sourcing and 'flack'." Although propaganda is not the sole function of the media, it is "a very
important aspect of their overall service" (p. xi), especially "in a world of concentrated wealth and major conflicts of class interest" (p.1).
A classical example would be that of controversial SABC (COO) Hlaudi Motsoeneng who proposed to license journalists and increase government
regulation of the media. In a letter to Motsoeneng, committee to protect Journalists ( CPJ ) expressed concern at what it said were the COO's "recent
statements against media

Unit 3 Research Techniques For The Creative Media Industry
Unit 3 Research Techniques for the
Creative Media Industries Assignment 1
When working in the creative media industry you will need to do a lot of research and will come across the terms, primary, secondary, quantitative,
qualitative, market, audience and product research a lot. The reason for this is because they are the different types of research you will need to use when
gathering information that you need.
Primary research is any type of research that you collect yourself. There are many ways to do so such as surveys and questionnaires, interviews,
observations, focus groups and participating in internet forums.
The biggest benefit of primary research would be that you can create questionnaires and surveys with questions that are ... Show more content on
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You would use a questionnaire to collect data for a survey research. They are normally administered via telephone, internet and paper. When
carrying out a questionnaire or survey you need to consider weather open or closed questions would be more relevant to the point of the survey
/questionnaire. An open question is a type of question that requires more than just a one word answer and a closed question is a question that
only requires a one word answer, generally yes or no. Surveys / questionnaires are a good way to gather information because you get the opinions
and preferences of certain groups of people (e.g. genre of game that a gamer prefers, what sort of toys a child plays with). They don't just have to
be aimed at a certain age range it can be aimed at any group of people such as people who enjoy games, people who enjoy movies or even people
who hate certain things, they are only based on a matter of opinion. These opinions then turn into facts and statistics (e.g. 75% of people asked enjoy
playing games but 25% do not, or 6% of people like doing something but 96% do not), these statistics are things you will need when generating ideas
as you need to know whether the thing you are making will sell (e.g. according to the statistics the game that will be designed has a very high chance
of selling). When

The Walt Disney Company
The Walt Disney Company A Business Environment Analysis By Rebecca Newman, Kendra Nicastro, Todd Harris & Rick Brown The Wide World of
Disney: Defining The Walt Disney Company's Domain The Walt Disney Company is an internationally recognized and renowned power player in the
entertainment industry. Disney categorizes its operations into four key divisions: Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Consumer Products and
Media Networks. Each division under The Walt Disney Company's umbrella provides distinct products and services and caters to diverse market
segments. All divisions, however, are united in their creative and imaginative efforts to "reach hundreds of millions of people worldwide and provide
them with incredible... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(The Walt Disney Company 10–K, 2005) Financially, comparing the Studio Entertainment division to other Disney divisions, Studio performed the
worst. It still generated a profit, but management was not pleased with the results. The decline of the Studio Entertainment division was primarily due
to an overall decline in DVD unit sales. The success of Studio Entertainment operations depends heavily upon changing public taste and preferences. In
addition, the operating results of the Studio Entertainment division fluctuate due to the timing and performance of releases in the theatrical, home
entertainment and television markets. Release dates are determined by several factors, including competition and the timing of vacation and holiday
periods. A significant international factor is The Walt Disney Company's ability to exploit and protect rights in its content, including its motion
pictures, television programs and sound recordings. International competition is affected by the strength and effectiveness of intellectual property laws
in the United States and abroad. Inadequate laws or enforcement mechanisms to protect intellectual property in a country can adversely affect the
results of The Walt Disney Company's operations, despite its strong efforts to protect its intellectual property rights throughout the world. In addition,
some technological advances, such as

Journalistic and Commercial News Value: News Organizations...
JOURNALISTIC AND COMMERCIAL NEWS VALUES
Journalistic and Commercial News Values
News Organizations as Patrons of an Institution and Market Actors
SIGURD ALLERN
Why do some events fill the columns and air time of news media, while others are ignored? Why do some stories make banner headlines whereas
others merit no more than a few lines? What factors decide what news professionals consider newsworthy? Such questions are often answered – by
journalists and media researchers alike – with references to journalistic news values or 'news criteria'. Some answers are normatively founded; others
are pragmatic and descriptive. In the present article, I submit that editorial priorities should not be analyzed in purely journalistic terms. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include tacit procedures, routines and conditions that can both expand and constrain the room for maneuver. Such rules and procedures become
internalized and are perceived as more or less natural ways to go about doing things. If we then consider news media in this perspective, it becomes
clear that regardless of the organization, there is a common understanding of certain basic genre rules that news reporting must observe and
conventions regarding what is relevant and how it should be presented. This understanding is also reflected in both sources' and the public's
expectations and requirements. News desks solve the problem by establishing certain routines for surveillance and news gathering in certain areas and
through decisions concerning frameworks for the content 'mix', page or program editing, and design. Reporters are forced, as Gaye Tuchman (1973) so
aptly put it, to "routinize the unexpected". News stories are generally presented in familiar wrappings. Another characteristic of institutions is that they
extend over space and endure over time. "Institutions by definition are the more enduring features of social life," as Anthony Giddens (1984:24)
observes. News enterprises differ with respect to their size, geographical locality, orientation toward their audiences, technology and financing; they
were

Is B2b Branding Different For B2c Branding?
Is B2B branding different to B2C branding?
Jaimee–Lee Owen – 24208752
Benjamin Flint – 25979140
Kanyi Wang– 23706481
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The research question in discussion in this essay is whether branding of Business to Business organisations differs from
that of Business to Consumer organisations. It is often overlooked, that B2B and B2C brands are not only about very different types of decisions, but
they also involve inherently different types of decision making. These decisions ultimately come down to what the buyer wants and who the buyer is –
in a business to business sense, it is evident that a decision to buy is based on quite a complex set of systems and procedures, the reasons to buy are
calculated and reasonable and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why it's essential for brands to get to know their markets, their buyers & the brand elements required of them, in order to build and create
effective branding strategies. The following essay discusses this further.
Brands were once described by Philip Kotler as things that helped people make decisions. In our current saturated markets and with the 'paradox of
choice' being an everyday struggle, brands are the quickest and most effective tools for us to link a name to a perception of value. What we often
overlook, is that B2B and B2C brands are not only about very different types of decisions but they they also involve inherently different types of
decision making. There are many factors to consider when assessing whether B2C and B2B branding are similar or different. Put simply, branding for
B2C opposed to B2B is inherently different. At the beginning of developing a branding strategy, the initial goal is the same; sales revenue and getting
the end user to purchase your product – whether it's business or consumer. After that, the branding and marketing campaigns will vary immensely for a
variety of reasons.
When assessing the similarities and differences in branding to consumers as opposed to businesses, it is important firstly, for brands to get to know
their buyers. Across the board, business or consumer, the buying process starts

`` Twilight Zone Of The Digital Age ``
A block feature that reduces an individual's presence to the crystallized static of no–signal white noise; an electronic chip implant that records all visual
and auditory experiences and replays personal memories on screen; a digital copy of one's consciousness configured by code; and an app that
assembles the internet personas of the dead in order to recreate them–these are some of the futuristic devices portrayed in the hit British television
series Black Mirror. Created by British broadcaster and writer Charlie Brooker, Black Mirror premiered on the United Kingdom's Channel 4
network in 2011 and gained a global following and mass critical acclaim after its debut on Netflix in 2014 (). Referred to by critics as the "Twilight
Zone of the digital age," the show employs satire, black humor, and science fiction elements while offering a profound look at the consequence of
technology, its dystopic bearings, and its parallels with our own modern social and cultural realities (). As an anthology series, each episode of Black
Mirror is a self–contained story that nevertheless fits into the show's larger thematic narrative of cultural alienation due to the shifting role of
technology and its transformation of social relations. Despite the disconnection of each particular episode from the others, the narrative unfolds in each
creative universe via distinct plot devices and storytelling patterns, making for a viewership experience that is discomforting, eerie, and ultimately,

How Does Media Affect Children
Family Viewing
A report on parents, children and the media by Lucy McCarraher for the Parenting Education & Support Forum in association with the NSPCC, Family
Circle magazine and Glasgow Media Group
Parenting Education & Support Forum
The Parenting Education & Support Forum brings together those concerned with or working in the field of preparation, education and support for
parents. It promotes and maintains a high profile for parenting education and support, where education means learning in the fullest sense: of growing
in knowledge, skills, understanding and personal development. The
Forum presses for effective policies and practice at local and national level – with the aim of serving the best interests of all children and ... Show more
Encouraged by the results, Hetty
Einzig, Development Director of the Parenting Forum, and I raised some funds for a more substantial study. The Parenting Education & Support
Forum funded Lucy McCarraher, whose combined experience in the media, research and parenting issues was highly appropriate, to conduct a
research project into 'Parents and the Media'. We were pleased also to work with Greg Philo who helped devise the questionnaire, the Glasgow Media
Group who analysed results and
Family Circle magazine, who ran the questionnaire in the May 1998 edition and have published the results. These project partners encouraged us to
add a section about parents' views of media influence on their children. The responses to this show how powerfully parents find the media affects their
children.
The results of the survey and the focus groups Lucy conducted were even more positive than we had expected or hoped for. As anyone in regular
contact with parents knows, mothers, fathers and other carers take their responsibilities extremely seriously, as well as finding them on balance
enjoyable and deeply fulfilling. They are keen to have more accessible information and look to the media

Social Media And Its Impact On Mainstream Journalism
WORKING PAPER e rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism: A study of how newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and US
are responding to a wave of participatory social media, and a historic shi in control towards individual consumers. Nic Newman September 2009
Contents Executive summary and key conclusions 1. Framing the debate 2. Mainstream media motivations, doubts and dilemmas 2.1 Definitions and
motivations 2.2 BBC 2.3 Guardian and Telegraph 2.4 New York Times 2.5 CNN 2.6 Comparisons of activity 2.7 Lessons and conclusions 3.
Changing coverage 3.1 Iranian elections 3.2 G20 case study 4. Changing journalistic practice; telling stories with the audience 4.1 Robert Peston
(BBC): Peston's Picks blog 4.2... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Social recommendation has begun to play a significant role in driving traffic to traditional news content. Most organisations are devoting
significant resources to exploit social networks to drive reach. Over 2 time, social media sites could become as important as search engines as a
driver of traffic and revenue. The issues and conclusions are framed within a wider debate about the importance of these developments to the changing
shape of mainstream media organisations, to levels of civic engagement, debates about quality, trust and accuracy, and to discussions about the practice
and future of journalism itself. KEYWORDS: social media; social networks; blogs; user generated content; online; newspapers; broadcasting; future
journalism; Facebook; Twitter 3 1. Framing the debate Ten years ago, an influential McKinsey report1 concluded that new technologies were set to
increase our capacity to interact by a factor of between two and five. They argued that our enhanced interactive capacity would 'create new ways to
configure businesses, organise companies, and serve customers'. These developments are not just playing out between businesses, they are profoundly
impacting almost every sphere of life – with journalism on the front line. In developed societies the adoption of email, instant messaging

Why Do Companies Advertise During The Nfl Super Bowl?
Working title: "An examination into the benefits and limitations of companies advertising during the NFL Super Bowl" (previous title: "Why do
companies advertise during the Super Bowl?") (alt title? An examination into why companies still advertise during the NFL Super Bowl when there is
evidence to suggest that it is not effective for sales??) – 03_11_14 added (alt title? Are your Super Bowl commercials effective? A study into consumer
brand recall against the creative treatment of Super Bowl commercials) – 06_11_14 Literature Review WIP#1 "People not only watch the Super Bowl
for the game, they watch it for the commercials. If that not an advertisers dream I don't know what is" (NFL Freakonomics episode 14, 2012). The
NFL Super Bowl, the biggest television event of the year, every year. In 2014 the XLVIII Super Bowl called an unprecedented 111.5 million
viewers worldwide (Nielson, 2014), with the US accounting for 90% of the global audience (AdAge, 2014). The XLVIII Super Bowl (Seattle
Seahawks vs Denver Bronco's) is the most watched televised event in the US of all time (Forbes, 2014), with four out of the past five Super Bowls
have also earned this title (previous number one Super Bowl was the 2012 New England Patriots vs New York Giants game), meaning that the Super
Bowl is consistently the most watched televised event of the year, bigger than the 50 million watching the Macy's thanksgiving parade (business
insider, 2013), even bigger than the 2014 Sochi Winter

Unit 25 Structure of the TV and Video Industry
Unit 25: Television and Video Production
Structure of the TV Industry
This essay will focus on the structure of the channels the BBC and ITV, which will give the reader an understanding of the structure of the television
and video industry in the UK. This essay will be split up into three parts; the details of ownership and income, systems and technologies, and their
regulations as well as discussing the success of both companies.
Details of Ownership and Income
In the television sector, there are one of two types of broadcasters; commercial and public service broadcasters. A public service broadcaster is a
non–profit public television network. An example of this sort of TV channel would be the BBC which is run by John Reith... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
limitations. It will then offer more space as analogue takes up about a third of the spectrum which can also be used to increase signal reach in
some areas and also make room for new services too. As well as this, it will give viewers a wider variety of channels to watch and reduce costs for
broadcasters that would have had to pay more to transmit services in both formats. The downsides of the switching off analogue will mostly affect
homes in the UK as they will be the people who will have to start paying for different means of watching TV. As well as affecting domestic settings,
they will also be affecting non–domestic settings such as hospital's and TV rental businesses who rely on analogue TV. Having to make the switch
from analogue to digital will be difficult in hospitals as they will not only need new TV sets, but will also have to pay for new Freeview TV set
top boxes for their patients. It also means that TV rental businesses will not be able to provide analogue TV's anymore as they will have no use,
cutting back their income. As well as this, some areas may even need new roof top aerials installed, totalling up to a large sum of money to make the
switch. As Digital televisions such as Freeview offer a handful of more channels, but require a one off payment. There is also satellite which is
currently the most popular type of TV broadcasting, with services such as Sky

Evaluating The Medias Representations Of Science And...
critically evaluating the medias representations of science and technology with focus on female scientists in Film. In order to set the scene for my case
study it's important to discuss and analyze how science is perceived in the media in relation to gender and what impact its having on society.
The representation of women in the fields of science in the media is controversial. My research examines how women scientists are represented film,
I've decided to use this form of media because film has a huge effects on viewers and it can be a form of education, especially amongst the younger
generations, If SET jobs aren't represented correctly then adolescents may not be engaged enough to learn and get educated in this area. I'll be ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 3 dimensions to understanding science's dominant position in society. It's important to recognize science's position within knowledge and
legitimacy to help me explore further into the representation of female scientists in film. Looking at the arguments of Bell "Scientists can identify with
each other, and can help to police the boundaries of science by dismissing some people as pseudo–scientists, cranks or quacks" (Bell, 2006, p.21).
So what is knowledge? Technically its facts, information and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical
understanding of a subject. David Goldblatt says, "knowledge can be held in the mind of individuals or it can be embodied in physical form".
(Goldblatt, 2000, p. 1) he goes on to list the three key elements that shape the social construction of knowledge that he explores, one being the role of
language and discourse, second the role of institutions and thirdly the role of different types of social power (Goldblatt, 2000, p. 1). Scientific language
is a powerful phenomenon; Goldblatt states that institutions have an important role in shaping society as "they determine, for example, who has access
to specialised knowledge languages (like medical training) and who has socially sanctioned and legal authority to make pronouncements on a

Inplant Training Report
INPLANT TRAINING REPORT NAME : Nirmal Kumar.D BRANCH : ECE CLASS: 4– 'A' REG. NO: 10407534 AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF
INDIA ( AAI ) AAI Communication, Navigation, Surveillance (CNS) and Automation facilities are the vital elements for safe and reliable Air
Traffic Services over designated airspace. Airports Authority of India (AAI) is the Air Traffic Service provider over the Indian airspace. Due to the
overcrowded airspace globally, the safety and Reliability of the Air Traffic Services depend heavily on the CNS/ATM systems sustained by the CNS
personnel on one side and the Air Traffic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It will also permit a significant reduction in transmission time, thus reducing the congestions and will eliminate misunderstanding due to a deficient
quality of the voice received, propagation problems, dialects and the possibility of having instant access to previous voice transmission recording. In
future the CPDLC may be the primary means of communication, all aircraft should be also be advised of appropriate voice communication
frequencies. Aircraft communication via CPDLC should only be done with the appropriate ATC unit for it route segment, otherwise request may get
rejected due to absence of corresponding flight plan. The pilot initiates the CPDLC procedure by sending a contract message containing the four–letter
ICAO site designator of the ATC unit. The latter will respond with an acknowledgement message Navigation: Future navigation technology will
definitely improve the accuracy of position determination and to provide better predictions of future position to enable aircraft to fly more accurate and
well–defined profiles. Improvement in position accuracy is also a prerequisite for the introduction of reduced separation minima. The GNSS is the
solution for seam less navigation. Global Navigation Satellites System (GNSS) The term GNSS is generic name used by ICAO to define any
world–wide positioning and time–determining system that includes one or more satellite constellations, aircraft receivers and various integrity
monitoring systems including

Informative Essay On Drinking And Driving
Death rates among teenagers from texting while driving have surpassed rates from drinking and driving, according to a study by Cohen Children's
Medical Center in New Hyde Park ("Study: Texting and Driving, 2013). After AT&T conducted a national survey of 1,200 15
–19 year olds, results
showed 75% of participants responded that texting while driving is a common occurrence among their friends. Beginning in 2010, the company's "It
Can Wait" campaign was originally geared toward the teen audience. However, after AT&T realized it was not just teenagers who were texting and
driving, but also adults, it recently broadened the audience to every driver with a smartphone. With the ultimate goal of reducing the number of car
crashes caused by texting while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the progression of social media, the company sought a way to get its name out and connect people with the brand, both online and offline. With
the primary goal of increasing sales of Coca–Cola over the summer, the company also aimed to get people talking about Coke again. It wanted its
customers to actually consume the product, not just be fans of Coca–Cola.
The campaign was launched to retrieve sales, as in the prior month, 50% of teenagers and young adults had not tasted a Coke ("'Share A Coke'
campaign," 2012). Originating in Australia, Coca–Cola wanted to revive the idea of people getting together and having a good time over a Coke. It
aimed to initiate conversations with close friends and between those who had lost touch. Social media took off almost immediately. With a broad
target audience in mind, Coke enabled people to be engaged in different ways. Individuals could get highly involved with the campaign or simply
purchase a drink and give to a friend and still enjoy the fun. Fans became the face of the

Liberal Bias in the Media Essay
Today it seems almost impossible to get a straightforward answer on any major topic from the media. All sources of media have a specific audience
that they are intending to hear or view the information that they have prepared, therefore they will cut bits and pieces out so that only the message
they are trying to get across will be received. So indeed there is a media bias, and yes it more often than not slants towards the liberal view point, as
many reporters and journalists have liberal views themselves. Journalists and reporters for the major networks will strongly denounce the suggestion
that they favor of one side or the other when it comes to being politically biased. On the other hand there are other media sources that come ... Show
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You must be liberal, progressive, a Democrat. I've been in communal gatherings in The Post, watching election returns, and have been
flabbergasted to see my colleagues cheer unabashedly for the Democrats." (Washington Post). Often media broadcasters tend to lean to this side,
therefore giving them the image of being liberally bias. Chris Mathews and Keith Oberman from MSNBC are two examples of broadcasters that
have been accused of delivering their news with a liberal twist to it. Journalists tend to vote on the liberal side of situations, but still say that while
they are on the job they only tell the news in the fairest way and the way that will be least offensive as well as respectful to who it will be presented.
In many cases however, this report can come out with an oddly left sided tone (thatliberalmedia.com). Since 1991 when Katie Couric became co–host
of NBC's Today Show, she has used her powerful spot in the media to praise significant liberal figures such as Hillary Clinton and Jimmy Carter. At
the same time however, Couric has never been shy about complaining about "right winged conservatives" The New York Times has a reputation as an
extremely bias newspaper and wrote an article titled, "Conservative Takeover of Kansas is Imminent, Warns the Sons of the Times' Publisher" by Clay
Waters. This article bashed conservatives in Kansas and

Analysis of the Music Industry
Music may be defined romantically as `the food of love ' (Shakespeare) or more prosaically as `sound with particular characteristics ' (Wikipedia), but
it is undeniably a `vibrant artform ' (Arts Council England) and one which touches more people, in more ways, than any other art form.
In commercial terms, music certainly generates a higher market value than the other arts, although a comprehensive market size for music in all its
manifestations is impossible to calculate. Key Note has put a value of ВЈ3.03bn on consumer spending on music in 2005, derived from three sectors:
recorded music (which accounts for the bulk of the market), live music and musical instruments. However, data for other related markets are included,
such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each chapter of the report starts with more detailed definitions and coverage.
For coverage of recorded music, Key Note is grateful to the statistics and commentary provided by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), detailed
later in this chapter under Key Trade Associations. For other sectors, an important component of the report is the field research into the attitudes and
buying habits of UK consumers with regard to music, conducted for Key Note by NEMS Market Research specifically for this report.
Report Background
This is the first edition of a Market Review of the Music Industry published by Key Note. Although coverage is targeted mainly at the UK market, the
global aspects of the music industry are given full acknowledgment. In particular, it is recorded music – by far the largest market by value – that has
evolved a global structure. Since 2004, it has featured just four `majors ' owning dozens of famous labels and holding recording contracts (or back
catalogues) for the vast majority of the world 's top–selling recording artists.
The `big four ' major groups, including the UK 's own `home–grown ' giant, EMI Group PLC, also own rights to publish and to license the majority of
successful songs, theme music, etc. These rights are increasingly important as the market moves towards a more fluid, ICT (information and
communications technology)

Manchester United
Strategy We aim to increase our revenue and profitability by expanding our high growth businesses that leverage our global community and
marketing infrastructure. The key elements of our strategy are: Expand our portfolio of global and regional sponsors: We are well positioned to
continue to secure sponsorships with leading brands. Over the last few years, we have implemented a proactive approach to identifying, securing and
supporting sponsors. In addition, we are focused on expanding a regional sponsorship model, segmenting new opportunities by product category and
territory. As part of this strategy, we have opened an office in Asia and are in the process of opening an office in North America. These are in addition
to our London and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is a very professional company, and is in possession of these characteristics. It actually needs so, if it wants to achieve its declared goal, вЂћto be the
most successful teem in football" (http://ir.manutd.com/manutd/about/bustrat/). As to the last part of the question, identifying internal and external
factors, please refer back to the Porter's Five Forces Model above Major cost categories of the company, the drivers behind these costs, and the internal
and external factors that influence costs the most There are three major cost categories, those related to the operation and development of the corporate
Manchester United, the costs related to the operation and development of the sporting club, and other, related costs. The corporate costs include such
costs as dept and maintance costs, and costs related to the commercial activities of the company. Examples of club related cost include the
compensation of the players and staff, and purchase of new players and stuff. The other costs include, for instance infrastructural costs, such as the
maintance and development cost of the stadium of MU, the вЂћOld Trafford". The drivers of the costs of Manchester United, and the internal

A Study On The Purpose And Utilization Of Users Application
A Study on the Purpose & Utilization of WhatsApp application by college students in Salem District
R. Venkatesh Aravindh S.Sree Govind Baratwaj
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Dept of Journalism & Mass Communication, Periyar University, Salem, TN, India– 636011, Contact:
rvenkatesharavindh@gmail.com / 9445759491
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Dept of Journalism & Mass Communication, Periyar University, Salem, TN, India– 636 011, Contact:
baratwazamj@gmail.com / 9790339949
Abstract
Whatsapp is an instant cross platform messaging application , it is basically used for messaging through mobile phones , it can only be used through
mobile phones and its has been distinctly designed and marketed for Smartphone , it is generally accessed in almost all type of modern smart phones
which includes, Android phones ,Blackberries, Windows Phone devices ,iPhones, etc. Whatsapp is much widely used in Android based smart phones
comparatively to other smart phones. It is actually a refined and contemporary text messaging tool which is way ahead of traditional text messaging
applications and scarcely uses Internet to send data, which really relives people from spending money for quick sharing text message through mobiles.
Whatsapp gives people a varied platform for sharing text, contact numbers, links, pictures , videos , etc which helps them in providing multiple
benefits like low cost, sharing Rich media messages, confirmation of messages for sending, delivering and reading and group

The Premature Sexualization of Girls in the Media Essay
INTRODUCTION Magazines, Internet, radio, music videos, music lyrics, and other types of mainstream media relentlessly portray sexualized images
of women that not only promote narrow and unrealistic 'standards' of physical beauty, but seem to endorse, glorify and encourage them. We are almost
back to the 1950's, where women were seen merely as a sex object. Horrifyingly the media is now broadening their attacks and promotions of sex to
teenagers and young girls. A report created by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), attest that there are many short term and
long term physical, emotional and psychological effects of the premature sexualisation of teenagers and young girls. This essay will examine the current
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because of the Pre–Programed nature to respond to sexual imagery; it is so powerful that advertisers have been using it for almost 100 years.
Women are seen through the eyes of the music industry as little more than sex objects; causing them to feel of no worth, leading to extremely
dangerous long term mental illnesses and eating disorders. Music lyrics/video is a key source of messages that advocate and encourage drinking,
smoking, drug abuse, sexuality, sex–role stereotyping, sex and violence. Exposure to music videos, has also been correlated with early uptake of
sexual activity. (AMCA, 2014) On any given day, 70% of Australian children listen to approximately an hour of radio programs. The media promotes,
if not establishes, a standard of beauty that leads many females to feel badly about their weight and shape. (Rutherford, L. , Bittman, R. et al, 2005.). In
Australia the highest amount of sexual content legally available to children in music and music videos. "44%–81% of music videos contain sexual
imagery", especially the presentation of women in provocative and revealing clothing, emphasising their bodies and "sexual readiness", and using
women as "decorative objects that dance and pose" (APA, 2010) Advocates responsible for the sexual education of Australian children are less
concerned with preventing early and unwanted sexualisation, and more concerned with minimizing disease and potential harms after sexual

Product Placement
Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of
ads, such as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or
service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s.
In April 2006, Broadcasting & Cable reported, "Two thirds of advertisers employ 'branded entertainment'–product placement–with the vast majority of
that (80%) in commercial TV programming." The story, based on a survey by the Association of National Advertisers, said "Reasons for using in
–show
plugs varied from 'stronger emotional connection' to better dovetailing with relevant content, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the next film in the James Bond franchise, Tomorrow Never Dies, Sortito created a $100 million promotional campaign that included tie–ins with
BMW, Visa, L'OrГ©al, Ericsson, Heineken, Avis, and Omega SA. The film brought in more than $300 million dollars.[17]
A recent example is HBO's Sex and the City (1998–2004), where the plot revolved around, among other things, Absolut Vodka, a campaign upon
which one of the protagonists was working, and a billboard in Times Square, where a bottle prevented an image of the model from being pornographic.
Knight Rider (1982–1986), a television series featuring a talking Pontiac Trans Am, is another example ofbrand integration.
The earliest example of product placement in a computer or video game occurs in Action Biker (1984) for Skips crisps, a product by KP Snacks. Video
games, such as Crazy Taxi (1999), feature real retail stores as game destinations. However, sometimes the economics are reversed and video–game
makers pay for the rights to use real sports teams and players. Today, product placement in online video is also becoming common. Online agencies are
specializing in connecting online video producers, which are usually individuals, with brands and advertisers.
[edit] Self Promotion
Twentieth Century Fox, a subsidiary of News Corporation, has promoted its parent company's own Sky News channel through including it as a plot
device when characters are viewing news

Managing Social Media in the Workplace Essay
Since the beginnings of American society, America has used news media as its primary tool to distribute information. Media is involved in nearly
every aspect of everyday life. From morning until night, citizens are constantly bombarded by media images on television, radio, magazines, and the
internet. However, since the mid–2000's, one form of media has dominated the social landscape. This type of media has entirely changed the way other
media connects with its viewers. It has shifted the power of information from the select few to the masses, from the broadcaster to the audience. It has
given the individual voice a pedestal. It has made information faster, busier, more streamlined, more hectic, more interactive, all at the... Show more
The intentions of social media, the nature of social media posts, and the changing landscape of an internet savvy business culture make social media
posts obsolete in the employee evaluation process. Although news media talks about how social media affects American entertainment, psychology,
and culture, few sources have definitively addressed what "social networking" implies. Because there is so much cross–over between social
networking and other forms of media, the line between what is and what is not social media is very blurred. However, without a true definition of
social networking, it is impossible to discuss its place in the media, in the workplace and in everyday life. It is necessary to understand what social
networking is and what it is not in order to determine its purpose in society. While many believe social networking is one broad branch of
networking with one general goal, this is not the case. "Social networking" is, in fact, a broad phrase to describe thousands of different social media
types, each with its own unique set of purposes. Before the internet, "social networking" simply referred to "a network of social interactions and
personal relationships" ("social network"). This was a very concrete definition of the term, as it included the entirety of people a person would
converse with ("social") in order to establish a bond between themselves and the other person ("network"). Now, with social media sites such as

The Social Shaping Of Technology By Judy Wajcman

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