With Reference To The Article By Ray Anderson, The Current...

With Reference to the Article by Ray Anderson, the Current...
7920IBA: Systems Thinking and Sustainability
Article Review
Question:
"With reference to the article by Ray Anderson, the current information on the Interface website, what you have learnt on the course and have gained
from your extended reading please answer the following question: 'Is the Interface model a prototype company for the 21st Century? If so why, if not
why not?
Prototype companies are vital so industry can move forward with world sustainability in the 21st Century. Interface is the role model of a prototypical
company of the 21st Century as they promote and employ elements of Zero Discharge, reduced benign emissions, open communication, efficient
transportation and logistics, and renewable energy concepts. Zero ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by Wang et al. (2006, p. 160) ... "environmental accidents, complaints, and concerns have pressured industries to shift from the traditions
end–of–pipe approaches to sound pollution prevention strategies". Interface are reducing their smoke stacks. End of pipe solutions are no longer
accepted as a means of reducing pollution and remaining sustainable in the 21st Century (Waage 2003, p. 23). This has resulted in Interface reducing
their 292 smoke stacks to 183. This is a 39% reduction in smoke stacks from their operations. A reduction in smoke stacks equals a reduction in
pollutants and waste entering the earths atmosphere. As stated by Wang et al. (2006, p. 160) "Pollution represents a loss in profits during
manufacturing". By Interface reducing their pollution through smoke stack minimisation, they will see a return in increased profits. Further looking
into the aspect of reducing emissions, Interface has acknowledged that "to prevent toxic emissions altogether we must go upstream and prevent those
toxic substances from entering our factories in the first place. What comes in will go out–as a product, waste or emission" (Waage 2003, p. 23.). To
sum this statement, prevention is better than cure. By following a process of assessing what products come into a manufacturing process and either
substituting or eliminating pollutant products, the end waste will be minimised. As Interface has set up a programme to reduce benign emissions they
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Photovoltaic Based Stabilising The Load Distribution...
Photovoltaic Based Stabilising The Load Distribution Feeders Using LPC. SUNKA DIVYA G.NARESH M.Tech Student,EEE, Asst.Prof,EEE,
Aarushi Engineering college, Aarushi Engineering college, Warangal, Telangana, India. Warangal, Telangana, India.
Mail.id:divyasunka@gmail.com Mail.id:nareshsce@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Balancing load of distribution feeders is significant for falling of
power loss and mitigating power flow. As the loop power controller is implanting for the active power and reactive power flows by change in
voltage ratio and phase shift. So that the balancing of the load distribution feeders can be achieved. However it can include photovoltaic power
producing in feeder balancing load, as a Taipower distribution feeder consisting of two feeders with large amount of photovoltaic equipment
considered. The balancing load can be determine in distribution feeders with photovoltaic set up by using the loop power controllers as the changing
of solar energy and power loading of feeders. With implanting the control algorithm in MATLAB for loop power controller by changing the voltage
ratio and phase shift connecting to the feeder the proper amount of active power and

Advancements Of Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Advancements in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells Stephen J. Faulkenberry, Graduate Assistant (GA) Department of Engineering Technology, Middle
Tennessee State University Abstract Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells are becoming an increasingly pragmatic alternative to first and second
generation cells when it comes to existing augmentation and future rollouts. Cheap to construct due to a simplified printing process, they can even be
made in consumer level 3D printing processes. Unlike previous generations, they are much more flexible in design and practical usage thanks to the
wide variety of dyes, polymers, and natural elements that can be used in construction. Pitfalls of OPV cells include their low lifespan and solar
efficiency, but in 2013 Heliatek finished research on a cell that achieved a 12% efficiency rating, above the target mark of 10% for second generation
amorphous silicon cells. Further research and development in OPV cells will likely bring them into direct competition with previous generations.
I.Introduction Solar photovoltaic cells are catogorized into three generational groups. First generation cells are made from crystalline silicon, expensive
to construct, and offer little flexibility. Second generation cells are made from amorphous (non–crystalline) silicon, cheaper to make than crystalline,
offer some flexibility, yet still utilize rare and often toxic materials. Consequently, the maturation of the build process for 1st and 2nd generation

2.5 How Do Photovoltaic Work?
2.5 How do photovoltaic work? For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is especially treated to structure an electric field, positive on one side and
negative on the other. At the point when light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atom in the semiconductor material. In
the event that electrical conductors are joined to the positive and negative sides, structuring an electrical circuit, the electrons can be caught as an
electric current – that is, electricity. This electricity can then be utilized to power a load, for example, a light or a device. Various solar cells
electrically connected with one another and mounted in a support structure or frame is known as a photovoltaic module. Modules are intended... Show
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As such, the photovoltaic reaction of single–intersection cells is constrained to the share of the sun 's range whose vitality is over the band hole of the
retaining material, and lower energy photons are not utilized. One method to get around this impediment is to utilize two (or more) different cells, with
more than one band gap and more than one junction, to create a voltage. These are referred to as "multijunction" cells. Multijunction devices can
accomplish a higher aggregate transformation proficiency in light of the fact that they can change over a greater amount of the energy spectrum of
light to power (Knier, 2002). 3.Brazil Energies Brazil has experienced a significant economic and demographic growth in the previous decades and this
development is expected to continue in the following years, influencing on electricity consumption rates. The government of Brazil estimates that
electricity consumption (excluding self–consumption) will grow from 466,5 TWh in 2013 to 672 TWh in 2022, demanding investments on the
expansion of the energy matrix and more utilization of the high potential for renewable energies (ANEEL, 2013). Brazil has a huge potential to
generate solar energy with an irradiation average between 4,8 to 6,0 kWh/mВІ/day, while in Germany the maximum value is of 3,4 kWh/mВІ/day.
(Brazil Solar Atlas, 2006). Then it is quite noticeable that the worst spot in Brazil is still better than in Germany, which is one of the largest producer
of solar energy in the

Homeowners Adding Grid Soila Photvoltaic Systems
As the population is constantly increasing the demand for energy is skyrocketing, resources are diminishing, and pollution is intensifying. Embracing a
renewable energy system is essential. Homeowners can embrace a on the grid solar photovoltaic system that will diminish the environmental footprint,
and decrease the waste of energy. There are some obstacles to become energy independent, however the payoff will benefit in preserving the
environment, societies, and future generations A solar photovoltaic system (PV) has been around for 174 years, the system was first discovered in
1839 by a French physicist Alexandre Edmund Becquerel. He discovered the effects of the system while testing with an electrolytic cell made up of two
metal electrodes. Sense his findings PV system has revolutionized through the year by various scientists, inventors, and organization. Protovolactic
system developed and become a much desired in the 1980, the system was commonly used and found in calculators, wristwatches, radios, and other
various electronic gadgets. (Sunlight Electric, 2013) "Today, the industry's production of PV modules is growing at approximately 25 percent annually,
and major programs in the U.S., Japan and Europe are rapidly accelerating the implementation of PV systems on buildings and interconnection to utility
networks." (Florida Solar Energy Center, 2007) The photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and the power generated is free. The
system is also

Photovoltaics in the United Kingdom
Chapter 2 – Literature Review
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse previous publications and opinions of Photovoltaics in the UK. The chapter will aim to address the issues
highlighted in the objectives of this paper. This chapter will form an essential basis for the research in which comparisons can be made.
2.1 – What are Photovoltaics?
Photovoltaic energy generation is the direct conversion of sunlight into energy. It offers one of the few ways of generating electricity in urban areas
that is free of noxious emissions and noise.
Photovolaic materials, commonly known as solar cells, generate direct current electrical energy when exposed to light. Mott Green & Wall state that
'solar cells are constructed from certain semi–conducting materials that absorb solar radiation; electrons are displaced within the material, thus starting
a flow of current through an external connected circuit.' (Mott Green & Wall, 2002, p43)
Figure 1 shows the basic process of how photovoltaic panels produce electricity.
Fig 1 – The Power Producing Process (Battle, 1998)
The ability to generate electricity from sunlight is a relatively new and exciting technology that offers many new opportunities in generating 'green'
electricity. This technology is called solar photovoltaics or more simply, PV. PV offers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and renewable
way. It makes use of the abundant energy from the sun, to generate electricity without the production of

Digitally Controlled Single Phase Inverter For...
Digitally Controlled Single Phase Inverter for Photovoltaic Energy System Mr. Suraj Muley1, Mr. Abhijit Padgavhankar2 E&TC Department, Smt.
Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,pune–41 1suraj.muley9@gmail.com E&TC Department, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering
,pune–41 2 avpadgavhankar@sinhgad .edu Abstract–This paper is concerned with the basic theory of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation,
considering different designing parameters and various uncertainty. The project will start by a basic understanding of the circuit of the pwm Inverter,
the components used in the design and the reason for selecting such components in this circuit. After this, tried to simulate a model circuit on any
simulating software e.g. MATLAB and analyze the output waveforms for various values of the elements used in the circuit and hence study the
system response and instabilities. key words: PV cell , SPWM. I. INTRODUCTION An inverter is basically a device that converts electrical energy of
DC form into that of AC. The Purpose of DC–AC inverter is to take DC power from a battery source and converts it to AC. For example the household
inverter receives DC supply from 12V or 24V battery and then inverter converts it to 240V AC with a desirable frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. These
DC–AC

Renewable Energy : Hydropower And Solar Power Essay
1. What does the term "renewable" mean?
The term "renewable" in relation to energy refers to a natural power source which can be replenished on a human time scale. For example, coal and
oil may both be replenished but cannot be considered "renewable" sources as the process is not easily replicated artificially and therefore takes
millions of years to replace what has been extracted from the earth. The use of sunlight, tides, waves, wind, geothermal heat and biomass are examples
of natural power that are considered renewable sources.
2. Which two renewable energy forms did you choose?
I have chosen to discuss two prominent and well known forms of renewable energy in Australia are hydropower and solar power.
Hydropower
Hydropower or hydroelectricity is one of the more mature forms of renewable energy technology and can be found in some form in over 160 counties
("Hydro Energy", 2016). Power is generated when the kinetic energy of flowing water from sources such dams, rivers or waterfalls is directed through
water turbines which in turn create electrical energy. There are over 120 hydropower stations though out Australia generating 8% of total energy
generation ("Hydropower", 2016).
Solar power
In Australia is not uncommon for homeowners to install solar panels on their roof tops which have the potential to supply surplus energy back into the
grid and subsidise the homeowners electrical costs. In some cases the entire energy bill maybe completely offset by the amount

Energy : The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wind Energy
In addition to being a virtually inexhaustible renewable resource, wind energy has the advantage of being modular; that is a wind farm's size can be
adjusted by simply adjusting the number of turbines on the farm. A major disadvantage of wind is that the amount of energy available from the
generator at any given time is dependent on the intensity of the wind resource at the time which is very difficult to predict. This intermittency of
intensity reduces the wind generator's value both at the operational level and also at the system capacity planning level where the system planner needs
information about how much energy they can depend on from a generator at a future planning date, i.e., when the wind intensity cannot be perfectly
predicted. Another disadvantage of wind energy is that good wind sites tend to be located far from main load centers and transmission lines. Concerns
have also been raised about the death of birds and bats flying into wind turbines, the possibility of turbines causing radar interference, and potential
adverse effects of the shadow flicker5 on people living in close proximity.
According to the estimates, onshore utility scale wind power plants have the lowest capital cost among the renewables at $2,213/kW. In addition, wind
has a lower capital cost than nuclear and pulverized coal power plants. Offshore wind power plants, on the other hand, have an estimated capital cost
that is higher than all other generating technologies except municipal solid

The Pros And Cons Of Solar And Wind Energy
According to President Barack Obama, "There is one issue that will define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other, and that is
the urgent threat of a changing climate." The main reason for global warming is the increment of using fossil fuels as a key source of energy across
the board, so some developed countries have started to transform the non–renewable power sources to renewable resources. Solar and wind energy
systems are two kinds of renewable source of energy. Even if solar andwind power differ in methods of generating power, they bring similar benefits to
the society and environment.
Solar and wind energy have different processes to produce electricity. Solar energy creates electricity by making large amounts of heat, which is
conducted through electrical conductors and changed into electrical power. In most solar systems, solar panels mounted on the roof. These panels
contain photovoltaic cells made from silicon that convert incoming sunlight into electricity instead of heat. "("Photovoltaic" means electricity from
light – photo = light, voltaic = electricity.)" The photons of the sunlight knock the electrons from the silicon, as a result, the negatively electrons
accumulate in one side of the silicon cell to create electrical voltage. This current form photovoltaic array and flows through PV array cables, which
are terminated in one fused array combiner box. It is designed to protect the PV cell cables, and to deliver DC (Direct Current)

Energy Crisis Interrelated to Global Warming....
Energy Crisis Interrelated to Global Warming. Photovoltaic Cell– A Possible Solution Abstract– The world's energy crisis has worsened in recent
years, as oil prices dramatically increased due to the limited amount of available oil. Global warming is considered as a byproduct of energy crisis,
because as oil continues to burn in the refining process, CO2 is constantly emitted to the atmosphere at a fast rate and in heavy concentrations, which in
turn, worsens the global warming situation. Photovoltaic cell technology converts sunlight into direct current electricity. This source can be a possible
solution to solve the energy crisis as well as the global warming issue. Introduction– Energy crisis has remained a top concern in... Show more content
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One of the possible solutions to solve these problems is the replacement of renewable energy, solar energy, which converts sun energy directly to
usable energy such as electricity. This will possibly slow down the process of energy crisis and global warming. 3 Results and Discussion– Almost
everything in our daily lives depends on oil as a major energy source, automobiles, freeways, commutes, air travel, food and heater/air conditioning.
Since the production of oil is considered cheap and convenient in economic terms, people rarely consider alternative sources of energy. Until
recently, the energy crisis has worsened. This is indicated by the rising of oil prices. The world, especially the U.S. is highly depending on the
Middle Eastern oil because oil productions in other places are constantly declining. Not only city residents are dependent on oil, but also the farmers.
Farmer represents 2% of the American population, but they can produce enough food for the rest of the 98% of the population due to the help from the
oil–powered machineries. It is estimated that it takes approximately one ton of oil to produce one steer. (The Coming World Energy Crisis, 2005).
Since oil is a non–renewable energy source, the oil production will definitely be depleted. The world has already consumed about half of the
endowment of oil, and the discovery rate for new oil has decreased in the past 40 years. As the world population increases, the corresponding

The Effects Of Fossil Fuels And High Levels Of Greenhouse...
Introduction
The phrase sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. To create an impact on lowering the usage of fossil fuels and high levels of greenhouse gases there are several different forms of renewable
energy available for worldwide use today. This includes biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel), biomass, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power stations,
solar powered cells, and wind turbines to name a handful of sources of energy. Solar energy from the sun can also be derived to produce
photochemical, photoelectric, and photovoltaic energy to diversify its format.
By increasing uses of fossil fuels we endanger ourselves with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protocol agreement suggested countries were required to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 5% against levels produced in 1990. A further
extension was agreed to depreciate the emissions by 18% below the levels in 1990 during an eight year time period from 2013 to 2020.
The triple bottom line (TBL) effect is taken into consideration when used to describe the sustainability of an industry. This is an accounting
framework measuring the economic, environmental, and social aspects over a specific period of time. With the diversity of renewable energy and its
different formats, it is an effective method to impose and produce a TBL. These results in accelerating profits and decelerating emissions of
greenhouse gases produced by fossil fuel combusting power stations and also nuclear power stations.
Creating renewable energy projects result in more jobs for qualified people for installation and labour processes. Although the initial cost of
installation for renewable sources of energy is high, the maintenance costs are low and are easily accessible, for example solar panels and wind turbine
farms. The production of wind turbine farms has drawn eyebrows for many local communities complaining about them to be visually displeasing.
However, many renewable energy projects increase domestic revenues on tourism. A prominent example being the Hoover Dam situated on the border
of

Science Search Using The Rit Ieeexplore On Solar Cells And...
Q1) Perform the literature search using the RIT IEEEXplore on solar cells and photovoltaics. Read [1–3] and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Theory_of_solar_cells ; The voltage generated by single PV cell is low so we connect single PV cells in series when we need high voltage and in
parallel when we need high current and thus we can get the high power or desired output. We generally use a series connection and this
arrangement is called as Photovoltaic module or PV module. PV module generally consists of front side, back side and encapsulated PV cell. The
front side of the material is made up of tempered glass and low iron. Efficiency is less in PV module because some of the radiation is reflected by
glass cover. Basic PV cell can be seen below Hierarchy of Photo Voltaic cells can be seen below Photovoltaic array is a photovoltaic system which
is a interconnection PV modules. Sometimes the power generated by single PV module does not meet the requirements of commercial usage.so PV
modules are connected to form PV array. To get high or increased voltage we connect the PV modules in series and to get high or increased current.
We connected PV modules in parallel. To convert DC (Direct current) power to AC (Alternating Current) which runs motors, loads etc. an inverter is
used. Working of PV Cell. PV cell works on the principle of photoelectric current. When the light strikes the surface of a semiconductor material, some
of the energy is absorbed by semiconductor material

Power Electronics For Renewable Energy Utilization
Power Electronics Application in Renewable Energy Utilization Kyle Felthauser
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, United States of America kyle.felthauser@ttu.edu Abstract–This paper covers the need and use of power electronics in the application of
renewable energy utilization. Covered in this paper is wind energy with variable speed drives and their controlling power electronics. Solar energy,
specifically photovoltaics and their controlling power electronics. High–voltage direct current transmission lines and the power electronics that allow
for this technology to exist.
Keywords–Power Electronics; Wind Energy; Solar Energy, High–Voltage Direct Current
I.INTRODUCTION
Energy demands are on the rise across the world and in many modernized countries the push for renewable energy is rising. Two of the main
renewable energy sources that are getting a lot of attention are wind and solar. One of the difficulties presented with some renewable energy sources
are their inherent inconsistency. Wind intensities change from hour to hour and from one season to the next. Solar radiation can be strong one minute
and be nearly blocked out the next by a cloud. To make renewable energy more reliable and coincide with strict utility standards the use of power
electronics is needed. The advancement in power electronics has also greatly improved in efficiency and allows more energy to be captured by natural
resources. Another difficulty with

The Generation Of Electricity By Photovoltaic Cells Essay
PHOTOVOLTAICS PIYUSH PIYUSH ID–101317400 ABSTRACT The report covers the generation of electricity by photovoltaic cells. The main
idea of this report is to provide knowledge to the scholar about the photovoltaic power generation and how we can use PV cells for the production
of electricity. In this report there is an explanation of how PV cells can be used for the production of electricity. The report consists of how
concentrating collectors, thin film technology, building integrated systems and flat plate collectors can be used. The material used for the production
of photovoltaic cells are polycrystalline silicon, thin film materials and single crystal. The report consists of manufacturing technology used in the
production of photovoltaic cells and how we can improve the cell efficiency and other monetary aspects of photovoltaic technology. However, the
photovoltaic efficiency and production costs has not reached up to the highest level because of the cost related issues and this technology is not able
to replace the conventional sources of energy such as coal, gas and nuclear powered generating facilities. Photovoltaic power is used in remote
applications such as communications, villages and homes in many developing countries. In many areas the rooftop installation of solar panels is
smaller but it is rapidly increasing at a great pace. As the industrial sciences narrow down the cost gap, more applications are increasing and the use of
photovoltaic panel has increased.

Physics for Industries
INTRODUCTION
Physics attempts to describe the fundamental nature of the universe and how it works, always striving for the simplest explanations common to the
most diverse behaviour. For example, physics explains why rainbows have colours, what keeps a satellite in orbit, and what atoms and nuclei are made
of. The goal of physics is to explain as many things as possible using as few laws as possible, revealing nature 's underlying simplicity and beauty.
Physics has been applied in many industrial fields, which include the air industry, construction industry, automobile industry, manufacturing industry
and many others. All these industries apply physics in one way or another. For example a car that moves from one point to another has to... Show more
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The fluid moving over the top travels a greater distance than the moving just under the bottom of the wing. Consequently, the fluid moving over the top
must travel faster in order to conform to the shape of the wing and still maintain the natural streamline. The shape of the wing also crowds the
streamlines together above the wing, just as in the case of a constructing pipe. The result is that of the region immediately above the wing. Because the
downward force on the top of the wing is less than the upward force on the bottom, a net upward force, or lift, arises from the airflow. (Beyond the
airfoil the flowing air has a downward component of velocity. By Newton 's third law, the reaction force to the net downward force exerted on the
air is the lift.) For lift to occur, a flow of air is required relative to the wing. The lift occurs equally well for a wing moving through stationary air or for
moving past a stationary wing.
In general, as the flow of air past the wing increases, both the lift force and the drag force (the resistance to forward motion) increases. According to
Breithaipt (2000), aircraft wings are designed so that pilots can change the wing shape during flight, producing greater lift for the slower speeds of
takeoff and landing and producing less drag at cruising extended

System Advisor Model Is Developed By The National...
Gerardo M Gallardo Independent Study EEL 4905–Spring 2015 03/09/15 System Advisor Model (SAM) or System Advisor Model is developed by
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and is available for free download. Its main function is to predict the performance and cost of
residential and commercial projects. SAM has different options for predicting the performance of photovoltaic systems. The model requires that the
user choose from different photovoltaic system models, and depending on that choice, possibly choose from different modules and different inverter
component models. The software offers a package of performance and financial for projects with different financial structures. SAM's reports use
consistent assumptions for the different models to facilitate comparing technology and financing options. SAM is one of many photovoltaic system
models available, but is unique in the way it integrates a photovoltaic performance model with a detailed financial model for a given project, and in its
ability to compare photovoltaic systems to other renewable energy systems. SAM has three different choices for the user to choose from to modeling a
photovoltaic system; The PVWatts System model which is an implementation of NREL 's online photovoltaic calculator, the Flat Plate PV model
which combines and separates module's component models that are available for the user to select and; and the High–X Concentrating PV model
which is for concentrating PV systems. All three

The Energy Consumed By The United States
Roughly 81% of the energy consumed in the United States in 2015 was produced by fossil fuels including coal, natural gas, and petroleum oil
(EIA, "U.S. Energy Facts Explained"). A study on the consequences of coal revealed that the burning of coal produced over 100 million tons of
solid waste, and the readying of coal to be burned creates nearly 90 million gallons of slurry, a muddy waste product, in the United States every year
(Sierra Club 2011). In 2015, 2,413 petroleum oil spills were reported to have spilled a total of just over 300,000 gallons in U.S. waterways (U.S.
Department of Transportation). Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, for oil and natural gas can contaminate groundwater, induce earthquakes, and release
air pollutants.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wind energy, one of the oldest forms ofrenewable energy used by humans, is produced simply by harnessing the power of the wind with wind
turbines and generating electricity. Geothermal energy is energy from the heat of the Earth, and is drawn from locations with naturally heated water
like hot water reservoirs and geysers or areas deep within the Earth accessed by drilling (NREL, "Learning About Renewable Energy"). Hydroelectric
power, in simplest terms, uses the power of water rushing downwards to rotate a propeller attached to a generator that in turn produces electricity
(Perlman). Another form of renewable energy is biomass, such as wood, biofuel, and bio–waste, which is burned to produce energy; however, it is not
clean energy.
Shifting the majority of energy consumption in the U.S. to clean energy would affect people and businesses both in and outside of the nation. This
inevitably creates concern surrounding the topic and causes delays due to necessary controversy and questioning. While plenty of concerns are valid,
others have been answered by studies and reports by various organizations but have yet to reach the public in masses.
One of these concerns is that the cost transitioning to clean energy would be too expensive. It is true that shifting to green energy would have notable
start–up costs; however, generating energy from these

Research Project : Drivers, Barriers And Constraints And...
ME3 LITERATURE RESEARCH PROJECT Microgeneration is not living up to expectations: A report that will first review the drivers, barriers and
constraints and then refine the outlook of small scale power generation. AUTHOR:AYOBAMI FALANA SUPERVISOR: Dr. MIKE RISTIC Abstract
Microgeneration is the small–scale production of heat and electricity, traditionally from low–carbon sources. A study suggested that by 2050,
microgeneration could provide 30–40% of the UK 's electricity needs and help reduce annual household carbon emissions by 15%. (DTI, 2005).
Microgeneration addresses some of the fundamental problems with the centralised system that we presently use to generate power, and some
commentators (Greenpeace, 2006; Greenpeace, 2005) have claimed that distributed generation should be the basis of any low–carbon economy. This
view was shared by many environmental activists and government bodies however uptake has not matched the initial enthusiasm. This paper will first
review the technologies encompassed by microgeneration. Then analyse the drivers, barriers and constraints that have restricted the growth of
Microgeneration, before concluding by refining the future outlook of small scale power generation. Table of Contents Introduction4 Energy in the UK5
I.State of the energy markets5 II.Composition of supply and demand5 Microgeneration5 Background5 I.What is microgeneration?5 II.Scale5
Technologies5 I.MicroCHP5 II.Fuel Cells5

Essay about The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
Introduction
1.0 "Renewable Energy" is the term used to describe those energy flows that occur naturally and repeatedly in the environment, e.g. from the sun,
wind and the oceans, and from plants and the fall of water. It also refers to the energy available from wastes and to the emerging clean technology of
fuel cells.
There are wide ranges of renewable energy sources/technologies, varying in technical and commercial viability. These include:
Solar Power (Photovoltaic)
Hydro – electric Power
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Geothermal
Wind Power
Nuclear Power
1.1 The modern drive to harness renewable energy began in the 1970's. It was promoted by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied by solar power.
2.1 The first practical solar cell was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954. With the advent of the space program, Photovoltaic cells made from
semi–conductor grade silicon quickly became the power source of choice for use on satellites. The systems were very reliable, and cost was of little
concern. In the early 1970s, the disruption of oil supplies to the industrialized world led to serious consideration of Photovoltaic as a terrestrial power
source. This application focused research attention on improving performance, lowering costs and increasing reliability.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and
a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and

heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non–constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of
radiation will be received. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the
productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is added, too,

Energy Self-Sufficiency in Building through Photovoltaic...
Energy Self–Sufficiency in Building through Photovoltaic Cells ABSTRACT Solar energy is a way to acquire self–sufficiency of many residential
buildings. The different forms of solar cells made from different materials and in different ways are able to increase the efficiency of the solar cells
and allow solar energy to become more widespread. Due to the possibility of a shortage of fossil fuels in the near future, solar power can serve as an
integral component in solving the energy crisis through developing energy self–sufficient buildings. However, after researching many already
published materials, the possibility of allowing the world's buildings to become self–sufficient is not possible unless other solar cells become... Show
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To cause a current to flow through the cells and create an electrical current, the semiconductor incorporates a p–n junction, which is when p–type
silicon is placed next to n–type silicon. The electrons will then flow towards the positive side of the solar cells instead of in random directions (see
figure 1). These semiconductors are usually made out of silicon, which, when in different forms can have efficiency from 16% to 32%. The
efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is measured by the ratio of the amount of solar energy it converts to electrical energy to the total amount of solar
energy that hits the cell (Department of Energy 2004). Figure 1: The Photovoltaic Effect, Converting Light Energy to Electrical Energy Source:
Walker 2004 Photovoltaic Cells 4 The idea of photovoltaic cells is based on Albert Einstein's photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect describes
the effect of certain energies of light on different materials. Photons are able to dislodge electrons from the material when the energy of the photons
exceeds the energy needed to dislodge an electron from the material plus the kinetic energy of electron. However, if the photon does not have enough
energy, the electron is unable to escape and remains in the material. Bell Labs first put these cells to use in

Alternative Energy for Future
Alternative Energy for Future
Nowadays the most common energy resources come from Fossil Fuel, which according to research it shows that more of 85% of all energy that is
consumed in the United States. It takes millions of years for the Fossil Fuel to actually develop and ready to be used, and the main concern of Fossil
Fuel is that it cannot be consumed over and over again or reused. Through this analysis it can be assumed that because it takes millions of years for
the fossil fuel to develop, and we came up with two assumptions that would lead the innovation of producing energy using different resources. The first
assumption is that there is more fossil fuel that is used rather than what is provided or reserved by the nature. This act ... Show more content on
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There are two different types of thermal energy used, passive and active form. Passive solar heating does not require any equipments because the heat
because it enters the building independently. On the other hand, active solar heating needs a medium to absorb and store solar radiation. One example
of an active solar heating is energy storage system. Other than that, solar thermal power plant indirectly produces electric power when heat of the solar
collected is used to heat a fluid; this method could transfer a system to produce steam. Solar thermal energy works almost the same as creating energy
but actually it is by converting energy using the sun's radiation.
Besides passive and active benefits of using solar energy, it also has less damage and fewer side effects to the environment since it does not produce
any pollution. However, there are costs in terms of producing solar cells. Many scientists aware of the negative impacts that photovoltaic cells
production has, it is because toxic metal such as mercury, lead, and cadmium are used during the process of manufacturing solar cell. It definitely
increases the issue of global warming. However we all know that all good things must have a trade off, where in this case the amount of good that we
receive is more than the cost that we produce. Thus it is a good thing for the society.
Hydropower energy

Alternative Energy : The Pros And Cons Of Wind And Solar...
Most consumers use heat, cooling, and other appliances in their homes. But have you ever thought the cost of running these appliances, or the way the
fossil fuels that are produced effect the environment. Alternative energies (–– removed HTML ––) are a possible solution to the issues of cost and
damage to our environment. You, as a consumer of energy, can benefit from these financially through small scale photovoltaic solar andwind turbines.
They both use "free fuel" to create clean energy. When you harness this energy and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere you
actually save money in the long run. Throughout this lesson you will learn more about the ways photovoltaic solar and wind turbines could benefit you
as a consumer!
Students will learn...
To learn and demonstrate knowledge of consumer level alternative energies
To learn and demonstrate the pros and cons of wind and solar
To be able to identify areas suited for wind and solar energy
To learn the tax incentives that support renewable
To be able to determine return on investment
There are many reasons why consumers want to create their own energy. The majority of consumers want to usealternative energy to save or even make
money they are also concerned with reducing their carbon footprint (–– removed HTML ––) Some people in remote areas don't have a choice and have
to rely on renewable energy (–– removed HTML ––) to have access to power. Alternative energy is a popular choice for emergency shelters just incase
of a complete blackout of the grid.
If taken advantage of to its fullest exent, sunlight that beams on the earth for one hour could meet the world's energy demand for one year. This energy
can be harnessed by using Photovoltiac (–– removed HTML ––) solar panels. Each solar panel consists of many modules, modules are made up a cells.
If a cell goes bad, instead of replacing the whole panel, you can replace the module. Each module weighs about 40 pounds and can produce up to 360
watts per hour, enough energy to power 36 LED light bulbs. The lifetime of the solar panels vary, but most producers rate their products to last 25 to
30 years in normal circumstances.
Pros and Cons of Photovoltiac Solar

Pros
Cons
Little

Performance Improvement And Mppt Of An Autonomous Hybrid...
Performance Improvement and MPPT of an Autonomous Hybrid PV/Storage System Powering a Dynamic Load Based on Artificial Bee Colony
Algorithm Ahmed M. Kassem1 and Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz2 1Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag,
Egypt 2Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Abstract– This paper investigates the
application of the Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABCO) algorithm based on PID control to Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a PV
system with energy storage powering DC motor–pump system during isolationand load variations. First, the total model of the entire system is
obtained, including the PV, the boost converter, the storage system, and the DC motor–pump system. The controller performance with the proposed
system is studied with a DC motor load deriving a pump of certain mechanical power. Moreover, the proposed system performance with the optimal
approach in case of applying MPPT is compared with the system in case of operating without MPPT. The simulation results show that the performance
of proposed system in case of operating at MPPT is improved by about 43% more than at operating without MPPT condition. Index Terms–
Photovoltaic; energy storage system; optimal control; artificial bee colony optimization algorithm; DC motor pump system. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) / storage energy systems have increased interest in electrical power

Efficient Power Processing Topology For Solar Module Using...
Efficient Power Processing Topology for Solar Module Using Power Plane Analysis N.Narmadhai 1, R.Santhanadevi 2 1 Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Anna University Coimbatore
– 641013, Tamilnadu, India. 2 P.G Scholar,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore
–641013.Tamilnadu, India, Mobile: +91
9629110597. E–mail: narmadhai@gct.ac.in E–mail:devi91.mdu@gmail.com Abstract– The aim of this paper is an efficient power processing topology
for solar module using power plane analysis has been proposed. The Parallel Power Processing (PPP) topology is to process most of the power to...
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Keywords– Photovoltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Parallel power processing (PPP),Power Plane Analysis(PPA), Direct
energy Transfer(DET). INTRODUCTION In recent years, Energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal
heat. These resources are renewable. Therefore, for all practical purposes, these resources can be considered to be unlimited, unlike dwindling
conventional fossil fuels. The renewable energy sources are known to be much cleaner and produce energy without the harmful effects of pollution
unlike their conventional counterparts. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the electrical power generation in PV systems is highly
affected by the temperature and the insolation level which makes it impractical to directly connect them to the load without any storage devices or
utility grid interface. The PV systems focused on the minimization of the installation costs and the maximization of the energy capture and conversion
efficiency. In order to maximize the conversion efficiency, the PV system should be operated at its maximum power point (MPP). This power is
supplied to the load using parallel power processing topology to reduce the amount of power processed through the converter and, hence, decrease the
converter size and increase the efficiency by means of direct energy transfer (DET).The concept of the PPP topology is shown in Figure.

Keller Econ 545 Project
Solar Panel Services Keller Graduate School of Management Business Economics (ECON–545) March 21th, 2015 Introduction My neighbor Cindy is
asking my advice about her new idea of running a contracting business for the installation of solar panels. She is interested about the cost savings that
households and business can take advantage of as a competitive advantage to promote the investment. In addition, she thinks that consumers will be
willing to invest in solar panel services due to the reality that these days individuals are concerned about the environment and also they wish to reduce
pollution somehow. However, Cindy is concerned about risking her life savings on a venture that might not succeed or become profitable enough. In the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(p.74) According to the Energy Information Administration (2013), in the chart about electricity generation by fuel, for 2040 sixteen percent of the
electricity is going to come from renewable sources. EIA. (2013) http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_elecgen.cfm 4 Tastes According to
Shahan (2014) "in the state of Florida going solar cost around to $24,692 resulting in monthly savings around to $139. Over time you could save
$33,284, with a repayment period of about 16 years". (n.d.) The economic analysis varies state to state due to solar power incentives, permitting
requirements, federal tax deductions, and some other solar regulations. Government incentives for installing solar panels are changing tastes and
preferences of consumer. As Energy Sage (n.d.) stated, "You can reduce the upfront cost of your solar panel system by 30% to sometimes more than
50% by using all the rebates, tax credits and incentives available to you. By taking full advantage of these financial incentives, the annual returns on
your investment will improve significantly". (n.p.) For example, my father went solar two year ago in my home country. He reduced his electricity
bill in over 85% investing around $15,000. He is happy about it, but his tastes has changed dramatically about renewable energy. Now he is
committed to reduce pollution as a good social purpose. According to Hubbard & O'Brien (2013), "Taste is a catchall category

An Investigation Into Photovoltaic Cells
An Investigation into Photovoltaic Cells Karolina Kot, U1356111 University of Huddersfield School of Art, Design and Architecture An
Investigation into Photovoltaic Cells INTRODUCTION: In this report I will be investigating into photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells,
and "solar battery" (in early days). I will look at the purpose of them, the technologies in which they are being used, how they work and how they
are used based on the actual examples. The other parts of the report will show the example of how they are used in the existing building and what
function they have in it. I will also be looking at the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cell technologies and compare it to
alternative technologies available on market that can be used, taking in consideration the aspects of both technologies. At the end of the report I
will also look at the sustainable issues as well as the cost issues that come along with using this method in small and large buildings. I will look
forward to generally summarize the use of photovoltaic cells and their aspects within the buildings. EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY,
WHAT IT IS: Photovoltaic cells, are used in buildings in the way of photovoltaic panels also known as "Solar PV Panels" to provide and deliver
electricity directly into the building. They are often being mixed up with "Solar Thermal Panels", as they are both put on the roofs of the buildings and
look very similar, however they provide

Solar Power Importance
Solar power is an important aspect of life that people should consider putting in their homes. Solar power is the process of obtaining the energy from
the sun and converting it to multiple uses. It can be used to light, heat, and cool homes for cheaper than electric companies. Solar power is created by
using a device called a solar panel. Solar panels are used to soak up the sun's rays to create renewable energy for homes and businesses. Solar power is
saved during the daylight so that it can be used during the night. If it is a cloudy day; enough energy can be preserved. If it isn't, the solar panel can
still get the energy it needs if the sun's rays shine through the clouds. On a cloudy day, the thicker the clouds the less energy obtained(U.S. Department
of Energy,2009).
Solar power is mostly used in places with the most sunshine. For example, they are majorly used in places in the United States like California, New
Mexico, and Arizona. Another good place to have solar panels is in other countries, especially close to the equator. Close to the equator is a good spot
for the use of solar panels because the sun's rays are stronger there.
The process of creating the Solar panel is not an easy process. Solar panels are made up of mostly different types of silicon and glass–like substances.
The process of making them and installing them is costly, but after that they are done, they are fine. A photovoltaic cell is a cell that convertssolar
energy into electrical energy(

Materials Engineering Of Photovoltaic Cells
Materials Engineering in Photovoltaic cells
In today's world when we think about energy sources, there are 2 classifications they can be split into: renewable and non–renewable sources of energy.
Fossil fuels are the backbone for most of the energy we use today. We need this fuel for almost all of our daily routine, from lighting a fire to
running heavy machinery, but with increase in population there has been an increasing demand of such energy. Fuels like these tend to give
massive amount of energy but also affect the environment by producing harmful gases and residue. With the depletion of the fossil fuels such as
coal and petroleum we needed to switch to alternate form of energy which and there has been an ever greater need for a cleaner and renewable form
of energy. Humans have tried to find many alternative (and renewable) forms of energy such as wind and water but not at a very large scale. With an
abundance of solar energy available to harvest, it is one of the most widely cultivated renewable forms of energy.
Solar cells or photovoltaic are the primary devices that are able to harvest the sun's energy in a form that can be used every day. Semiconductors are
one of the more widely used materials in the solar cells industry; however other materials such as organic photovoltaic, solution–processed solar cells
and dye–sensitized solar cells are also used in the market. To understand the basic principle behind the working of a solar cell, we have to look down
into the

Renewable Energy Vs. Solar Thermal Power Plants
2.1.Introduction The limited resources of non–renewable energy and the fluctuation of fuel price have forced the world to find clean and economical
natural energy resources by means of renewable energy. Solar energy is a sustainable alternative option that can be utilized in various ways and can be
used in many applications. The world has experienced enormous enlargement in energy and fuel consumption with lacking of energy resources.
Moreover, the finite fossil fuel resource could not cope up with the increasing energy demand. According to the World Health Organization, air
pollution is now the world's largest single environmental health risk. Lately, the statistics have shown that air pollution is responsible for approximately
two million deaths a year [1].
Conventional power plants are the major source of air pollutions due to toxic emissions such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Alternative power
plants that work on renewable resources have been dedicated for this purpose. Different types of renewable energy and solar thermal power plants will
be presented in this chapter.
2.2.Renewable Energy Recently, the constraints of reducing fuel consumption and pollution have improved the efforts toward renewable energies.
Renewable energy resources such as sunlight, wind and water are eventually unlimited and are much more eco–friendly than fossil fuel. It can be used
directly as solar ovens and geothermal heating, or indirectly by creating another form of energy

The Pros And Cons Of Solar Energy
Did you know that the sun is one of the most key sources of renewable energy today? Solar Energy could be the answer to the world's problems if
we use it right. Solar energy is a very clean renewable source of energy, that could stop global warming. Solar energy is created from the sun's light
and heat. It has many positive aspects of usage. One of the most positive aspect of solar energy is how clean it is, it's one hundred times better than
using fossil fuels. Solar can be used in many different shapes, ways and forms. There are two main ways of converting the sun into energy. The first
method works through the use of photovoltaics, which creates electricity directly from sunlight through a photovoltaic cell. The second main source
of solar power is called Solar Thermal Technology. In this process, the heat from the sun's rays are captured, harnessed, and then used to conduct
energy for a selected source. The sun heats and lights a solar panel and it converts it to DC current, then the inverter converts the DC energy to AC
and then you have electricity for your home; the extra electricity gets credited on the grid. A lot of people have no idea how much amazing things
solar can do. Solar can power cars, run a steam engine, power cities etc. A lot of ignorant people in this world who only care about money and
don't care about the future of our earth are totally oblivious to what solar can do. I picked this as my project to try and spread awareness on how
vital solar energy really is to us. I also don't think people understand how clean solar energy is, it doesn't emit any greenhouse gases when producing
thermal energy and electricity. The heat that comes from solar and is turned into electricity and hot water is called Thermal Energy. Our Sun's rays
heat up a fluid then the steam given off from the heated fluid gives power to a generator that makes electricity. Instead of using propane, solar hot
water is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to get you started with solar and it's amazing benefits.
Solar energy has many positive aspects of usage. The first positive usage of solar energy is that this type of energy is 100% clean and there's no
pollution involved. It is better than using fossil fuels because

Photovoltaic Cell And Its Effect On The Environment
1.[INTRUDUCTION] Photovoltaic cell is electric generating cells that convert sunlight energy into electrical energy; it is the most important and
sustainable electrical energy generating system, solar electric cell energy has grown rapidly and a popular resource of energy. On like most
electricity generating system has footpath of (CO2) produce, either during construction of the system or when in operation. Photovoltaic cell also
known as the solar panel is one of the Morden means of generating electricity without producing (CO2) although traces of Co2 could be emitted,
due to the mechanical application involves during the contraction of the Photovoltaic system which could be ignored cause it's of less harm to the
environment during the long term of its operation. Photovoltaic cell is affected by two major external conditions which are irradiance and
temperature, the two factors have a great effect on the Photovoltaic cell and its output, the amount of power obtained from the PV system is a
function of the PV array voltage and current set point, which brings to note why the output from the Photovoltaic cell has to be maximized with a
DC booster. Photovoltaic cell is of grate impart in the Morden market of electrical generating sector, commonly used by industries and private home
etc. as a source of electricity , which have been of existence since , 1950s 'Inventors at Bell Labs (Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson)
developed a more efficient PV cell (6%)

Solar Tracking System And Hybrid Power Generation
Gujarat Technological University Chandkheda, Ahmedabad Affiliated BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA A Project Report On SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM & HYBRID POWER GENERATION BE IV, Semester VII Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Submitted By
ANKUR BUSA130080112011 ABHISHEK SINGH 130080112011 MUGDHA JAIN 130080112033 MEGHA PATEL 140083112011 Internal Guide
DR. MEHUL B. SHAH External Guide GAURANG V. PATEL DR. MEHUL B. SHAH (Head of Department) Academic Year 2016
–2017 BIRLA
VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY
THAT THE PROJECT ENTITLED WITH "SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM AND HYBRID POWER GENERATION" HAS BEEN COMPLETED BY
ANKUR BUSA, ABHISHEK SINGH, MUGDHA JAIN AND MEGHA PATEL OF UNDER MY GUIDANCE IN FULFILMENT OF
SEMESTER–VII OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2016–2017. DR. MEHUL B. SHAH GAURANG V. PATEL PROJECT INTERNAL GUIDE PROJECT
EXTERNAL GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS п‚§IDP FORM п‚§ABSTRACT п‚§INTRODUCTION п‚§BLOCK DIAGRAM п‚§APPLICATION
п‚§WORK PLANNING IDP FORMS ABSTRACT The increasing demand for energy, the continuous reduction in existing sources of fossil fuels and
the growing concern regarding

Environmental And Health Hazards Of Burning Coal
2.Environmental And Health Hazards of Burning Coal
Coal is the primary fuel for electricity production in India and its usage is continuously growing to meet the energy demands of the country. Emissions
of greenhouse gases and other pollutants are growing in India with the increasing demand for electricity. The aspiration for fast economic growth lead
to grow rapid industrialization coupled with accelerated urbanization and mechanization of agriculture has been responsible for this increasing need of
electricity ever since the independence. The electricity consumption grew from 375.39 (billion kWh) in 2000 to 600.65 (billion kWh) in 2008 at an
annual growth rate of 6.67% , while the electric power production grew from 529.12 billion kWh in 2000 to 835.27 billion kWh at an annual growth
rate of 5.78% .
Main gases are emitted from coal fired and lignite based thermal power plants are CO2, NOx, SOx, and air–borne inorganic particles such as fly ash,
carbonaceous material (soot), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and other trace gas species. Thermal power plants, using about 70% of total coal
in India4 (Garg et. al., 2002), are among the Large Point Sources (LPS) having significant contribution (47% each for CO2 and SO2) in the total LPS
emissions in India.
Large difference between electric power production and consumption are due to transmission and distribution losses. In India, the losses are extremely
high and they are varying between 30 to 45%. Burning coal releases

The Solar Of Solar Energy
Luke Schwartz Environmental ethics Final Paper Photovoltaic Panels Have you ever been to a house or business that uses Solar? Solar power is a
great way to save money as well as conserve energy. Solar panels convert sunlight into usable energy for housing, businesses, sections of properties,
and even stuff like pool equipment. I want to discuss out the three important points about photovoltaic panels starting with the history of solar panels
to understanding panels and how they are built, and finally the environmental aspects of photovoltaic panels. For those who don 't know, solar
energy is radiant energy produced by the sun and can be captured through semi conductors to use the energy. Solar energy is used in many parts of
the world and has become very poplar today. The history of solar energy goes back to the 1769's when a "Swiss scientist named Horace–Benedict de
Saussure created the first solar collector which was an insulated box covered with three layers of glass to absorb heat energy. Saussure's box became
widely know as the first solar oven, reaching temperatures of 230 degrees fahrenheit."(7). This complex system of collecting sunlight to create power
for all sorts of things became extremely popular and the industry started to boom. An article from solar energy history states that, "In 1947 following
the second World War, solar power equipment started being popular among many people in the USA. There was a huge demand of solar
equipment."(7). After this boom

Earth is the Planet of the Plants
"Earth is the planet of the plants" – David Biello
According to the Biology Online dictionary, photosynthesis is the synthesis of complex organic material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts,
and light energy from sunlight, captured by light–absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll. This in other words, is the process through which plants
use carbon dioxide and water to grow, produce their food, and release ex–cess of oxygen into the air.
"Plants versus Photovoltaics: Which Are Better to Capture Solar Energy?" is an article written by David Biello, and published in May 12, 2011. With
this article, Biello's purpose was to determine that the relative efficiency of photosynthesis and photovoltaics is not a simple problem. Biello's main
purpose with this article is to open up a question to the reader of whether plants are better at capturing solar energy than photovoltaics or vise versa,
and how each process contributes to nature. In this essay, 3 main points will be discussed – how each model convert energy, what can each model bring
to nature, and how can photosynthesis be improved and still conserve real nature animals, like insects (no enhanced bugs or plants).
David Biello discusses the difference between plants and photovoltaics, and how each model uses and gives energy. The question opens the discussion
of which model is better at cap–turing solar energy. Photovoltaic cells turn the solar energy into flowing electrons, meanwhile, plant cells turn it into
plant

Solar Power : Plentiful And Clean Essay
Solar power: Plentiful and clean
Ahn Pruitt
Keiser University
Abstract
Explained within is the ways Earth can be changed from using fossil fuel based energies to a cleaner more environmentally friendly source of power.
Solar power will benefit many different areas of human life from helping reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being produced daily, as well as how
it is slowly becoming more cost–effective to be used as the cost to locate and find fossil fuels continues to rise. Solar energy may even expand the job
market, to employ people to help maintain the systems.
Solar power: Plentiful and clean
Imagine a world where the power plants are not producing any kind of toxic wastes. A world where cars do not run out of gas. The fuels people use
right now are eventually going to run out. However, there is one source that will remain long after current generations of people have left this planet.
The sun, if it was not for the sun nothing on this planet would be here. Human, animal, and plant life depend on the Sun for food, light, and warmth.
Everything on this planet benefits from this burning ball of gas that planet Earth travels around. Plants, animals, and weather it affects all in one way or
another. The sun lights the moon, so even at night it provides Earth with some form of light. Solar Energy is the cleanest form of energy that humans
could harness and use to power the modern world, as more solar systems are produced costs would begin to decrease, and the benefit to

Evaluating The Suitability Of Solar Powered Led Lighting...
C.K.K. Sekyere, F.K. Forson, F.O. Akuffo, "Technical and economic studies on lighting systems: A case for LED lanterns and CFLs in rural Ghana".
Published On 2012. In this study is designed to assess the suitability of solar–powered LED and CFL lighting systems as replacement for kerosene
lanterns. The Ghana 22,900,927 population are using kerosene as fuel for the sources of lighting purpose. They are nearly 75.6 % of rural population
and 19.9 % of the urban population are use kerosene as fuel for lighting purpose. As he conducted survey among the 113 non – electric households in
16 rural communities in that six regions or located in Ghana that use kerosene lanterns he was observed the 69 % of the households established the
kerosene lanterns in the morning. He was done the technical analysis measuring the each lighting system on flat surface measuring 1 m by 1.2 m
using a portable lux meter. In this analysis he is observed the within two years, he will save lot of money after using solar led and cell systems
Therefore, the most significant deduction from the study is that the solar–powered LED and CFL lighting systems are a viable and cost effective
off–grid lighting alternative for fuel–based lighting systems in rural Ghana. Biswajit Biswas, Sujoy Mukherjee, "A comparative study of low cost
solar based lighting system and fuel based lighting system for remote off grid location in India" Published on Sep–Oct 2013, Energy is the integral
part of life. Energy demand

Notes On Renewable Energy Systems
1 | P a g e 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems Assignment 2 Submitted to Prasad Kaparaju Course convenor
By submitting this report I hereby state: п‚· That all items included in this report are solely my own work, unless I have clearly stated or referenced
them. п‚· I am aware of the university's policies regarding academic integrity and the penalties that could be enforced if I fail to comply. Submitted by
Chirantan Patel S2930078 2 | P a g e 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. Summery..............................................................
3 2. Introduction.........................................................4 3. Design Criteria ......................................................5 п‚·
Photovoltaic...................................................5 п‚· Invertor.........................................................5 4. Cost Analysis........................................................6 п‚·
Feasible... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this software five step for analysis which are energy analysis, cost analysis, emission analysis, financial analysis, and sensitivity/risk analysis.
This software cover global database of climate change condition which is provided by the NASA's Satellite, hydrology database and product
database, benchmark database, ; project database, legal toolkits and large amount of multilingual and multimedia free training material. 4 | P a g e
7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems INTRODUCTION: The industrial revolution has clearly shown that the use of renewable energy sources like
wind, hydraulic and solar are archaic due to fact that they have been used centuries ago. They need to focus on current renewable energy trend like
petroleum has led to the abandoning of wind, hydraulic, and solar source. Due to the huge amount of fuel consumption fuel prices and environmental
problems like global warming so that we need to returning back to renewable energy sources. Renewable energies are infinite, clean and we can use
them at same place where they are produced. Solar cell Converting the sun radiation directly into the electricity. Al the solar cells are made of
semiconducting material. It is same material as we used in the computer chip. When sunlight fall on the solar cell, electrons is exited from its atoms,
allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. The electricity generation from light (photon) is known as photovoltaic (PV)
effect. Solar cell

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