The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.

1. KYOTO PROTOCOLPresented ByJibin M Varghese(PR10EE1002)Justin Baby(PR10EE1007)Shanthibhushan B(PR10EE1025)Manu N Govind(PR10EE1028)Ajeesh G(PR10EE1034)

2. Kyoto protocol (Introduction)The United Nations organized a conference in Kyoto, Japan to draft an agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.

3. The protocol commits that “Annex 1 countries” (developed countries) reduce their emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels.

4. Each country has a prescribed number of 'emission units' which make up the target emissionThe Kyoto Protocol provides mechanisms for countries to meet their emission targets

6. Greenhouse gasesCarbon dioxide (CO2)Methane (CH4)Nitrous oxide (N2O)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)NaturalManmadeSource: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A

7. Per Capita CO2 Emitters

8. Kyoto ProblemsCurrently, 166 countries have ratified the protocol but:United States, the number 1 emitter of CO2 gases has not joined.

9. Developing nations, such as China and India are not required to reduce or limit their emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.Kyoto Protocol participation mapGreen = Countries that have signed and ratified the treatyGrey = Countries that have not yet decidedRed = No intention to ratify at this stage.

10. Kyoto Protocol MechanismUNFCCC Kyoto protocolAllowance BasedProject BasedInternationalEmission Trading(Between developedcountries)Clean DevelopmentMechanism(Developing &developed countries)Joint Implementation(Between developedcountries)Assigned AmountUnits (AAU)Carbon Reduction Units (CRU)Emission Reduction Units (ERU)UNFCCC:- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

11. International Emission Trading (IET)• Emissions trading (ET) is a mechanism thatenables countries with legally binding emissiontargets to buy and sell emissions allowancesamong themselves• Each country has a certain number of emissionallowances (amount of carbon dioxide it canemit) in line with its Kyoto reduction targets• The IET allows industrialized countries to tradetheir surplus credits on the international carboncredit market

12. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)CDM is the only Flexibility Mechanism that involves developing countries.

13. Designed to provide developed countries with flexibility to meet GHG emission reduction targets that they agreed to achieve under the Protocol.

14. Developed countries may finance GHG emission reducing (avoiding) projects undertaken in developing countries and receive credits to help them to meet their mandatory limits.Assist developing countries who host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development.Ref:-1st Arab CP Workshop, Amman - Jordan 4-6 / 4 / 2006

15. Joint ImplementingAllows an Annex I country to claim credits for emissions reductions that arise from investment in another Annex I country.Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.

16. Climate Change Impact in IndiaRajasthan- DroughtRann of Kutch – sea level riseMumbai-Salt water intrusionKerala –Productivity of ForestTamil Nadu-Coral bleachingGanges – Sedimentation problemSunderbans-Sea level raiseNorthwest India-reduction In rice yield