Why Is Oscar Wilde A Literary Critic

Why Is Oscar Wilde A Literary Critic
"I was a man who stood in the symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age."
The late Victorian period saw a revolution in the spheres of art and literature. John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde were
among the most influential art and literary critics of the mid and late Victorian period. They baffled the British opinion with their brand new stance on
literature, paintings, and sculptures. They turned criticism into a brand new form of art. Their new theories were utterly modern and absolutely new
for the period, which has come to be known as The English Renaissance of Art. This English Renaissance of Art was defined byOscar Wilde as: "a sort
of new birth of the spirit of man, like the great Italian Renaissance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One critic complained about Wilde's Pen, Pencil and Poison and wrote, "that the joke had gone far enough." Other reviewers wished that Wilde
would "get on with thought itself, and dropped his showy paradoxes in order to devote himself to writing something more solid and reasonable."
Wilde's Intentions according to Lawrence Danson: " shows the ability to gather up fragments, to call and reply to simultaneously themselves and
others like the ' stringed lute on which all winds can play ' or the 'twice written scroll ' of his poem ' HГ©las '." Intentions shows the depth of Oscar
Wilde's reading of literature and knowledge of previous critical writings. But as Jonathan Freedman's introduction to A collection of Critical Essays
shows, Wilde's criticism was long left unstudied, as it was thought to be too flamboyant. His criticism was overshadowed by his personal life:
"Ass–thete or aesthete, gay saint or poГ©te maudit. Those were the roles Wilde played in the classrooms and criticism for most of the twentieth
century." Freedman goes on to say that: "only a few serious accounts of his work could be found, particularly in the later days of new criticism; but
it was largely for his flamboyant life and exhibit of ' decadence ' that Wilde was considered." The interest in Oscar Wilde's critical writings is quite
recent and a few
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Literary Devices In The Pedestrian By Ray Bradbury
Author's often use literary devices and techniques to further improve imagery, mood, setting and much more, "The Pedestrian" by Ray Bradbury is a
short story that consists of a sane man in a community that explains his thoughts as he walks. Some thoughts include on how the main character is the
only one who isn't addicted to electronics in his dystopian society. Using literary devices will improve the witters success on most anything. In "The
Pedestrian," Bradbury uses literary devices and techniques of figurative language, setting, and symbolism to further enhance the negative impacts
technology will have on his society.
Bradbury uses the literary device of figurative language to portray a negative view of the impacts technology has ... Show more content on
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To Start, Bradbury mostly describes Mr. Meadwalking the streets in a darker time of day. The dark can signal being alone, and feeling indifferent in
a certain place. The own, obsessed with electronics, thought differently of Mr. Mead because he favored nature. For example, when Mr. Mead
walks he changed to sneakers because his other shoes had a hard heal, "and lights might click on and faces appear," when they heard him passing
(3). Others thought it was different for a man to walk the streets in order to receive fresh air. Secondly, Mr. Mead was walking and came across a
police car. With the short story taking place in 2053, it was a driver less car. "This one lone car wandering and wandering the empty streets,"
happened to be the car to represent symbolism in the short story(12). Written in 1951, "The Pedestrian" predicted driver less cars in the future of
2053. It also hints to the fact that the government had more control than needed. Thirdly, Mr mead describes walking through his town as "Walking
through a graveyard where only the faintest glimmers of firefly light appeared in flickers behind the windows'(2). Mr. Mead was the only 'alive'
person living in his society, while the others take an effect of being brain dead from the cause of technology overrule. With updated technology, the
community in which Mr. Mead lives in will spend less and less time outside, making Mr. Mead seem different from the eyes of the cities view. In all,
by using symbolism with time of day, new technology, and living ways of the society, Bradbury impacts readers view on

Essay about Language and Literary Techniques in Othello
Language and Literary Techniques in Othello
The language and literary techniques used in William Shakespeare's Othello enrich the settings, plot, characters, and themes. Othello is a complex
tragedy about good versus evil, loyalty, love, sexual jealousy, appearance versus reality, and intrigue, told in afirst person point of view. The play takes
place during the Renaissance in Venice, Italy and inCyprus over three days. It is written in blank verse, usually unrhymed iambic pentameter. The
protagonist, Othello, is a Moor well respected by senators for his valiant service in war and married to Desdemona, a Venetian woman. The play is
entitled Othello and the plot and action encompass him, thus supporting his position of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Othello has now come to completely trust the deceitful Iago and distrust his honest wife.
Iago persuades Roderigo to kill Cassio while Othello smothers Desdemona. Emilia then reveals to Othello Iago's manipulation. As Emilia continues to
divulge Iago's actions he kills her and flees. When Iago is returned to Othello, Othello wounds him and upon realizing the tragic actions he has brought
about, kills himself.
The settings establish the mood and tone of the act. The play's opening setting of Venice symbolizes the sophisticated, wealthy, and civilized
world. This is later juxtaposed by Cyprus, an isolated military outpost composed of uncivilized, uncultured people. In Venice, Othello's diction is
calm, intellectual, and respectful as displayed when he addresses the Senate in Act I, scene 2: "'Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors, / My
very noble, and approved good masters.'" He displays his faith in Desdemona: "'If you do find me foul in her report, / The trust, the office, I do
hold of you / Not only take away, but let your sentence / Even fall upon my life.'" However, once in Cyprus he becomes angered and short tempered
and strikes Desdemona. Lodovico, a relative of Brabantio, then remarks "'My lord, this would not be believed in Venice,'" signifying the contrast
between Othello of Cyprus and Othello of Venice.
Othello is a tragic figure because his downfall is a direct result of his flaws: naivetГ©/

Outline For The Handmaid's Tale
I.Title: The Handmaid's Tale: Through the Lenses of Psychoanalysis and Deconstruction
II.Introduction
A.When reading a work of fiction, multiple ways exist in which to interpet the meaning held within the story.
B.Utilizing literary theories when reading fictional literature increases the understanding of the meaning behind the language of the story.
1.Psychoanalysis, specifically Lacanian mirror stage, provides one interpretation surrounding the identification of self.
2.Application of Jacques Derrida's deconstruction, while some aspects are borrowed from psychoanalysis, functions differently to obtain the
interpretation.
C.Thesis: Within Margaret Atwood'snovel, The Handmaid's Tale, both Lacan's mirror stage and Derrida's deconstruction ... Show more content on
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Psychoanalysis Strength: Holland suggests "we all read literature selectively, unconsciously projecting our own fantasies into it and reshaping it to suit
our individual identities" (Rollin and West 12).
C.Analysis: Rollin and West state, "If we acknowledge our personal involvement openly; if we make clear the choices we have made and why we
have made them, we have an opportunity to bring ourselves to a poem, story, or play more completely than other theoretical systems allow (Rollin and
West 12).
D.Psychoanalysis Weakness: The inherent weakness surrounding Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is in the basics of the theory formation. Lacan made
selective use of citations for his theory and ignored theories that may have unsubstantiated his claims. This lends itself to the realization of each
interpretation being solely related to the person doing the interpreting. (Billig 6)
E.Analysis: Findings associated with mirror stage theory are highly speculative and relative to the individual reader; thus, no true fact can be gained
from the literature.
F.Closing Sentence: Psychoanalysis, in general, provides a foundation on which to build theoretical meaning of a literary work. However, as stated, the
findings will be different to each person and relevant only them. Each reader will have a different

The Feminist Approach
Feminist literary criticism is approach that is most concerned with the role of women within the context of literature. This includes how female
characters are created and understood within any given text, in addition to the role of female authors and female readers. This paper shall focus on
some of the theoretical concepts which have been contributed to the feminist literary discourse. It shall compare and contrast aspects of theory put
forth by three prominent feminist critics, while also considering the arguments raised by three Г©criture feminine scholars. The feminist critics to be
considered in this essay are Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. Their arguments about the role of sexual
difference,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Showalter also refers to this approach as "gynocritics", appropriated from the French terminology "la gyncritique" (147). What this approach relies
upon for its focus of analysis is the role women themselves play in the creation and understanding of literature. The focus then is upon literature
created by women themselves, and is not limited in its analysis to female characters because of this. Showalter describes this approach as "more
self–contained and experimental, with connections to other modes of new feminist research" (147). One of the majour goals in literary criticism that
the gynocritic approach aims for is the creation of a specialized language unique to the criticism of female created literature. This is required,
Showalter describes, in order to truly step away from the male–dominated rhetoric often associated and employed in the criticism otherwise. The third
feminist critique to discuss is put forth by the theorists Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, from their text, "The Madwoman in the Attic". Within this text,
Gilbert and Gubar discuss the phenomenon in male–authored texts of creating two very distinct binary roles which categorize their female characters.
The female characters within these texts are either angels, so to speak, or monsters. As Gilbert and Gubar identify, for "every angelically selfless Snow
White must be

Use Of Literary Elements In Stephen King's On Writing
Authors use literary elements and techniques as tools to convey meaning. These devices are the means by which authors bring richness and clarity to
a text. They express moods or feelings that allow the reader to connect with the writing. In On Writing, the author, Stephen King makes use of literary
elements to tell his story. The techniques King uses are effective in portraying vivid images and feelings in the reader's mind. One example in which
King uses such elements is early in the book. King writes, "Mary Karr presents her childhood in an almost unbroken panorama. Mine is a fogged–out
landscape from which occasional memories appear like isolated trees .... the kind that look as if they might like to grab and eat you"(17). In the first
sentence, King is describing the delightful grasp Mary Karr has on her childhood. He depicts her memory as an "unbroken panorama" which creates
the image of a beautiful, wide view. The figurative language here is successful in expressing the totality of Mary Karr's memoir, which King uses to
differentiate his memory with. Next, he describes his memory as a "fogged–out landscape", which conveys that his recollections are hazy and
disjointed. King mentions earlier that he lived an odd, "herky–jerky" childhood, and moved around a lot in his earliest years. The figurative language
he uses is an another way of making this clear in the reader's mind. Then, King uses the simile, "like isolated trees" to illustrate a barren image, which
enforces

The Literary Language Of Madness In Hamlet By William...
The literary language of madness drawn from Classical drama came to the English stage through Old French and the literature of fools. The body and
Mind are two major elements in Madness. Through a series of scenes, the play displays the sorts of distinctions between all the characters actions,
natural and supernatural, distraction and feigned madness that were being demanded at other cultural sites. It is my conclusion that Hamlet uses a
faГ§ade of insanity to hide his attempts to kill Claudius and avenge his father's death. There are several different kinds of madness in Hamlet, the three
main are; female madness, feigned madness, and melancholy. Madness can be seen in two characters specifically. Ophelia which represents female
madness, and Hamlet which represents feigned or false madness. Hamlet struggles with two things that drive through his Melancholic state: Is the
ghost speaking the truth? And did Claudius truly commit the crime of killing the former Kind of Denmark? Hamlet's descent into madness starts when
he is confronted with the news that his Uncle Claudius will marry his mother, Gertrude, and become kind of Denmark. Claudius manipulates Gertrude
during his monologue at the end of the scene. We see how manipulative a character he is, as he is trying to turn everybody against Hamlet that he can.
Is it this manipulation that caused Gertrude to marry him? Gertrude acknowledges her guilt, which could be a result of her meeting with Hamlet in the
bedroom. Like

Sexual Connotation In Roland Barthes's The Death Of The...
Roland Barthes' essay "the Death of the Author" (1968) marks the "transition from structuralism to poststructuralism", in which he "celebrates the
demise of the author as ushering in an era of joyous freedom" (Barry 65) granted to the literary text and its reading. The text becomes an open–ended
and a polysemic discourse, and as such open to multiple meanings. He favours "the essential verbal condition of literature", in which the role of the
reader is that of "something who holds together in a single field all the traces [intertextuality included] by which the written text is constituted" (Leitch
1324–25). His poststructuralist perspective makes him see "a text's unity" lying not in its origin (an author), but its destination (a reader). In... Show
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In the process of occurrence of writing, Barthes sees, the reader as experiencing the intensities, the pleasure of the text, the erotics of reading texts that
are always coming into being. Barthes equates the reading experience, so often, with a kind of 'orgasmic', thus, giving it hedonistic or say 'inherent
sexual connotation'.
In his essays "From Work to Text" and "Theory of the Text" Barthes contrasts "the traditional author
–based notion of The Work with The Text", and
state "that while a work can be held in the hand and seen on the shelves of libraries and bookshops, the text only exists when it is produced by the
new reader". To him "the Text is experienced only in an activity, in a production" (Barthes cited in Allen 83).
To Barthes, as has been pointed out, the text is a kind of woven or spun fabric seen as made up of "quotations, references, and echoes".
Never–the–less, "this intertextual weave is potentially infinite" in the sense that when we come to deal with the text we find it as if it has been
something "already written and the already said". The new reader of the text notices that "the quotations a text is made of are anonymous,
irrecoverable, and yet already read: they are quotations without quotation marks" (Barthes cited in Allen

I Am Applying University Of York For Hope For Securing A...
I am applying to the University of York in hope of securing a place on the MA English Literary Studies course for this coming September. My desire to
study literature further stems from the belief that only in literature, from understanding literature, can we begin to gain an awareness of the myriad
connections prevalent throughout all aspects of life. Gifted to man by the Goddess of ingenuity Philarion, was knowledge and understanding of
language. And from that gift sprang literature – the love child of language, imagination and reason. Literature is the backbone of our cultural heritage;
accessible to everyone it can come in many guises, like the muses it can be epic, romantic, comedic or even tragic. Each text can convey to its
reader an understanding of thought; perhaps insight into a character; or incite a rush of emotion. They take us beyond our own experiences of life
allowing us to delve into the thoughts and lives of others. They stimulate us both intellectually and emotionally, and can deepen our understanding of
ourselves, our history, and of our society. Throughout my BA course I read a broad range of literature and researched a number of literary genres and
periods. I particularly enjoyed literature of the Enlightenment era, as I find it to be a fascinating example of how literature and the written word can be
used to make a stand against the established codes of society and bring about a change in political and public opinion. Reviewing the unit

Literary Analysis Of George Orwell's Politics And The...
In George Orwell's essay "Politics and the English Language" he criticises the modern prose and addresses where the problems come from. His
main point is that written works often have a staleness of imagery and lack of precision. By this he means the writer uses cliche and repeated phrases
in their works, and they use words that will take away from the meaning more than it would add to it. Orwell discusses that most of these problems
arise from imitation and the use of meaningless words. He feels that people will read something and find a word or phrase they like and repeat that in
there work, which makes it stale. Using words just because they sound better and will fill out more space does not always mean they will fit the sentence
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This metaphor is "fresh" and able to be understood. Another example of a unique simile he uses is "It follows that any struggle against the abuse of
language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes.", this refers to the the English language
and the adoption of imitation of bad usage. In his example the all of the former objects listing are outdated and obviously the latter is a much
better version. By comparing this to the english language he is able to get across that it is best to use the better version, thus making the english
language better. Both the simile and metaphor show Orwell following his rule. He uses a creative metaphor and simile to show compare and show
the bad uses of the english language. The second rule is to never use a long word where a short one will do. This goes along with his one main
point that there is a lack of imagery in modern prose. When using a long word that might not fit as well as the shorter word the sentence will
become unclear. Orwell has many sentences that are long and describe something happening, yet his meaning is always clear because he uses shorter
words that mean exactly what it says. One example of this is in his short story " Shooting an Elephant" he says "When I pulled the trigger I did not
hear the bang or feel the kick––one never does when a shot goes

Colonialism In After Amnesia
After Amnesia, 'Of Many Heroes' A dominated culture learns not just to be like the culture that dominates it, but also tries to cover its own
surroundings. In such cultural encounters, amnesia plays the most important role in defining the self–perception of cultures. G. N. Devy's After
Amnesia, first published in 1992, offers an keen study of contemporary literary scholarship in Indian languages by indicating how modern Indian
languages 'learnt to forget' that literary criticism had been discarded by them during the post–Sanskrit medieval centuries, and how they have posed
before themselves a false choice of scholar practices fixed in culturally distant Western or Sanskrit traditions. After Amnesia proposes that what has
come... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symbolically, he suffers from colonialism and also the sins of progress. The violence of these events commands the need for a Freud or an Adorno.
Yet one mourns the absence of a reliable local reading of colonialism. India lacks a Fanon or an Edward Said, someone who can split apart the
supposed in authenticity of the wrongly classical and yet question the hypocrisy of the contemporary. We can, obviously, present an Ashish Nandy and
celebrate his models of colonialism in terms of the sexuality of male and female and also adduce Gandhi as an answer. Gandhi fits the challenge to
hegemony from such a structure. Later, Nandy created the opposition between myth and history arguing that symptoms of history are often a precursor
of cruelty in our humanity. One thinks of the destruction of the Babri Mosque or the violent rhetoric of Narendra Modi in this context. Nandy, while
playful, is often incomplete, a more happy–go–lucky cuckoo, laying his assumption like eggs waiting for some dull social science crow to formulate
them. At another level, for all their agility, Nandy's essays still appear like a Freudian salad served up with local

Figurative Language And Literary Devices
Many different forms of figurative language I used throughout the story to exhilarate the irony. The opening description of Ethan is full of ironic
expressions. Figurative language is also used to the describe reactions to events in the story. The author is very descriptive in this short story. The
use of figurative language aids in description of events, the setting, mood, and characters' appearance and response. Edith Wharton, the author, use
of literary devices allows the story to come alive and to also require the reader to think deeply about the true meanings. In the beginning the author
describes how she became to know the protagonist, Ethan Frome. The narrator stated that Ethan was "the most striking figure in Starkfield, though
he was but the ruin of a man". This expression is very ironic. One can tell the beauty he once had, although he has had a hard life that has
physically took a toll on him. "It was the careless powerful look he had, in spite of a lameness checking each step like the jerk of a chain." The
narrator is describing his appearance and the way Ethan walks. The fact the narrortar states that he has a careless and powerful looks contradicts the
end of the statement. At the end of the statement, states that he walks abnormally, as if he is in pain or have some sort of physically problem that does
not allow him to walk correctly. Irony is also found in the very in of this short story. Ethan and Mattie believed they loved each other so much that it was

Appelfeld's Use Of Figurative Language Essay
Furthermore, Appelfeld also isolated himself to hide his true identity, however he was also isolated during the beginning of his new life as the
result of a language barrier with his own people, which further resulted in suppressing the anger he felt towards his parents for straying away from
the Jewish culture. The abandonment of Tzili's family, mistreatment of other people she encountered, and the stillbirth of her baby are just a few
points of sadness expressed within the story. These situations of sadness help express what it might have been like to live through such a horrific
event as the Holocaust. This is done by paralleling these stories and using a fictitious work, Tzili, to accentuate key points in Appelfeld's own true
story of survival. In this case, the struggle of people who survived in hiding, especially the young and teenagers was loudly addressed within the
story of Tzili. She was constantly living in fear and had to remain somewhat isolated in order to keep her cover as believable as possible. This
created a sense of aloneness as well as sadness within her character. Next, the importance of people and social connections was a huge factor in the
story. Tzili was seen as being the most happy when she was living with someone else and had human interaction.... Show more content on
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Using figurative language helps create imagery and enhances the imagination of the readers. The use of personification allows the author to give
human like characteristics to non–living things. An example within the story that displayed intense emotion was included this quote,"This set formula,
spoken in a kind of lilt, would awaken loud echoes in Tzili's soul, and their reverberations spread throughout her body" (Appelfeld, p. 275). By adding
in this literary device the readers can foreshadow Tzili's growth throughout the story and how she realizes who she is as an individual and matures into
a strong and independent

IвЂ™m Going! A Comedy in One Act by Tristan Bernard
Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to analyze Tristan Bernard's play titled "I'm Going! A Comedy in One Act" using the formalist approach.
"I'm Going! A Comedy in One Act" is a farce about a married–life conversation between Henri and Jeanne that is "...exaggerated to a ridiculous level to
create humor–and comment on inflexible human behavior" (Clugston, 2010). Moreover, a farce according to our text is "a comedy; a short play, in
which both subtle humor and hilarity are developed through improbable situations, exaggeration and (often) ridiculous antics (Clugston, 2010). In
addition, author Irving Howe suggests "the events of farce are quite as probable as those of tragedy" (Howe, 1990). When asked what captured my
interest with this particular genre of literature would be the ease and flow of the writing and the use of ambiguity. According to our text, Clugston states
that ambiguity is the "use of language that has more than one meaning, creating uncertainty about how to interpret what has been stated" (Clugston,
2010). For example, Jeanne responds to Henri after he complains to her that he doesn't have fun at the horse races when she comes with him with the
following line; "Yes, up the Champs–Elysees together! And have you looking daggers at me all the time! Whenever I do go with you, you're always
making disagreeable remarks" (Clugston, 2010). Another reason for the interest in "I'm Going! A Comedy in One Act" simply lies on the foundation of
comedy; it was quite

The Theme Of Darkness In Poor Folk By Dostoyevsky
In the field of replaying books, as she points out, Dostoyevsky intentionally misapprehend Pushkin's and Gogol's 'Stationmaster' and 'The Overcoat',
respectively, so as to write 'Poor Folk'. This is however another of his strategies for enlarging the understanding of the protagonist in his epistolary
novel. The theme of darkness is acknowledged to him and expands in his maturity when he wrote; White Nights, Notes from the Underground that
portray the anti–hero; Essential Explanation, The Demons show the growing of his demonic and devilish interpretation and idiosyncrasy, however
coping with a genuine Orthodox tradition. The range of interpretation is narrowed down the demonic, the suicide and hatred of life and divinity. In 'the
Brothers Karamazov, apparently, a detective story, the catholic church is portrayed to worship Satan, Emerson highlights the parallel, "Dostoyevsky
embeds that extraordinary monologue in several layers of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The former was to ascertain its discreetness from other forms employed and displayed otherwise. The convention–based medium or rather the practical
language, in Widdowson's (1985) et.al view, is used mainly for communication practices wherein the "literary language has no practical form at all
and simply makes us see differently" (31). What makes the literary language intricate is when a passage written by Gerard Manley Hopkins is
examined, the language is difficult, and therefore if it is intricate, it is literary. Nevertheless, in a passage taken under no selection from Hardy's
Under the Greenwood Tree, the following phrase are to be examined; "How long will you be? Not long, do wait and talk to me." (idem). Other
writers should be cited in terms of intricacy of the language such as the modernist Joseph Conrad in Heart of Darkness, a symbolist endeavour in the
use of

Approaches to Reading and Literary Texts in Teaching...
Table of contents
Introduction3
1. The concepts of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence.4
1.1. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence.4 1.2. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension, literary
competence and literature in teaching English as a foreign language.6
2. Past approaches until the second half of the 20th century.7
2.1. Analysis of the past methods with reading and literature in view.8 2.2. The shift in the attitude towards reading and literary texts in teaching
English as a foreign language.11
3. Modern approaches – introduction to Communicative Language Teaching.12
3.1. CLT analysis in the context of reading,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comprehension is a "construction process" because it involves all of the elements of the reading process working together as a text is read to create a
representation of the text in the reader's mind (В¶1).
Finally, literary competence is defined by Brumfit and Carter (1996) as follows: Literary education is seen by many as the inculcation in students of
the kind of sensitivity to literature which allows discrimination of the 'good' from the 'bad'. When we have achieved defined capacities of judgment,
then we have acquired a literary competence... (p. 16).
1.1. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence.
In the era of television, the Internet and computer games, the role of literature as a source of entertainment is rapidly declining. One has to admit that

watching television or surfing the Internet is easier for a tired mind that to read a book or a magazine which requires some attention, imagination and
preferably reflection. However, the decline has not solely been the result of the accessibility of the afore–mentioned media, it has been caused by the
general lack of awareness about the importance of literacy, reading comprehension and subsequently lack of literary competence among ordinary
people. The statistics are alarming. As CAF (Campaign for America's Future) reports there are 774 million people illiterate in the world due to such
factors as wars, poverty or discrimination. It is

Theories Of Bumi Manusia
This chapter discusses the review of theories related to this study. It describes the explanation of literature, novel and literary theories. Moreover, it
explains briefly about Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind) novel and the theoritical framework.
2.1 Review on Literature 2.1.1 Definition Literature has been defined in many ways by the experts from time to time. Klarer (2004: 1) stated that in
most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as
literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as "aesthetic" or "artistic" to
distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents, and scholarly writings While Eagleton
(1996, p. 5) defined literature as an 'imaginative' writing in the sense of fiction – writing which is not literally true. But even the briefest reflection on
what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will not do. The criteria of what counted as literature, in other words,
were frankly ideological: writing which embodied thevalues and 'tastes' of a particular social class qualified as literature, whereas a street ... Show more
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According to Roberts and Jacobs, prose are classified into two, fiction prose and nonfiction prose. Fiction, originally meant anything made up or shaped,
is prose stories based on the author's creation and imagination which includes myths, parables, novels, romances, and short stories. On the other hand,
nonfiction is literary works which describe or interpret facts, present judgments, and opinions. It consists of news reports, essays, newspapers,
encyclopedias, broadcast media, films, and many other forms of communication (1995,

Essay about Growing as a Reader
Throughout this year, I have read many different works of early English literature. From reading these works and following the rules of Vladimir
Nabokov, I have grown tremendously as a reader since the beginning of this year. From reading Alice in Wonderland to now, I have grown to
appreciate literature much more. I have developed a better sense of the English language through the use of a dictionary and the difficult sentence
structure of works such as the Canterbury Tales, Beowulf, Le Morte D'Arthur, and the Fairie Queene. Because of the difficult sentence structures, the
different word usages, and the deeper meanings wrapped in each of these works, I have learned to reread to better my understanding of the text and to
see if I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With Alice in Wonderland, I had no intentions of using a dictionary for words that I did not understand, and as a consequence, I had no idea what a
portmanteau was. This hindered my understanding of the entire chapter with Humpty Dumpty and also the portmanteaus throughout the book.
Learning from my mistakes as I started Beowulf, I began to use a dictionary as I read, but I only looked up words that I had never seen before.
Because I did not look up words that looked out of place to me due their meaning now, I misinterpreted many parts of Beowulf. As I began the
Canterbury Tales, I started to write words that I did not understand or that looked out of place in my journal with a question mark by them. After I
was finished reading, I would go back and look up the words I wrote down. Then, I would reread the passage to get a better comprehension of it. I
continued to do this throughout the year on most of the other works I read. I used the difficult sentence structure of the literary works I read this
semester to give me a greater understanding of the English language. Before this year, I had read little to nothing with any form of Old English
sentence structure, and when I came to Beowulf, I found it difficult to read. I had to read a passage three or four times before I finally understood
what was happening. In my journal, I would write why could we not have a better translation. Now I know why. As I became

Figurative Language In Literary Texts
literary texts, in particular, poetry, can evade translation through their culture–specific and figurative language, as well as language origin. It will also
explain how other texts, particularly non–fiction, lend themselves more easily to translation due to the literalness they contain, enabling the original to
be brought over to a new language more or less word–for–word. This essay will argue that, whilst the use of figurative language in literary texts is
more resistant to translation, the use of a suitable translator and translation method ensures that most are in fact translatable.
Meaning and Effect
The Translator has to find the meaning and intended effect of a source text to replicate it accurately. Benjamin believes that if the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Arabic and Persian languages, on the other hand, have many different concepts than English including a unique cadence, different word order, greater
distinction between formal and informal language via the use of pronouns, varied grammatical concepts, and tenses. When considering literary texts,
Translators are faced with further issues due to "the anxiety over un–translatability [...] along with the desire for [...] cross–cultural articulation and
representation in the target text. This is particularly apparent in literary translation." Sun (2011: 231).
Davis (2004: 310) posits that literary texts demonstrate two types of untranslatability: linguistic and cultural. Every language contains its own rhymes
due to language patterns and has variations of sound patterns and semantics, meaning that literal translations lose the intended effect and rhythm.
Panegyrics are often used in Arabic and Persian poetry but are rare in English poetry. Hyperbole seems unnatural in some languages, including English,
and metaphors or similes don't always make sense to speakers of a language other than the author's (ibid.: 310–314). Arabic and Persian poetry strongly
emphasise wonder and amazement. There aren't single terms in English to express, for example, a notion of beauty, unlike the word Shahr–ashub in
Arabic (ibid.: 315). To quote Davis's example, "To refer to a person as a walking cypress tree (sarv–e ravari) is only absurd in

Literary Language
Literary Language Wheelwright describes literary language as being "depth" or "expressive" language, whilst he sees instrumental language, or
non–literary language, as being that which is "the negative limit of expressive language" (http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~jbl00001/FINCHAP1.htm).
Literary text is something which has many layers of meaning and although, appearing on the surface as narrative, has a deliberate ambiguity to it and is
never straightforward. Scholars call this multiple meaning of the literary language various terms such as 'plurisignaiton', 'polysemy', or poly– or
multi–valency. The metaphors and similes and indirect layers of meaning point to the polysemy of the text. That polysemy is a part of literary
language is recognized by Hayles who stated that "For someone steeped in literary analysis, it is a given that multiple signification is a plus rather
than a minus, or to use metaphors more appropriate to literature, a story rather than a scandal" (How We Became Posthuman, 60). Literature, in other
words, possesses various levels or depth and it is this that primarily separates it from instrumental language. Often this polysemious character is more
evident in poems than in narrative as depicted in Donne's poem 'Go catch a fallen star'. Allusions to religion appear thrice in this poem: the "Devil's
foot' and 'pilgrimage' as well as 'fallen angels'. It may be that Donne is creating a parallel between the religious search and between the search for
physical/

Explain The Terms Metaphor And Metonymy
Masterkolloquium Literary Theory
Winter term 2014/15
Professor: Dr. Laura Bieger
Student: Anna Zaburdaeva
Matriculation number: 3957299
31.03.2015
ESSAY
The terms "metaphor" and "metonymy" made a regular appearance in our survey of modern literary theory. Discuss the significance that these terms
assumed in the various schools of thought, and comment on both continuities and changes within the various contexts. Do you still find the terms
useful for literary studies today?
Roman Jakobson's article "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances" changed dramatically the way literary critics use the
terms metaphor and metonymy. Before that article metonymy was a rhetorical trope barely distinguishable from synecdoche. Since Jakobson
introduced the dichotomy, metonymy was elevated to the status equal to metaphor, and viewed as its contrary. Both metaphor and metonymy ceased to
perform only as rhetorical tropes and became the two principles defining relationships within language. This binary model has been developed, applied
or challenged in many studies from linguistics and rhetoric, to literary theory, film, psychology. In this essay we will look at how the terms metaphor
and metonymy were employed by different schools ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paul De Man in his article "Semiology and Rhetoric" explores the possibilities of metaphor and metonymy relate to each other in a free play, not
confined to their definitions. He takes a passage from Proust's book and deconstructs the poles of the binary, proving that metaphor could be a more
powerful device than metonymy (which is the traditional view), but it is only possible with the help of metonymic tools. The effect of this is that we
no longer can have authoritative reading as we are constantly aware that our practices of reading are not sufficient, we read with the help of instruments
the text provided

Literary Language And Everyday Language
Literary Language and Everyday Language What is a Language? At first glance, the question about what is the language might be strange, because
we have been using language extemporarily, unconsciously for centuries ago. Nevertheless, the language is the essence difference between human
beings and animals, due to what language offers to humans. It enables them to have a history and live the present as well as for planning for the
future. furthermore, it is our major tool to communicate ,express our thoughts and feelings under different circumstances, and it enables us to
exchange knowledge, beliefs, and opinions to accomplish a great civilization. However, ordinary language is the daily usage of language by people,
whereas literary language is the language used by writers, poets, and literates. Everyone can understand the ordinary language easily, but it is quite
difficult to realize the proper meanings of the literary language. In order to reach to literary meanings, you should take in your consideration the all
structures of the literary language. Literary language is a deviant type of language, for how a writer uses various devices of diction in order to make
the language vary from the usual use of language. The Unity Between Everyday Language Literary Language: Throughout twenty–centuries ago,
writers thought that ordinary language and literary language were two different languages. But this is an analytical assumption. There is only one
language, which

Theme Of Metatextuality In The Castle Of Otranto
The purpose of this paper is to draw upon the metatextual connection between desire, as the omnipresent drive of the novel and the narrative itself in
the novel. Desire and lust are not working only at the level of the diegesis, of the story and characters, but also influence the narrative style and
techniques, the intertextual and metatextual level and also the language. All these aspect create a seductive narrative that captivates the reader. The Eros
and Thanatos coordinates not only manifest themselves only in relation to the story but also in relationship between the text itself, the author and the
Gothic genre at large. The novel also cannot escape the pleasure of drawing upon itself as a literary work and as a representative of the Gothic ... Show
The answer can found in the prefatory advertisement of the novel, where Lewis, very consciously gives the name of his sources, the German legend
of the Bleeding Nun, different Danish ballads and Spanish poems aware of the accusations of plagiarism that can be intended against him. We
encountered this method before in The Castle of Otranto where Horace Walpole presents his novel as a resurfaced medieval manuscript; in essence
the authorship of the novel is usurped. Lewis does the same thing hiding behind his sources; in this way he renounces to the authorship of the text.
The novel is intertextual not only in the Romantic disclosure of the literary sources, but also in the many allusions scattered around in the narrative
texture and in the paratextual elements. The text is narcissistic in the sense that it cannot refrain from drawing not only upon itself, but also upon
literature in general. An example of this reflexivity is the playful poem in the style of Horace that opens the romance, where Lewis makes a rather
dark prophecy for the future of this literary offspring. Lydenberg states that fact that the gloomy atmosphere and the Gothic imagery of the poem are
just a "literary joke" (67), which proclaims his superiority "to the very devices of Gothic terror he will use in his novel"

A Comparative Approach In Comparative Literature
Comparative literature can be regarded as comparative criticism in substance, because comparison and analysis have been and continue to be the
principal organs of literary criticism since Aristotle (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.). Of the early theoretical practitioners, Quintilian (35 A.D. – 95 A.D.) and
Longinus (1st century) tried the comparative method fairly and systematically. Comparative literature as a separate and independent discipline is,
comparatively, a recent phenomenon. From the historical viewpoint, the term comparative literature is said to have originated by with the first use of
this term by H.M. Posnett. But he used the term not exactly in the sense it is used now. The credit of its origin must be given to Matthew Arnold (1822
A.D. –1888 A.D.) who was a relentless advocate and practitioner of comparative literature. According to him the best method of literary evaluation is
touchstone method in which the analogical similarity of the term comparative literature is involved in the sense which is supposed nowadays.
Internationalism in aesthetics made a first debut in the first international congress of Aesthetics, held in 1913 in Berlin. But it was confined within the
limits of Western literature. The gap between the occidental and the oriental aesthetics remained as ever before. But due to the zeal of renaissance
spirit,scholars in the East, particularly in India, China and Japan, and orientalists in the West started writing on oriental arts and aesthetics in English
and other European languages. Their works made the western aestheticians recognise that "oriental art contains important values not attained by art in
the west"(Munru 13) led to the discovery of important insights in oriental aesthetics, applicable to art and aesthetic experience everywhere and made
many Western artists and critics believe that the Western art has much to learn from Eastern methods. Oriental school of poetics has six types;
Dhavani,. Rasa, Alamkar, Vakroti, Reeti and Auchitya. The last school is Auchitya propounded by Kshemendra (circa 11 A.D.) After the gap of six
hundred years, the name of Panditraj Jagannath can be mentioned, but his theory of poetics can also be included in rasa–theory. It should also be kept
in mind

Allegory And Symbolism In True Stories By Margaret Atwood
Canadian Literature In African literature, authors portray many problems through the use of symbolism and allegory that are sentimental because of
the possibility of persecution for speaking about the corruption within the African government. Similarly, in Canadian literature authors use these
literary element to portray the struggles in their society. However, Canadian authors use these literary devices with a different perspective in mind; they
have more freedom to speak about the society in their writing, unlike African authors. In the mid–1900s, one of the best–known Canadian authors,
Margaret Atwood, wrote three poems using these literary aspects about her political ideas and views of the society. She utilized these literary devices in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She uses allegory to show how truth gets lost in order to fill one's desire. The author reinforced the unreliability and needlessness of the poem "True
Stories" due to the reshaping of the truth. People will make the stories depending on how they want to see it, "It's not what I set out with or what I
carry ... sailing with" (288). The author uses this quote as an allegory meaning that the stories of the narrator are not based on what he or she heard.
Rather, it is based on what the narrator is "sailing with" or the matter that suits the narrator. Additionally, the control people have on animals is another
problem Atwood illustrated in her poem. She does not directly tell the readers about the oppression of animals, but she shows the reader the problem
within the society through an allegory. In the beginning of the poem "Dreams of the Animals", the free animals dream of anything, until they were
caged, "animals dream of evil ... petshop window on St. Catherine" (203). The author presents that animals dream too, not just humans. Their dreams
had exceptions, which is the animals that were not free, because humans control them. The people caged animals for their own desires, or even sold
them for money. The caged animals are an allegory to the oppression and control of humans to animals that of which they cannot break free. The
allegory moral principle is that the imagination

Literary Uses Of Literary Devices In Poetry And Language
Poetry is known to be a creative thought or impassioned feeling using language and is expressed in many places in the world. A poem can have many
different meanings according to how an individual interprets it. Various literary devices are used to bring out that interpretation and the sense of what
the person thinks that is going to happen. In the poem "Saturday at the Canal" by Gary Soto and "Nothing Better" by The Postal Service the theme is
sometimes in life you may go through tough times but it is up to you whether they will continue. Some literary devices that show the coming up from
tough times are figurative language, imagery, and the mood of the poems/songs. Figurative language is one literary device that supports the theme of
coming back from tough times. In "Saturday at the Canal" the speaker is in school and is going through a tough life and "the teachers were too close
to dying to understand" (Soto 5–6). This hyperbole is showing how miserable in life the speaker is in that current point using exaggeration and how
the speaker wants to change it by heading to San Francisco. The teachers probably were from an older time and could not possibly understand the
life of a modern teenager. In "Nothing Better" the speaker is going through a breakup with his girlfriend and is willing to "block the door like a goalie
tending the net" (The Postal Service 6–7). The simile shows how much the speaker wants things to become better and does not want her to leave him.
In soccer

Article Review on Using What We Know about Language and...
The following paper is article review of the article titled: Using What We Know about Language and Literacy Development for ESL Students in the
Mainstream Classroom by Susan Watts–Taffe and Diane M. Truscott. In the article Watts
–Taffe and Truscott draw on the latest research in language
learning and ESL to offer guidance to our readers for teaching second–language learners in integrated settings (Watts–Taffe & Truscoot, n.d.). The
article focuses on the following: what we know about literacy development, what we know about language proficiency and literacy development, what
we know about entering a new culture, facilitating English language literacy development, and scaffolding instruction. Discussed under the section
titled "What We Know About Literacy Development" Watts
–Taffe and Truscott discuss what research shows about how children become literate. It
seems that some of the most powerful lessons addressed such as language learning proceeds best when children use language for meaningful purposes
(Au, 1998) and what constitutes meaningful language use is influenced by an individuals prior experience, culture, motivation, and goals (Delpit,
1995) are all beneficial in literacy development to both native English speakers and students learning English as a second language (Carrasquillo &
Rodriguez, 1996; Donato, 1994; Fitzgerald & Noblit, 1999; Perez, 1998a). This research shows that if a teacher integrates different strategies into the
curriculum, it will not only

The Role Of Literature In The Sandman, By Martha Nussbaum
Introduction A society that wants to foster the just treatment of all its members has strong reasons to foster an exercise of the compassionate
imagination that crosses social boundaries, or tries to. And this means caring about literature. (Nussbaum, 92) This passage is from Martha Nussbaum's
Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Nussbaum is a strong advocate of literature as a tool for compassion and
understanding of other people. She thinks that, through literature, we can achieve an openness and responsiveness that goes beyond cultural
stereotypes. If Nussbaum is right, that literature is an "expansion of sympathies that real life cannot cultivate sufficiently" (111), the role of literature in
Swedish... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poe was an American writer born in 1809 and dead 1849. He wrote poems, short stories and literary criticism. "Usher", published 1839, is a Gothic
horror story told by an unnamed narrator. The narrator travels to his childhood friend Roderick Usher's house after receiving a letter from Roderick
which speaks of a great illness. Upon arriving at the house, the narrator realizes that there is something strange going on with Roderick and his sister
Madeline and there also seems to be something strange with the house itself. Both stories I have chosen for my discussion fit into the Gothic genre. In
The Gothic Novel, Brendan Hennessy explains that the Gothic genre is related to and emerged in the Romantic period. The Gothic was a step away
from the classical order in literature and embraced imagination, the unknown and the supernatural. The stories horror theme might be useful when
teaching them. There is a lot to find and recognize in the authors' creation of atmosphere and in their attempt to scare or unsettle their readers. Both
stories deal with madness and fear in explicit ways which offers opportunity for analysis, contemplation and

Edgar Allan Poe's Use Of The Emotive Language In The Baker
The prose extract, 'The Baker' is presented as an omniscient, third person narrative perspective. Consisting of intricate detail and emotive language for
the purpose of implying meaningful, yet effective language providing a sense of involvement in the text. the general content of the passage revolves
around the daily experiences of a baker and his interactions with his customers. The passage displays a moody and contrasting theme which
commences with a sorrowful and empathetic theme which progressively elevates to a satisfied and proud atmosphere and tone. The various and vast
amount of literary device implemented throughout the passage embody; emotive language, alternative forms of imagery, soliloquy, similes, flashback
and finally syntax, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This literary device equips the reader with a sense of virtual reality identical to the scene described by the author. it allows the reader to have a more
complex, realistic and tangible experience whilst perusing the extract. in a sense the beauty and lure of the story is liberated whence the appropriate
terminology and literary devices are applied. thus allowing the reader to experience the full potential of the articulated scene. A sentence from the
passage satisfying the visual imagery technique is, "icing knuckle deep," which portrays a rich description of the scene in the readers mind with
intricate detail to ensure no misconception is present, concerning what the author is attempting to proclaim. one may be able to visualise via the use of
their imagination as the bakers rough hands are ploughed into the dough whilst kneading it. hence the powerful sentence "icing knuckle

Analytical analysis and comparism of an everyday text with...
Choose one every day and one literary text. Using at least two analytical techniques from E301, analyze and compare your two texts in terms of their
creativity and literariness, drawing on material from both parts of the module.
In this paper I will analyze and compare a literary text and an everyday text, in terms of their creativity and literariness. I chose Philip Larkin's (1964)
poem, 'Self's the man' (see Appendix, Text 1), as the literary text for analysis because it is not only smooth and pleasing to the eye and mind that it
seems effortless to read and contain within one's self but also because it arouses so many emotions which makes it ideal for analysis. In 'Self's the
man' Larkin (1964), is being cynical towards relationships ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my analysis, I will first apply Jakobson's (1960) methodology, stylistics approach and Carter's (1997) criteria of literariness to the two texts and then
contrast them with illustrations in terms of interpretative schemata. My intention in doing so is to highlight some of the strengths and weaknesses of
these approaches and also modes in which they interact to better comprehend the nature of creativity and literariness.
On the graphological level, in Text 1, the noticeable attributes are the traditional lineation, stanza divisions ofpoetry, and the presence of standard
punctuation. The poem has 8 stanzas in all and each stanza consists of 4 lines. This creates a set rhythmic pattern, particularly in conjunction with the
rhyme scheme. Text 2, on the other hand, on a graphic level, uses full capitalization in order to emphasize every letter in the ad and make it look trim
and tidy. The headline uses larger, capital and bold letters to draw readers' attention and make them curious about what the advertisement mainly has to
say, leading them to continue on reading unconsciously by arousing their curiosity and desire to know more about the product and subsequently
persuading them to buy it. Moreover, Text 2, illustrates graphological deviation, by using solid background colors, and a brilliant diamond ring to focus
all the reader's attention to.
On the phonic level, Text 1 has little

Kingsolver's Butterflies in Flight Behavior
What moves us to inquire about the world we live in; what inspires us to change, and how do we grow intellectually? Knowledge is an accumulation of
experiences, which are obtained either conventionally in a school setting, or indiscriminately through life–experiences. Likewise, from these
experiences conventional or otherwise, information is then transferred, acquired, and reappropriated. However, within this sequence of events
knowledge is at risk of misinterpretation. In those circumstances it is the story, the most ancient forms of communication that is capable of making the
unfamiliar appear obvious. Through her story Flight Behaviour, Barbara Kingsolver acts as a teacher, surreptitiously conveying her own opinions on
education and the process of learning through the development of her characters. Subsequently, Kingsolver provides a valuable outlook regarding the
elements required to engage intellectually; and furthermore her outlook offers creditable insight regarding the process of learning. Not merely an
anecdotal novel, Kingsolver conveys a fundamental educational paradigm through her narrative. Indeed, engaging intellectually requires both aptitude
and enthusiasm, but Kingsolver proposes that education is far more complex than a simple binary. Kingsolver suggests that intellectual engagement is
both a process and a maturation of one's ability to reason, which is fundamentally rooted in logic and passion.
Narratives offer a framework, which support unfamiliar

Limits and Challenges of the Feminist Critical Approach
Feminist literary criticism is an approach to literary criticism that is most concerned with the role of women within the context of literature. This
includes how female characters are created and understood within any given text, in addition to the role of female authors and female readers. This
paper shall focus on some of the theoretical concepts which have been contributed to the feminist literary discourse. It shall compare and contrast
aspects of theory put forth by three prominent feminist critics, while also considering the arguments raised by three Г©criture feminine scholars. The
feminist critics to be considered in this essay are Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. Their arguments about the
role... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its reliance open a male–oriented analysis, "we are not learning what women have felt and experienced, but what men have thought women
should be" (148). The second approach to feminist literary criticism that Showalter describes, the woman as writer, does not rely upon this male
understanding. Showalter also refers to this approach as "gynocritics", appropriated from the French terminology "la gyncritique" (147). What this
approach relies upon for its focus of analysis is the role women themselves play in the creation and understanding of literature. The focus then is upon
literature created by women themselves, and is not limited in its analysis to female characters because of this. Showalter describes this approach as
"more self–contained and experimental, with connections to other modes of new feminist research" (147). One of the majour goals in literary
criticism that the gynocritic approach aims for is the creation of a specialized language unique to the criticism of female created literature. This is
required, Showalter describes, in order to truly step away from the male–dominated rhetoric often associated and employed in the criticism otherwise.
The third feminist critique to discuss is put forth by the theorists Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, from their text, "The Madwoman in the Attic".
Within this text, Gilbert and Gubar discuss the phenomenon in male–authored texts of creating two very distinct binary roles

Theories Of Structuralism In Literature
Structuralism and its different approaches to literature Structuralism was developed in France in 1950's as an approach of reading literary texts.
Structuralism seeks to understand that no element can be understood separately. It attempts to understand a work of art in the context of the larger
structures they are part of. Structuralism is a way of thinking and activities which is chiefly concerned with the perceptions and descriptions of
structures. In this regard, Terence Hawkes says:
The full significance of any entity cannot be perceived unless and until it is integrated into the surface of which it forms a part.1
One can derive from Terence Hawkes' view that structuralism would refer to a system or body of principles which is derived from the belief that any
phenomenon is a structure made up of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Griemas' work Structural Semantic (1966) is an important work of structuralist narratology. He develops structural semantics based on Saussaure's
notion of binary opposition which he has called structural semiotics. For Griemas there always exists opposition to generate meaning. He declares that
there are various sematic units that work in opposition. He called these as seme. And meaning comes out in the opposition between semes, for example,
old/young; black/white; boy/girl etc. These semes function as actants (structural unit, neither a character nor a specific narrative event) to produce
narrative. Griemas' semes are based on Saussurean notion that form the basic formula, the rules and the underlying structure of language (langue). The
semes express themselves as narrative and plots and stories in contexts (parole). Thus the semes in different combinations are stated in particular
contexts to generate stories in particular contexts. In literary theory, the basic structure of the production of meaning through binary opposition is called
signification. We often find the dual opposition or semes in a text or any piece of

The Literary Use Of Figurative Language In Literature
Authors always creatively weave figurative language into their writing in order to make it stronger and more appealing. Figurative language also
helps efficiently convey themes and moods to the reader. There are three specific literary works that use this type of language exceptionally well.
These works are the following: 1984 by George Orwell, "Imagine the Angels of Bread" by Martin Espada, and"A Modest Proposal" by Jonathan Swift .
All of these literary pieces work to convey their theme and make the reader feel something and with the use of figurative language all of the works
are able to do this easily. To begin, in the novel 1984 the author, George Orwell, expertly uses figurative language that effectively conveys his theme
and mood. The central theme that Orwell works to reveal is the dangers of totalitarianism. One example of figurative language Orwell frequently uses
throughout the novel is irony. For instance, in the novel, there are ministries with names that contradict what they do as an institution. The Ministry of
Truth is a perfect example of how Orwell uses the irony to show how the control the government has over the society. In the Ministry of Truth, there is
a sub–department called the Records Department which is where the main character works. In the Records Department, the employee's job is to change
the history of the world to fit what the Party wants their people to believe. The irony that Orwell uses to explain the totalitarian government helps the

Imagery In Roald Dahl's Short Stories
In literature, one of the strongest devices is imagery wherein the author uses words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader. Imagery
helps the reader to visualise more realistically the author's writings. The usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes amongst other
literary forms in order to "tickle" and awaken the readers' sensory perceptions is referred to as imagery. Imagery is not limited to only visual
sensations, but also refers to igniting kinaesthetic, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, thermal and auditory sensations as well. (online 1) Reading Roald Dahl's
short stories, one can easily imagine the scene and feel the atmosphere of where the action took place. The function of imagery in literature is to... Show
Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and
more significant. Sometimes, however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. (Online 10) A symbol is
something that stands for something else. Literary symbolism combines the literal and the abstract. Some symbols are generic, such as the color red
representing love, and flowers representing mortality. Other symbols, such as The Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby, are specific to individual
novels. (The Valley of Ashes represents the consequences of greed.) Many symbols used in novels demonstrate the effectiveness of symbolism as a
literary technique, and consequently have become familiar parts of the culture. (Online 11) In Roald Dahl's stories that were analysed in the current
research both literal and the abstract meanings of symbols are found. The reader has to have an understanding of the culture presented in the stories to
feel the atmosphere created by the

The Iguana Figurative Language
Beauty is an enthralling trait, so enthralling that it may incite a desire to possess in the hearts it captures. But beauty, in illuminating irony of its wiles,
is not to be obtained. In the piece of literature, The Iguana, written by Isak Dinesen, is entailed a story concerning a personal, thoughtful, and epiphanic
experience of the narrator in regards to beauty. The author develops the theme of revelation via the use of the literary devices of characterization and
figurative language. The author first exhibits the theme of revelation in concurrence with the literary device of characterization when the narrator sho
ots and kills an iguana. "Once I shot an Iguana. I thought that I should be able to make some pretty things from his skin." That... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She describes the shimmering elegance of the iguana with figurative language. "They shine like a heap of precious stones or like a pane cut out of
an old church window. When, as you approach, they swish away, there is a flash of azure, green and purple over the stones, the colour seems to be
standing behind them in the air, like a comet's luminous tail." She acknowledges the grace and luster of the iguana with colorful comparisons to
sparkling stone or church window, saying also that it has a likeness to comet's shining and exuberant tail. This is her initial impression of the iguana.
She then shoots the iguana with the intention of flaying and fashioning things from its skin. She remarks on its appearance after being shot, saying
"...and by the time that I touched him he was grey and dull like a lump of concrete." She notices that the iguana, in a state bereft of life, has taken on
an appearance in blatant contrast to its preceding form, and she notices this. A third instance of the theme of revelation operating in conjunction with
figurative language is when the narrator encounters a young African girl and is enraptured by the charming amalgam of colors on her bracelet. She
hastily has Farah purchase the bracelet from the girl for her, and once donning it, notices an immediate and grievous transformation. "No sooner had it
come upon my own arm than it gave up the ghost. It was nothing now, a small, cheap, purchased article of finery." The bracelet had been in such
incongruence with her "pale hand" that its beauty was diminished nigh–instantaneously, and she takes heed of this. It became nothing short of the
corpse of the iguana. These three instances develop the theme of revelation through displaying the shift in her understanding of beauty and its
connection with life with figurative language. She also understands that beauty is not an obtainable item, and it is

Literature and South Africa
DECLARATION NAME: Ndumiso Ncube STUDENT NUMBER: 46302522 MODULE NUMBER: THL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I
declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental
requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013
CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (в€
љ) | | YES| NO| 1| I acknowledged all source material (study guide, tutorial letter, internet, other sources)
used in my assignment.| в€
љ| | 2| Irrespective of whether I participated in a study group or not, the wording of the assignment is my own.| в€
љ| | 3| I
indicated all sources used... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though it shall be established in this write–up that a link always exists between all the three types of codes mentioned above for a text to be described
as a system, it is paramount to view with a magnifying glass on the inherent elements and value of the poem as the Structuralist suggested. In
Mending Wall, the intratextual code is recognisable in the aesthetic use of the word play (paronomasia) in "Where they have left no one stone on
a stone" and "What I was walling in or walling out". Principles of repetition are also used in "Something there is that doesn't love a wall" and
"Good fences make good neighbours". One aspect of intratextual code is its advocation for recognition of visible concrete features of a text. The use
of the lyrical voice "I" and "neighbour" to draw closer to and alienate the other from the reader strikes one as a code that demands recoding and
overcoding. Paradigmatic links in wall, hill, line and fences; loaves, balls, boulders and stone; hunters –elves; rabbits and yelping dogs call upon the
reader to recode and overcode these signs to come with the real meanings of the poem. However, the reader also has to be acquainted with the literally
code employed by the speaker to appreciate the inherent value of the poem, for example, the choice of diction, semantic variations and form, and
secondary modelling system

Literary Devices In The Armenian Language
Yagiz Akiska Mrs. Lewis World Literature
–3rd Period October 16th 2014 Somehow Connected Armenia went through such bad times in 1915 and lost
many of people in the Turkish massacre; people died and their families were divided. "The Armenian Language is the home of the Armenian" is a poem
that was written after that time by Moushegh Ishkan (1913–1990), who was just a little child while encountering such sad times. The author mentions
his deep feelings about his heritage, despite the tragic times Armenians faced, and throughout the poem he reveals his comfort, love, and pride of the
Armenian language using some literary devices such as an extended metaphor and a connotative word. The poem is completely structured by a literary
device that is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author uses the word "home" (1) instead of saying "house" to describe their language. Even though they have the same meanings in the dictionary,
something sounds different here. House could be used to identify or describe a building itself but home is more than this for him; where he enters to
find love and pride and also to lock the hyena and the storm outside (4–5). Home is where you find yourself the most comfortable, where you feel like
you are not alone and it is where you know that you leave everything behind when you enter. For the author, his language is his home; when he
speaks in Armenian or hears someone speaking in Armenian, he knows that they have a common home, a sharing. He clearly mentions that despite
the harshness of life, or difficulties he has, he can still feel safe as he knows the other one he speaks to is proud of him and loves him unconditionally.
Many of us feel the same way in our own lives; when we have a common point with someone else, we somehow start to develop a relationship between
each other. The author, with his words, is emphasizing that the common point among all the Armenian people is their language; what reminds them of
their past again, and makes them closer to each other to protect

Analysis Of Pablo Neruda
In most cases, texts that are translated lose meaning, as sometimes words from a native language cannot be translated exactly into a desired language,
or they lose context. World literature translations also lead to the 'dangers of a single story' where you only get to read one side of the story (the one of
the author) without having a perspective of the natives about the story that was written. To understand, how language is used in world literature, and
how text translations change our understanding and meaning of the text, we need to be able to understand the culture, have historical understanding of
the time the literary work was written, and factors that might affect society in which the author had written. When one wants to study world literature,
they need to consider that translations of the text smooths out not only linguistics richness but also the original and political force a work can have in
its original context. World literature needs to be studied with close attention to the original language and context, including works that have new
meaning and take new dimensions abroad. There is a shift that unfolds on the internal logic of the work itself, but often come as complex dynamic of
cultural change and contestation. For a work to be considered a valuable piece in world literature it must be read first as literature, and secondly
circulate into a broader world beyond linguistic and cultural point of origins. Pablo Neruda's poems are post–colonial responses to

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