2. Introduction
n What was revolutionary about the Industrial
Revolution?
¨It changed the way people worked!
n The Industrial Revolution is the era when
power-driven machinery was developed.
¨What power-driven machines do you use in your
everyday life?
5. Agrarian Revolution
n Famers improved
livestock breeding and
created better varieties
of crops
n Jethro Tull invented the
seed drill
¨Made planting grain
more efficient
6. n Enclosure movement
¨Wealthy farmers bought up land and combined
small fields to created larger, fenced-in fields
¨Allowed for more efficient farming methods
¨Kicked poor famers off their land
n Crop rotation
¨Rotated crops to prevent a field from losing all of
its important minerals
7. Population Growth
n Greater food supply led to a population
boom
n Poor famers moved into cities
n Human numbers through the ages
8. The Energy Revolution
n From the beginning of history, the physical
labor of humans and animals provided energy
for work
n This all changed when we began to harness the
power of water and coal
9. n In 1769 James
Watt developed
the steam engine
powered by coal
¨This invention
would run the
machines of the
Industrial
Revolution
12. Britain leads the way
n Industrialization
began in Britain, and
by the 1800s would
spread to the United
States, Japan,
Germany, and other
countries
13. n Exploration and colonization
¨Colonies around the world provided raw materials
¨Colonies also became new markets for finished
goods
n Geography
¨ As an island, Britain had many natural harbors and
rivers that could be used for trade, transportation,
and a power source for factories.
¨ Britain also had an abundance of coal and iron.
14. n Political stability
¨Britain had a strong, stable government that
supported businessmen. The powerful British navy
also protected overseas trade.
n Growth of private investment
¨Because of their huge overseas empire the British
had a very strong economy. Wealthy middle-class
Englishmen invested their money in mines,
railroads, inventions, and factories.
15. Factors of Production
¨Great Britian had all three factors of
production:
nLand
¨ Natural resources like coal, rivers, harbors, etc.
nLabor
¨ A growing population that made a willing workforce
nCapitol
¨ Funds for investment from wealthy citizens
17. Textiles
n Before the Industrial
Revolution, spinners and
weavers made clothing at home
by hand. Cotton was spun into
thread, and then woven into
cloth. Later the cloth was dyed
by an artisan.
n This was known as the cottage
industry, or domestic system,
which was very slow.
18. Textiles: Inventions
n The old ways of making cloth were completely
transformed with industrialization
¨Flying shuttle- John Kay
¨Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves
¨Water frame- Richard Arkwright
¨Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton
22. n Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton
¨Fastest of all, produced the best thread
23. Factories
n Because the spinning mule needed water
power to function, producers set up factories
with water wheels along streams.
n Factory – place where workers and machines
are brought together to produce large
quantities of goods.
24. Mass Production
n The system of manufacturing large
numbers of identical items
¨Made possible by interchangeable parts and
the assembly line
n Interchangeable parts: identical, machine-made
parts
n Assembly line: production moves from worker to
worker, items made more quickly
25.
26.
27. Transportation
n In the early 1800s George Stephenson
developed steam-powered locomotives to pull
carts along rails. Railroads increased trade and
industry, and connected Britain from one end
to the other
31. Urbanization
n During the Industrial Revolution, people
moved from villages and towns into cities
n Urbanization: movement of people to cities
n Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and
disease spread
32.
33.
34. n “It was a town of red brick, or brick that would
have been red if the smoke and ashes had
allowed it; but, as matters stood, it was a town
of unnatural red and black, like the painted
face of a savage. It was a town of machinery
and tall chimneys, out which interminable
serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever
and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black
canal, and a river ran purple with ill-smelling
dye.”
§ Charles Dickens, Hard Times
35. Poor Working Conditions
n Factory conditions were very harsh. Men, women,
and even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day
n Work was monotonous and boring, and could also be
dangerous and unhealthy
n Women were hired because they could be paid less
than men
n Children were hired by textile mills and mines
because of their size
38. New Class Structure
n Upper class: rich, industrial business owners
n Upper middle class: professionals like doctors
and lawyers
n Lower middle class: teachers, shop owners,
office workers
n Working class: factory workers
39. New Class Structure
n Impact on Women
¨ Middle class women
n Enjoyed more economic opportunities
n Greater access to education
n Affected by idea of “separate spheres”
¨ Working-class women
n Separated from families
n Found jobs because more people could afford to hire them
n Some or no improvement to status
42. n The problems caused by the Industrial
Revolution caused many to look for
solutions. While some believed the
market would eventually fix the
problems, others believed there should be
a change in government.
43. Laissez-faire Economics
n The idea that government
should not interfere with
business- “free to do”
n Adam Smith
¨Wealth of Nations
¨Father of economics
¨Promoted laissez-faire
capitalism (means of
production privately owned
for profit)
44. n Smith argued that free market forces of supply
and demand would produce more goods at
lower prices
¨It would also encourage investors to invest money
in new ideas
n Claimed that the “invisible hand” of capitalism
would lead individuals to work for their own
good and the good of the entire community
45. n Thomas Malthus
¨ In his 1798 Essay on the Principle of
Population, Malthus predicted that
population growth would outpace
food supply
¨ Warned that the poor would suffer
from starvation and that the only
option was to have fewer children
¨ His predictions didn’t come true: food
supply grew faster than the population
46. Socialism
n A system in which
the people as a
whole rather than
private individuals
own all property
and operate all
businesses
49. Utopian Socialism
n Sought to create self-
sufficient communities
where all property and
work would be shared,
and fighting would end
n Robert Owen set up a
utopian community in
Scotland
¨ Provided housing fair
wages, education
50. Communism
n Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels
promoted “scientific
socialism” in their
work The
Communist
Manifesto
51. Communism
n A form of socialism
that sees class struggle
between employers and
employees and
inevitable
n History was a class
struggle between the
bourgeoisie (wealthy
capitalists) and the
proletariat (working
class)
52. Communism
n The proletariat
would eventually
revolt and create
their own classless
society
n 1917 revolt in
Russia set up the
first communist
state
53. HW
n On google classroom
n Read pages 30-35 in unit packet and
answer questions 1-6
