High And Medium Growth Bacterial Code

High And Medium Growth Bacterial Code
++ 84 – 57 +++ 16 – 86 +++ 58 ++ 17 ++ 87 – 59 + 18 + 88 ++ 60 +++ 19 – A.f +++ 61 +++ 20 –
B.p ++ 62 + 21 A.f = A. flavithermus, B.p = B. pumilus, +++=High growth, ++= Medium growth,
+= Low growth and – = No growth. Thirty two strains which showed high and medium growth
ability at 55oC were retested at the same conditions, i.e. streptomycin supplementation and at 55oC,
results are present in Table 12. Table 12: Growth ability of thirty two fusants in streptomycin
medium at 55oC. Growth Bacterial code Growth Bacterial code + 58 + 1 + 60 + 9 +++ 61 + 11 +++
62 + 12 + 63 + 13 ++ 65 + 14 ++ 66 + 16 + 68 + 17 +++ 70 ++ 19 ++ 71 + 20 ++ 73 +++ 33 + 79
++ 38 + 81 +++ 43 ++ 84 +++ 45 + 87 + 46 + 88 ++ 52 +++=High growth, ++= Medium growth
and += Low growth. Results indicated that all tested strains could grow with streptomycin at 55oC
with different growth efficiencies. Six strains had high growth, 8 showed medium growth and 18
had low growth efficiencies. Comparing the growth of the same strains (Tables 11 and 12) indicated
different growth efficiencies within some strains where some strains showed less efficiencies in
Table 12 than their behavior in Table 11, i.e., strains codes 16, 20 and 58, other strains showed
higher growth in Table 12 than their performance in Table 11, i.e., strains codes 33, 43, 45, 52, 61,
62, 66, 70, 73 and 84. These results indicated that some fusants are still instable. To study genetic
stability, twelve fusants have been selected
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Vibrio Natriegen's Generation Time
Title: Vibrio natriegens's generation time and optimal growth environment using a Closed–Growth
System.
Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to find out what the optimal growth environment is for
V. natriegens out of three different environments. The first is a Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) that
contains 50 mM of NaCl. The second is BHI containing 250 mM of NaCl. The third is BHI
containing 1000 mM NaCl. In order to obtain this, a growth curve graph must be constructed for
each different environment, and the generation time of the bacteria in each environment must be
calculated. The optimal environment for V. natriegens was found to be the BHI with 250 mM of
NaCl.
Introduction: The type environment that bacteria live ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the y value posted in the upper right hand corner. The following data was obtained from the
"Closed–System Growth" experiment:
As shown in the figure above, it is evident that V.natriegens grew faster when the Brain Heart
Infusion (BHI) broth contained 250mM NaCl. The # of bacterial cells at each time point was
measured following the equation given in the "How to generate a bacterial growth curve"
supplemental material posted on D2L. (2) The data was then recorded in the table listed above. A
growth curve graph was constructed using the data above which illustrated the differences between
each of the different BHI mixtures. The graph was then used to determine the generation time of
V.natriegens for each different environmental condition. In order to calculate the generation time (g)
the mean growth rate (k) must be calculated. The formula to do this is posted in the supplemental
material "How to generate a bacterial growth curve" on D2L. The k value calculated for each
condition goes as follows:
At 50 mM NaCl k= 2.2 generations per hour
The generation time for each condition goes as follows:
At 50 mM NaCl g= .45 hours per generation
With all of these calculations the environment that is optimal for V. natriegens was determined.

Bacterial Growth Lab Report
Introduction
The main purpose for completing the experiment is to understand bacterial growth. In order for
bacteria to grow effectively, two important factors are required, physical and nutritional. Physical
factors include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and gaseous requirements1. Bacterial growth is
temperature sensitive. The optimum growth temperature of most species of bacteria is at body
temperature, approximately 37 ᵒC, while some bacteria reproduce best at high temperatures 2. Some
of the nutritional requirements are sources of carbon and nitrogen, water, minerals, vitamins, and
organic and inorganic compounds3. When bacteria are grown in laboratories, culture media are
sterilized and contain the substances required for the growth ... Show more content on
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coli culture incubated at 37 ᵒC and the other one for an E. coli culture incubated at 25 ᵒC. To start the
lab, one milliliter of the culture, Luria broth, is transferred to a spectrophotometer tube and zeroed.
One milliliter of each culture is transferred to a clean cuvette and the optical density at a wavelength
of 595 nm is measured. The OD values and times should be recorded. If the OD value exceeds 1.0,
one hundred microliters of the culture and nine hundreds microliters of the nutrient broth must be
taken and the OD should be measured again. One of the measured cultures is then transferred into an
Eppendorf tube. Following that, the cell density of the culture is measured. Depending on the
number of cells, a series of x 10–fold serial dilutions should be made. The last dilution should
contain between 100 and 1000 cells per milliliters. Three LB plates are then labeled with A, B, and
C. Ten microliters of the last dilution are spread on Plate A and one hundred microliters of the last
dilution on Plate B. On Plate C, one hundred microliters of the dilution before the last are
distributed. All of the plates are incubated at 37 ᵒC for 24 hours. In the second part of the
experiment, the concentration of the E. coli culture at 37 ᵒC is calculated using Equation

Growth Curve of Serratia marcescens
Experiment 9: Growth curve of Serratia marcescens
Abstract
Bacteria grows by binary fission. The aim of this experiment is to follow the growth of Serratia
marcescens in nutrient broth at 37oCby recording the changes in turbidity (cloudiness) by measuring
the absorbance of visible light (600 nm) and also to prove that there is an increase in the cell number
and not just in mass during the growth. In the experiment we measure the full growth curve of
Serratia marcescens by measuring the absorbance at 600nm at every 10 mins. I also determined the
viable count at the start and the end of the exponential phase of growth. Using the growth curve I
calculated the growth curve and it was 1.2. Using this I found the doubling time which was 34s. ...
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(Note, if counting by turbidimetric measurements or microscopic counts, the death phase cannot be
observed.). During the death phase, the number of viable cells decreases geometrically
(exponentially), essentially the reverse of growth during the log phase.
During the lag phase there is no increase in cell numbers, although the bacteria are synthesizing
enzymes present in their environment in preparation for the exponential phase. During the
exponential or logarithmic phase, the bacterial population grows at a rate that doubles the population
during the generation time. The stationary phase incurs neither an increase nor a decrease in the cell
population. The population growth cannot continue at the exponential rate since the nutrient supplies
have been depleted and waste products have accumulated. The final phase of the bacterial
population growth curve is the death phase, during which more cells die than are replaced by new
cells.
The aim of this experiment is to follow the growth of Serratia marcescens in nutrient broth at
37oCby recording the changes in turbidity (cloudiness) by measuring the absorbance of visible light
(600 nm) and also to prove that there is an increase in the cell number and not just in mass during
the growth.
Methods
Remove foam plug from the inoculate flask and pour it into a cuvette. Incubate it at 37°C and the
optical density readings at 600nm every 10–15 mins. Pour into the

Tahiti Research Paper
Tahiti – TravelStore Page Build Out
Research: http://www.travelstore.com/explore–your–world/destinations/tahiti
http://www.southpacific.org/guide/tahiti.html http://www.tahiti–tourisme.com/islands/tahiti/tahiti–
transportation.asp Meta Description: An island vacation experience like no other awaits you in the
heart of Polynesian culture: Tahiti.
Meta Key Words: tahiti vacation, tahiti honeymoon, trip to tahiti, tahiti weather, tahiti islands, tahiti
resorts, tahiti hotels, things to do in tahiti, tahiti cruises
SAVOR PARADISE ON REMARKABLE AND REMOTE TAHITI VACATIONS
There is hardly anything more romantic or idyllic than an enchanting Tahiti honeymoon, or just a
romantic getaway relaxing at Tahiti resorts, a cocktail in hand and crystal–clear waters lapping at
your toes. Tahiti is the heart of Polynesia and has to be experienced to be understood. Long
described by Western explorers, authors, artists and other visitors as the quintessential island
paradise, the heart of love, and home to some of the friendliest and most beautiful people in the
world.
Tahiti is the main island within the Society Islands of French Polynesia, which include Raiatea,
Taha'a, Huahine, Moorea and Bora Bora. Each island has its own personality, geography and charm.
Further afield, Rangiroa and the Tuamotu Atolls beckon divers with untouched coral reefs, ... Show
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During this six–month high season, the temperatures are milder, averaging between eighty–one and
eighty–five degrees Fahrenheit, there are fewer storms, and the humidity decreases. But during this
high season tourism peaks at roughly three times what you'll find the other half of the year when the
sun does shine but may disappear for days at a time. Also during the off–season, the average
temperature increases to around eighty–six degrees and the humidity increases as well. Generally
speaking though, Tahiti enjoys beautiful, mild weather for most of the

The Effect Of Puc18 And Lux Plasmids On Ampicillin...
Michelle Trujillo
5702361
Michaela Salisbury
BSC 1010L U60
Effects of pUC18 and lux Plasmids on Ampicillin Resistance of Escherichia coli
Abstract
This experiment was designed to test and observe the transformation efficacy of the pUC18 and lux
plasmids in making E. coli resistant to ampicillin. Both plasmids code for ampicillin resistance,
however, the lux plasmid codes for a bioluminescence gene that is expressed if properly introduced
into the bacteria's genome. The E. coli cultures were mixed with a calcium chloride solution and
then heat shocked, allowing the plasmids to enter the bacteria and assimilate into the bacterial DNA.
The plasmids and the bacteria were then mixed in different test tubes and then evenly spread onto
petri dishes using a bacterial spreader, heating the spreader between each sample to make sure there
is no cross contamination. Each of the dishes was labeled and then incubated for a period of 24
hours. The results were rather odd because every single one of the samples grew. Several errors
could have occurred here, cross contamination or possibly an error in preparation as every single
sample in the class grew, meaning all samples of the bacteria transformed and became ampicillin
resistant.
Introduction In this experiment we were meant to observe the transferring of DNA. There are many
ways in which DNA can be transferred into an organism, for example; transformation, transduction,
and conjugation. In our experiment we used

Bacterial Vaginosis : An Opportunistic Pathogen
Gardnerella vaginalis is a gram–positive anaerobic bacteria that colonizes the vaginal tract. As an
opportunistic pathogen, Gardnerella is predominantly known to cause bacterial vaginosis (BV).
Bacterial vaginosis is a dysbiosis in women that is caused by an absence of lactobacilli and
including an overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other bacterial species
(Vick et al., 2014). BV can cause many risks in women with this infection that include inflammatory
disease, STIs, and pregnancy complications such as preterm birth (Vick et al., 2014).
A group of researchers investigating the role of G. vaginalis in bacterial vaginosis on mouse model
showing evidence: (1) Gardnerella vaginalis acts on vaginal epithelial cells by inducing minimal
histological inflammation. Hematoxylin–eosin staining of G. vaginalis infected and non–infected
vaginal tissue sections assessed histological inflammation. Microscopy observation of slides
confirmed G. vaginalis cause inflammation on vaginal epithelial cells; (2) G. vaginalis induce
vaginal sialidase activity in vivo. Sialidase activity assay on vaginal washes showed detectable
activity from infected mice while no detectable activity of sialidase from non–infected mice (Gilbert
et al., 2013); (3) Interaction of G. vaginalis with vaginal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Vaginal
biopsy and washes are evaluated with fluorescent confocal microscopy show bacteria manifest
adherent biofilm on vaginal epithelial cells; (4) Vigorous

Vaginal Health Issues Of Women's Health
Women 's health has always been sort of a tricky subject to tackle because it is such a broad scope of
all it can entail. There are many different subtopics that the general term of women 's health absorbs,
from what happens when a young girl hits puberty all the way to the issues an aging women has
post–menopause and throughout her later years. In this paper we choose to explore the vaginal
health issues of women 's health. There are a myriad of feminine issues that can affect overall
vaginal health, to include yeast infections, bacterial infections, and a host of STI 's (sexually
transmitted infections) or STD 's (sexually transmitted diseases); some can seem serious and even
arouse fear or embarrassment because of the symptoms one ... Show more content on
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Bacterial vaginosis has a lactobacilli–dominant environment that is located in the vagina. The
microbes that are associated with bacterial vaginosis are anaerobes. Anaerobes is an organism that
live without oxygen and can still grow. The anaerobes in bacterial vaginosis are Prevotella,
Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, Mobiluncus, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Streptococcus, and Gardnerella (Livoti,Topp). The anaerobe that is most responsible for BV is
Gardnerella. Gardnerella is the bacteria that dominates the vagina and it has gram negative rods. The
bacterium alerts the PH, odor, and secrets thick discharge from the vagina. The symptoms are
itching, burning during urination, inflammation. The bacteria can cause complications and it can
increase risk of other diseases (Sefcik). BV can be associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and
it can allow organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases take over the reproductive organs to
cause fertility complications. Pregnant women can be diagnosed with BV. The bacteria can cause
premature labor and delivery. The complications can vary from person to person it will not affect
everyone in the same exact way.
Preventing Bacterial Vaginosis
Prevention is one of the most important concepts of having any disease. How can you counteract the
disease or protect yourself from re–occurrences? BV is an infection that occurs often in women who
are sexually active. The best way of preventing BV is

How sound affects bacterial growth
Effects of Music on Bacterial Growth Kira Lewitt and Kaitlyn Carroll December 2014 Chemistry
1B Grady High School Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Materials/ Method/ Procedure 3. Data/
Observations 4. Discussion of Results 5. Conclusion 6. Practical Application 7. Future Expansion 9.
Bibliography Introduction Question: What genre of music affects the growth of bacteria the most?
Problem: Effects of music on Bacterial Growth Hypothesis: If three genres of music were played to
the same samples of bacteria, then the sample with pop music playing to it will ... Show more
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Wearing gloves, prepare the petri dishes. Use sterilized swabs to collect bacterial samples, then
swipe swab against agar in petri dish. Close and seal the dish and label the samples. 2. Place
samples in warm, out of the way place. Leave one sample alone as the control. 3. Place headphones
snugly around the dish. 4. Connect the headphones to the music player. 5. Play a different song per
sample on repeat for each player. 6. Let samples grow for a week. Keep music players charged
and playing at all times or for a specific time frame. Make sure to take pictures everyday. 7. Take off
headphones and compare each sample at the end of the week. Take notes and measure the growth. 8.
Carefully dispose of the petri dishes after all data is collected. Analyze the data. Data and Results '

How Does Music Affect Bacterial Growth?
Bacteria in some ways are very similar to humans. I wonder, like humans, if music affects bacterial
growth and productivity. A German waste treatment facility is using Mozart to help speed up the
facility's sewage eating microbes.This method of waste treatment was first started by Anton Stucki,
a german company executive. "The sonic waves of Mozart's compositions, along with the addition
of oxygen, spur micro–organisms to a higher performance in breaking down biosolids, Stucki
explained(spiegel online international, 2010). "As a result, wastewater treatment facilities will be
able to save energy costs and decrease the amount of residual sludge, which is expensive to dispose
of."–Anton Stucki (spiegel online international, 2010) The system costs €400 ($480) to rent from
Stucki's company (Mundus). Despite this rental cost, Stucki predicts this will save other waste
treatment plants several thousand euros.
Bacterial growth is documented in different phases. The lag phase, is when the bacterial cell
increases in. The log phase, is when the cells increase in number. The stationary phase, is when cells
begin to die off. The decline phase, is when the number of dead cells exceeds the number of cells
being made. These different phases differ in the environment the bacteria is grown ... Show more
A big component in the growth of bacteria is space and the available(science360.com,2010).
Another factor in the growth of bacteria is if the cell will live inside humans or other
environments(science360.com,2010). All microorganisms are similar when saying that they differ in
the conditions needed to grow. For example, Organisms such as anaerobes grow best in an
environment that lacks oxygen (science360.com,2010). These factors and examples of bacteria
growth are going to help us better understand the things needed to grow

The Us Department Of Health And Human Services
The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) defines medically underserved area as
ranking low on a scale that involves physicians per 1000 people, infant mortality rate, percentage
below poverty level, and population >65 years old. 9 The HHS defines medically underserved
population as that which includes "economic barriers (low income or Medicaid–eligible populations
or cultural/linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services." 9 According to the American
Pharmacist Association, approximately 85% of US states have 61–100% of counties with medically
underserved areas. 11 "28% of poor, 23% of near poor...[lack] health insurance coverage," which is
much higher than the national percentage of 13%.6 When reviewing the risk factors for vaginitis
such as lack of health insurance, tobacco use, lack of bachelors degree, Hispanic origin, etc., many
of the women suffering from the condition fall under the category of the underserved population as
defined above. This means that clinics with the purpose of treating underserved areas and
populations must have a heightened awareness of the prevalence and significance of vaginitis and
must be interested in staying up to date on the most efficient medical practice strategies given the
patient population. There are barriers to treating BV that add to the challenges providers face when
treating the condition. Unfortunately, metronidazole efficacy is decreasing due to resistance.13
Certain organisms have been

The Effect Of Bacterial And Fungal Presence On Bacterial...
Rationale and Background.
To date, the majority of microbiological study of soils have centered on bacterial and fungal
presence in the context of plant mutualism [Figure 2]. Additionally, analyses of microbial biomass
have typically utilized indirect models, such as change in soil carbon levels, as a measurement of
microbial growth dynamics (Holden and Treseder 2014). When emphasizing ecological roles of
microbes as nutrient cyclers, this is a useful methodology. However, it has led to a void in
understanding of viral significance in these systems as well as a lack of detailed species–level
identifications of bacterial and viral communities prior to and after fire events. The few abundance
assays completed regarding bacteria in soil indicate that one gram of soil contains 108 to 109
bacteria and 109 to 1010 viruses (Williamson 2005, Van Der Heijden et al. 2008). This incredibly
high number necessitates additional research, if only due to the fact that these organisms
numerically overwhelm the system (Van Der Heijden et al. 2008). It would be irresponsible to
ignore such a significant portion of the environment and attempt to come to ideal land management
practices. It has become clear from even the broad scale respiration and nutrient assays completed
that bacterial and viral communities are not a monolith; in different locations, phylogenetic
community composition varies strongly (Williamson 2005, Goberna et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2015,
Tas et al. 2014, Dooley and

The Effects Of Antibiotics Bacterial Growth?
Randhawa 1
Zorawar Randhawa
Mrs. Eideh
Honors Biology
8 June 2015 Effects of Antibiotics Bacterial Growth
Bacteria are the most common and ancient microorganisms on earth. Most bacteria are microscopic,
measuring 1 micron in length. However, colonies of bacteria grown in a laboratory petri dish can be
seen with the unaided eye. When considering the pH level, bacteria are classified as either
acidophiles (acid–loving), neutrophiles (neutral ph range), or alkaliphiles (alkali–loving). The one
that causes disease in humans would be the neutrophiles, which have an ideal pH range of 5.4 to 8.0.
There are exceptions, however, like Alcaligenes faecalis and Vibrio choleae, which are both
alkaliphiles and can infect humans. There are physical and nutritional factors that affect bacterial
growth in the environment. Sterilization is needed to keep an environment free from bacterial
growth. Failure to sterilize bacterial growth in our food products today leads to the unfortunate
consequence of food poisoning.
Randhawa 2 During lag phase, bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. It is the period
where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide. During the lag phase of the
bacterial growth cycle, synthesis of RNA, enzymes and other molecules occurs.
The log phase (sometimes called the logarithmic phase or the exponential phase) is a period
characterized by cell doubling.[3] The number of new bacteria

The Bacterial Culture And Growth
Results
Bacterial culture and Growth
Isolates were resuscitated from storage by culturing on glucose yeast extract agar and single
colonies of the isolates inoculated on glucose yeast extract broth incubated at 28oC in a rotatory
shaker at 180 rpm showed that growth saturation at 0.8 O.D was after 24 hr of incubation showed
that Rhodococcus species are aerobic
Biochemical Assay
Determination of concentration of crude extract was based on Bradford Coomassie brilliant blue
assay which forms a complex between the protein dye and protein in solution which causes a shift in
the maximum absorption of light that passes the dye from 465 to 595 nm (Bradford, 1976). The
amount of light that passes through the protein solution is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fig5: Standard curve diagram of the concentration of BSA measured at an absorbance of 595 nm.
The volume of each sample for restriction digest was calculated using the formula; C1V1 = C2V2
Where C1 = Initial Concentration V2 = Initial Volume C2 = Final Concentration V2 = Final Volume
Table4: Concentration of crude extracts
Isolates Concentration of crude extracts (µl)
A
1.0
B 1.7
C 1.4
D 0.7
E 0.8
F 1.5
G 1.0
H 0.8
I 0.7
J 0.4

K 1.5
L 0.9
M 1.2
N 1.1
O 1.0
P 0.8
Q 1.5
R 1.0
S 1.5
T 1.2
U 1.7
V 1.2
W 0.9
X 1.6
Y 1.1
Z 1.6
Electrophoresis Analysis
Agarose gel electrophoresis used for the separation of the fragments was based on the migration of
the negatively charged DNA to the positively charged anode. DNA has a uniform mass/charge ratio
therefore allowing the molecules to be separated by size within an agarose gel such that the distance
travelled is inversely proportional to its molecular weight. The rate of migration is controlled by the
following; size of DNA molecule, agarose concentration, DNA conformation, voltage applied
presence of ethidium bromide, type of agarose and electrophoresis buffer.
Figure 6 present

Female Vaginal Microbiome
The female vaginal microbiome plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and protection of urogenital
health. The extent by which it is able to defend and protect against potentially pathogenic bacteria
and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is strongly associated with a high–relative abundance of
vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. prevent colonization of potential pathogens through
the production of lactic acid, bacteriocins and biosurfactants. Conversely, depletion of vaginal
Lactobacillus spp. is associated with an increased abundance of anaerobic bacteria including
Gardnerella, Prevotella and Dialister spp., an increase in vaginal pH (>4.5), and is strongly
correlated with the polymicrobial, pro–inflammatory vaginal disorder, ... Show more content on
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It is estimated that by age 50, at least 80% of all women will have been diagnosed with HPV at one
point in their lives (CDC). HPV is a viral infection which can be delineated into two categories
based upon oncogenic potential: low–risk HPV (LR–HPV) responsible for benign subcutaneous
warts, lesions, etc (cite) and high–risk HPV (hrHPV) which is the cause of HPV–related cancers.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women world–wide and contributes to
______ deaths in the U.S per year (CDC). Persistent infection with HPV is necessary for the onset
of cervical cancer however, long latent periods of individuals with HPV suggests that HPV alone is
insufficient to induce cervical cancer (Fernandez, 1995). Recent studies have investigated the
association between the structural composition of the vaginal microbiota and HPV: in 2013, a study
of 68 HPV–discordant female korena twins showed that HPV–positive twins had lower levels of
Lactobacillus spp. and increased Fusobacteria and Sneathia spp. compared to HPV–negative tiwns.
Consistent with these finndings, analysis of vaginal swabs collected longitudinally for 16 weeks
from 32 sexually active women found that a Lactobacillus spp.–depleted, Atopobium spp. enriched
(CST IV) community structure is associated with slowest regression of HPV whereas a
Lactobacillus gasseri–dominated microbiome (CST II)

What Do You Observe About The Effect Of Salt Concentration...
Results
Figure 1: Salt concentration 0.5% Figure 2: Salt concentration 1% Figure 3: Salt concentration 3.5%
Figure 4: Salt concentration 7%
Table: Mean generation time for Vibrio natriegens grown at different concentrations of NaCl. %
NaCl supplemented in broth medium MGT
(min)
0.5% 31
1.0% 42
3.5% 40
7.0% 36
Describe the observed relationship between salt concentration and the rate of bacterial growth.
MGT is defined as the time taken for the absorbance value to get doubled during a logarithmic
growth period. MGT calculated in the current observation is listed above. MGT attain lowered for
the given species.
What is the "apparent optimum salt concentration" for V. natriegens you observe from your data?
2 percent is observed as the "apparent optimum salt concentration" for V. natriegens in the observed
data.
Discussion
What do you observe about the effect of salt concentration on the rate of growth of V. natriegens?
The bacterial growth can be characterized into four distinct stages namely, lag phase, exponential
phase or log phase, stationary phase, decline or death phase. In the lag phase, contextual organism
acclimatized with the surroundings (Mohandas et al. 2017). In this phase, the cell grows but do not
replicate. Thus, no growth in cell mass is observed here. However, in the exponential phase, the

organism grows fast and divide rapidly. The observation denotes that with the increase in the salinity
or the concentration of the NaCl in

The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Absorbance of...
Introduction
In this experiment, the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli is being subjected to various
environmental factors that affect the rate of growth. These factors scrutinized were the different
types of nutrients, the intensity of aeration, or the temperature at which it was stored. The purpose of
this lab is to determine which factor affects the Escherichia coli the greatest. It is known that these
abiotic factors affect the rate of growth the greatest if they remain at the correct conditions for
living.
Escherichia coli and other bacteria will go through four phases; a lag phase, log phase, stationary
phase, and a death phase. In the lag phase, the bacteria reproduce fairly slowly, as they are preparing
for the rapid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took readings every 15 minutes, until the class was over which was at the 90 minute mark.
For the temperature and aeration trials, the test tubes of Escherichia coli with tryptic soy broth
(TSB) were measured using identical procedures as the nutrient trials were tested. Before every
sample, we had to re–zero the spectrophotometer with a blank test tube, and then we took the
reading from the cultured tubes. As we did for the nutrient experiments, we also took the readings
from the temperature and aeration samples every 15 minutes. The temperature test tube was
prepared by exposing it to room temperature (25°C), another test tube in an oven (33°C), and the
test tube in a lab oven which was slightly warmer, at 37°C.
In the aeration samples, one flask was stationary and it was exposed to the atmosphere. The second
sample was put in a regular flask, and placed in a shaking water bath. The third sample was placed
in an irregular shaped flask, which was also placed in the quivering water bath. After treatment, all
the samples were measured on the spectrophotometer, using the same procedure as the nutrient
samples and temperature samples.
Results
The results showed that the experimental data did not necessarily display the lowest MGT. For the
nutrient data, the MSG had a mean generation time of an hour, the MSGT had a doubling time of
less than 13 minutes, and the MSGTYE had a mean generation time

Bacterial Transformation Is The Process Of Transferring...
Introduction:
Bacterial transformation is the process of transferring bacteria. This begins with genetic
transformation where genes transfer from an organism to another with the help of plasmid. Plasmid
contains one or more piece of DNA within bacteria. This technique is used commonly in technology
specifically designed for biology usage to enhance the culture around with positive results. It is also
used to solve common world problems, such as human insulin and drought resistant crops. In this
experiment, the attention was focused on the bacteria, Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, that is
commonly found in intestinal stools. This experiment was conducted in order to test the hypothesis
that the GFP will glow underneath the UV light if +pGLO +Ara (Arabinose sugar) were present. It
is an overall interesting investigation because bacterial transformation has benefits in agriculture,
bioremediation, and even in medicine today that can help with gene therapy.
Materials & Methods:
The materials required for this experiment were 2 micro test tubes, a foam rack, sterile pipette(s),
250mL transformation solution(〖CaCl〗_2), an ice bucket, and 5 plates (1 LB, 2 LB/Ampicillin, 1
LB/Arabinose, and 1 LB/Ampicillin/Arabinose). All of the materials that are listed were used to test
the hypothesis. To begin the experiment, the 2 micro test tubes needed to be gathered and labeled
with one written as "+pGLO" and the other as "–pGLO". After that was finished, the labeled test
tubes

Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli
Abstract:Conjugation is a natural occurring process that involves the transfer of DNA from one cell
into another through a physical connection between the cells. In the following experiment, two
strains of Escherichia coli bacterial cells (donor F'lac+strs and recipient F–lac–strr) underwent
conjugation to produce a transconjugant strain (F'lac+strr). MAC plates and streptomycin were
utilized to determine if conjugation had occurred. When plated, the donor colonies appeared red and
the recipient colonies appeared white. The transconjugant plates showed red and white colonies.
Using alkaline lysis miniprep, a DNA plasmid was isolated from the donor and transconjugant
strains and FIGE electrophoresis was used to determine the size of the ... Show more content on
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Before plating the strains on agar plates, dilutions of the three strains of cells were prepared with LB
broth.
100 μl of 10–5 and 10–6 dilutions of donor cells were each plated onto MacConkey (MAC) agar
plates without streptomycin. 100 μl of 10–5 dilution of donor cells and 10–5 and 10–6 recipient
were also plated onto MAC plates with streptomycin. 100 μl of 10–4 and 10–5 dilutions of the
conjugation mixture cells were plated onto MAC agar with streptomycin. All seven plates were
inverted and placed in a 37˚C incubator for about 24 hours. The bacterial colonies on each plate
were counted the next day (colony counts seen in Table I).
Donor colonies were picked with a sterile loop and placed into a sterile test tube containing LB
broth. Recipient and transconjugant colonies were also isolated and placed into sterile test tubes
containing LB broth and streptomycin. The tubes were then placed in a 37˚C shaking incubator at
250 rpm overnight.
After the incubation, 1.5 mL of each of the three cultures were added to eppendorf tubes and
centrifuged at 13,200 rpm for 1 minute. An alkaline lysis procedure like that of Birnboim and Doly
was then performed to extract the plasmid DNA with 200 μl of alkaline SDS detergent solution
(Birnboim & Doly, 1979). After

How Are Microorganisms Affect Bacterial Growth?
Our world has changed dramatically since the day Antoine van Leeuwenhoek discovered
microorganisms in 1676 using a simple microscope. In early days, scientists first thought life arose
from inanimate materials. This theory, known as abiogenesis or spontaneous generation, was
disproved later on by scientists including Lazarro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur. The experiments
conducted by these scientists showed that living things could only arise from preexisting life, or
biogenesis. All life begins with a living cell, composing of five required components. These
components are DNA, RNA, cell membrane, ribosome, and cytoplasm. As more investigations on
bacteria were conducted, scientists were able to acquire a deeper knowledge of the microbiology
and pathology of animals, plants, and humans.
Bacteria are small, unicellular prokaryotic microbes. They have many morphologies, which include
rod–shaped, spherical, spirals, helices, stars, cubes, and clubs. Classification of bacteria begins with
either aerobic (requiring diatomic oxygen for growth) or anaerobic (not requiring O2 for growth).
Bacteria can simply be narrowed down to gram positive (organism that stains purple or blue by
Gram stain) or gram negative (organism that stains red or pink by Gram stain). Many physical and
nutritional factors influence bacterial growth. Physical factors include temperature (psychrophiles,
thermophiles, and mesophiles), pH (neutrophiles, acidophiles, and alkalinophiles), O2 concentration
(aerobic

Control Bacterial Growth Lab Report
Being able to control bacterial growth is something that is important in our everyday lives. As
shown in the previous labs, bacteria can grow and create colonies extremely quickly especially in
the right environments. By acknowledging this, it is then important to get an understanding of how
bacterial growth can be controlled by humans. To control microorganisms it means to inhibit their
growth (static) and or kill them (cidal) (Kenneth Todar, 2015); therefore since focusing on bacteria
the terms bactericidal and bacteriostatic are both extremely important for this lab. One broad method
we will use to control bacterial growth is heat. The amount of heat needed to control bacterial
growth is different for different species of bacteria (Kenneth Todar, 2015). Bacteria can also respond
differently depending if moist heating method such as an autoclave with steam is used, or a dry
heating method such as inoculating a loop over a fire is used (Kenneth Todar, 2015). UV works by
damaging the cells DNA, without proper DNA, the cells will die and the object ... Show more
It is important to keep in mind that Thermal Death Point can be defined as trying to kill bacteria in a
given time, which is ten minutes, using the lowest possible temperature (Kenneth Todar, 2015). The
Thermal Death Time on the other hand is when you are given a specific temperature and try to
figure out the minimum time it take to kill all the bacteria (Kenneth Todar, 2015). During the
temperature portion of the lab, it is expected that at a given temperature there is less bacteria in the
sample the longer it is incubated. Also, for the UV exposure, the half of the agar plate that received
exposure should have fewer bacteria than the side that did not have any exposure. These two
methods are important not only to this laboratory, but also used in medical facilities as well as
laboratories worldwide

Bacterial Growth Lab
Bacteria Growth Comparison at Severn School
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to observe bacterial growth between a water fountain and
door handle
to determine which surface grows more bacteria. Bacteria are single–celled organisms without a
nucleus
and are the simplest forms of life. They grow/divide thorough Binary Fission, a type of asexual
reproduction. During Binary Fission, the material of one cell separates in to two cells.
In order for this to happen, the original cell must copy it's genetic material so both daughter cells
have a
copy of the DNA. Binary Fission is very common and can repeat every 20 minutes. (Diversity of
Living
Things, 2005)
Bacteria are found everywhere. The air, water, soil, plants, and animals

Effects Of Reoccurring Physical Contact On Bacterial Growth
Effects of Reoccurring Physical Contact on Bacterial Growth in Human and Indoor Environments
Erick Dominguez
Biology 1108
Wednesday 5:32p.m.
Abstract: The knowledge of the existence of bacteria can be traced back ages, however their
existence can be traced to the very start of planet Earth. The project focused on surfaces with
constant physical human interaction and the growth of bacterial colonies in indoor environments.
The process centered on the use of Aseptic technique to collect samples of bacterial colonies on the
locations we hypothesized contained the highest number of bacterial colonies. Three trials of each
were conducted and a control group was used in which it was sterile water. The results proved our
hypothesis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only do these pose a threat of illness but identification of the pathogen would prove timely and
pose a serious threat to the public.
Therefore, it is vital to research the number of bacterial colonies located in common everyday
surface faced with constant human contact. We hypothesize that the door handle will house more
bacterial colonies than the those of the elevator door due to the constant physical interaction with the
door handle through various means. The independent factor is this experiment is the selection of the
location and the dependent factor is the number of bacteria colonies.
Materials and Methods
Four different bacterial species were incubated in prepared in nutrient–rich media Tryptic Soy Agar
(TSA) plates. While preforming Aseptic technique we will use 1 capped test tube of sterilized water
and sterile cotton swabs to extract Bacteria from the surfaces. A sterile cotton swab was dipped into
the sterile water solution and carefully swabbed onto the TSA plate in a Z motion, to place the
bacteria onto the plate. Foremost the cotton swab was dipped into the sterile water test tube and Z
streaked on a TSA plate, this was the control of the experiment and to determine if contaminates
were already located in the test tube. Afterwards the same procedure was repeated in different
sources to obtain three trials of each location for a total of two different locations followed by the
control. The bacteria were incubated by the TA at 37 ˚C for 2–3

Characteristics And Mechanisms Of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
I. Introduction
If I told you there was an organism that can sniff out it's victim, approach it, infect it, and cause
cancer, would you believe it can also genetically modify it's hosts to incorporate beneficial novel
genes? Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an unsung villain/hero that is in fact, capable of such amazing
things. Agrobacteria tumefaciens is a bacterium that parasitizes plant tissue, and causes what is often
referred to as "crown gall"– yet it is more the virally– reminiscent mechanism through which this
occurs than the physical deformity itself that is of interest. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is motile and
utilizes chemo taxis paired with its intrinsic secret weapon– the Ti plasmid– in order to accomplish
gall formation. Not only is the pathogenesis of this bacteria fascinating, but it moreover leaves
scientists with the opportunity to employ certain abilities of A. tumefaciens to engineer crops–
rendering Agrobacterium tumefaciens very integral to modern agriculture, and future research.
However with great power comes great responsibility, and we will see yet, through examining the
characteristics and mechanisms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens whether it is a villain, or a hero!
II. Isolation and Subsequent Culturing Culturing Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been essential in
discovering the full mechanisms of its infection and tumor formation. Moreover, A. tumefaciens can
be isolated from multiple sources including water, soil, and the gall of infected plants

Proposed Reasons For The Growth Of Microcter And Bacterial...
For our class as a whole, 30 out of 30 (100%) of test areas had at least small growth of bacteria and
13 out of 30 (43%) of test areas contained some sort of fungus. Meanwhile, all three control dishes
all had no growth of fungus or bacteria. One can assume that this incredibly consistent micro–
organism growth could be for two reasons. First, the natural world is covered very densely with
bacteria. While the controls swabbed nothing before being introduced to the agar, all of the sampling
cotton swabs swabbed something. There could have been at least some bacterial growth in the petri
dishes no matter what was swabbed. The second possible reason for the consistent micro–organism
and bacterial growth is that students selected hand–picked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After the first set of results were taken, mouthwash was applied in dabs to the micro–organism
growth. After 24 hours, the second set of results were taken. One would have expected the growth in
increase without any mouthwash applied, so if the growth stayed stagnant, that meant the
mouthwash was curbing the growth. For 2 of 3 of Zachary and Bianca's dishes, the growth stayed
the same, meaning the mouthwash had a slight but noticeable effect. For the third dish, however,
which was taken from the dimple of a couch, the bacteria lost its glossy texture and some mass
while the fungal growth lost 20–30% of its area.
All the organisms were not found at the sampling sites for multiple reasons. First, to find every
organism, groups needed something that could attach organisms to itself better than a cotton swab.
There are much better ways to take micro–organisms then use a cotton swab. Second, there are
many chances for human error in testing the sampling sites. Some may have rubbed harder around a
larger area with their cotton swab and therefore found many more micro–organisms in the same area
someone swabbing softly and quickly could have found.
Although everyone involved in the lab tried to make the experiment as error–free as possible, the
agar that the micro–organisms grew on could have easily been contaminated. First, the agar could
have been

E. Coli Bacterial Growth
Figure 2 represents the agar plates after E. coli bacterial growth. Agar plate (top left) labeled "–
DNA" did not contain any bacterial cells with plasmid DNA ,and had cell growth in the form of a
lawn. The "–DNA/+AMP" (top right) labeled plate lacked bacterial cells with plasmid DNA, but
contained the antibiotic ampicillin. There was no bacterial cell growth observed in this plate. Agar
plate (bottom left) labeled "+DNA/+AMP" contained "competent" bacterial cells, as well as
ampicillin. For this plate there was localized bacterial cell growth with minimal color observed. The
"+DNA/+AMP/+IPTG" (bottom right) plate contained "competent" bacterial cells, ampicillin, and
isopropyl–β–D–thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Bacterial cell growth was present, ... Show more
Results of the "–DNA" plate coincide with the expectation of lawn growth due to the non–selective
Luria broth and agar plate which allows for almost anything to grow. The "–DNA/+AMP" labeled
plate also yields expected results with no bacterial cell growth. The cells do not contain DNA
plasmid that encode for the antibiotic resistant gene, preventing the formation of the bacterial cell
wall. There is a discrepancy in the agar plate labeled "+DNA/+AMP" because a blue colony is
observed and the plate contains bacterial cells. This unexpected growth could be due to cross
contamination with the "+DNA/+AMP/+IPTG" plate. For the last plate (+DNA/+AMP/+IPTG), the
observations solidify the expectancy of minimal bacterial growth with production of pigmentation.
One colony is observed with satellite cells, in addition to a miniscule spot of blue pigmentation. The
"Competent" cells are capable of resisting ampicillin. IPTG, the inducible promoter, results in the
production of color. With gene regulation, "competent" cells can acclimate to their environment due
to methods of turning genes on and off5.
This experiment was completed to conduct bacterial transformation and introduce ampicillin
resistant DNA plasmid to E. coli bacterial cells. Observations are made of the difference in cell
growth due to various environments provided within agar

The Effects Of Bacteria And Its Effects On The Environment
Introduction
Bacteria are important microorganisms because they are used by humans for many reasons (Goel,
2014). For example, they are being use in the production of food such as cheese and vinegar;
production of medical substances such as drugs; biotechnology, etcetera (Goel, 2014). Thus, such
bacteria have to be mass produced to be exploited for many purposes in the industry (Goel, 2014).
Batch culture, a closed system with limited supply of nutrients for growth, is commonly used for
large–scale production of microorganisms (Hall, et al., 2014; Maier, 2009). This suggest that with
the accumulation of toxic waste products, changing pH, oxygen tension, and decreasing supply of
nutrients, cell growth will be inhibited and the culture will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Finally, bacteria cells enter the death phase as death rate exceeds growth rate (Hall, et al., 2014;
Maier, 2009). The knowledge of the patterns of growth under specified conditions for any types of
bacteria is necessary for large scale production of cheese, drugs, etcetera (Goel, 2014; Maier, 2009).
Aim
Thus, the aim of the experiment is to show the typical phases of growth of a bacterial population,
Vibrio natriegens, as well as the calculation of the generation time. Also, this experiment aims to
determine how the availability of oxygen affects the growth of a bacterial population, Vibrio
natriegens. The population density will be determined turbidometrically.
Materials and Methods
12 ml of Vibrio natriegens culture was added to 200 ml of BHI medium contained in a pre–warmed
flask (either shaking, aerated, or non–shaking, non–aerated) in a water bath at 37°C. 2 ml of samples
of the cultures were removed after inoculation and at 10 min intervals for approximately 2 hours for
measurement of turbidity by Optical Density (OD) at 590 nm. OD readings were recorded and
plotted using log scale (ordinate) against time after inoculation (abscissa). The mean generation time
() and mean growth rate (g) were calculated using the following equations respectively: and .
Results
To plot the growth curve of Vibrio natriegens under aerated or non–aerated condition, 12 ml of
Vibrio natriegens culture was first

The Effect Of Bacterial Growth On Space Flight
Early studies have documented that bacterial growth increases in space flight; yet, the inherent
mechanisms beholden to this growth have not been discovered. As the bacteria devour nutrients,
they discharge corollary that can affect growth and impact ultimate cell population denseness. It is
acknowledged that these metabolic processes charge a reduction in density of the fluid zone and the
solute gradient about every cell. Along this planet, this fluctuation in density leads to an elasticity
transfer of the expelled by–products. The fluid motion enclosing the cells can be changed through
the restricting of the movement to just diffusion because of the lack of activity and deposit in the
low–gravity space flight surroundings. From this biophysical representation, it was speculated that
an increase in speed impacts the lag phase period and the final cell 's denseness of suspended
cultures of bacteria in a deviating way. This is because of the modifications obtained in the extra
cellular fluid constitution. Contained in the paper are experiments of different accelerations that
frequently sustained this hypothesis, culmination in foreseeable growth kinetics. Other experiments
show plumes of fluid that are visible to the naked eye emerging from metabolizing bacterial
cultures. If related fluid kinetics were discovered to come about on a microscopic level, it might
inform us of how acceleration impacts bacterium growth kinetics.
Introduction Most discoveries point to

Bacterial Growth Rates Essay
Unit 3. Assignment 1: Bacterial Growth Rates
1. Mediums that could be used to determine shigellosis include Btilliant Green Agar, and Triple
Sugar–Iron Agar. Expected results in a confirmed case of shigellosis are as follows:
Brilliant Green Agar – Isolated Shigella colonies which do not ferment lactose or sucrose and appear
red or white in color with no growth to trace growth on the Agar plate will be present.
Triple Sugar–Iron Agar – Presence of Shigella will manifest as a red slant with a yellow butt with no
H2S present.
In Brilliant Green Agar, E. coli O157 would present as isolated yellow to greenish colonies
surrounded by yellow–green zones. In the Triple Sugar–Iron Agar, E. coli O157 will manifest as a
red slant, red butt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. These results suggest that the K. brevis counts are significantly increasing by more than
quadrupling in number over a three day time frame, which is indicative of an impending harmful
algal bloom. With this rate of increase, it is safe to speculate that a full algal bloom will occur in
approximately 2.5 more days. There are other methods that may be used to investigate growth rates
of bacteria, and these include filtration, measuring turbidity with a colorimeter or
spectrophotometer, and using the most probable number method (Reikowski, 2013).
4. When beginning a culture of S. pneumonia with one cell at 9 a.m., the amount of cells that will be
present by noon is equal to 64 cells. If you were to begin this experiment by 6:30 p.m., 20
generations will have passed (60 minutes x 10 hours = 600. 600 / 20 generations = 30 minute
generation time.) If this culture is left indefinitely, logarithmic growth will only be maintained for a
limited time. This is a result of the increase in the number of organisms and a decrease in nutrients,
accumulation of metabolic waste, limited living space, and oxygen depletion. Limiting factor for
logarithmic growth is the rate of which energy can be produced in the form of ATP. As nutrient
availability decreases, cells are less able to generate ATP and their growth rate significantly
decreases. This decreased growth

Metronidazole
Although metronidazole is generally well tolerated with minimal adverse effects, patients have
reported a variety of reactions across physiological systems.
Central Nervous System. Headache, dizziness, vertigo, incoordination, ataxia, confusion, dysarthria,
irritability, depression, weakness, and insomnia have been reported by patients taking
metronidazole. More severely, patients have reported convulsive seizures, encephalopathy, aseptic
meningitis, optic/peripheral neuropathy (namely numbness and parasthesias) during treatment
(Sarna, Furtado & Brownell, 2013, p. 768).
Gastrointestinal. Nausea (with or without headache or vomiting,) diarrhea, epigastric distress,
abdominal cramping, and constipation are the most common adverse effects reported during
metronidazole therapy. Patients have commonly reported a sharp, metallic taste; glossitis and
stomatitis have occurred, and may be related to Candida overgrowth during successful therapy;
patients with known Chron's disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mayer et al. (2015) examined the rapid and significant changes to vaginal microbiota following
antibacterial treatment for BV, and found that metronidazole, although the first line treatment for
BV, is not effective ultimately effective against G. vaginalis; within 24 hours of administration, there
was complete reorganization of the vaginal microbiota, with G. vaginalis reemergence within 7
days. It is speculated that drug resistance may be partially responsible for their results. By contrast,
Waheed, Yaseen & Shami (2015) evaluated the most effective therapy to prevent complications of
pregnancy caused by BV, and obtained a 74% cure rate using 0.75% metronidazole cream; this was
similar in results to use of 2% clindamycin vaginal cream, although the clindamycin regimen is
shorter in duration (p.

The Transformation Of Bacteria ( Green Fluorescent Protein )
Transformation in bacteria is something that could be essential for survival in a bacteria. In order to
perform this transformation naturally a bacterium must considered competent, otherwise it must
undergo an artificial transformation. Being a competent cell means that the bacteria can take up
DNA from its environment naturally (5). Those that are not competent such as Escherichia coli that
are not naturally competent can be tested with an artificial transformation, such as what we will use
in this experiment. Methods used can obtain things such as chemical mutagens or radiation (1). The
gene used for the transfer is the GFP gene (Green Fluorescent Protein), which gives an illuminating
appearance under a UV light when conducted properly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Experiments introduce the idea that the uptake of DNA by competent bacteria can be the result for
survival reasons such as need for food or evolution purposes (5). The difference between natural and
artificial gene transformation in a bacteria, however, with those who are incompetent versus
competent allow he or she to conduct an experiment with artificial transformation. By doing this one
may be able to determine and observe the formation of biofilms or mutations by transferring a gene
to another organism for beneficial or harmful purpose. This could lead to finding resistants or if a
gene introduced has any effect on the bacteria. In the experiment, the pGLO plasmid contained
encodes the gene for GFP as well as a gene for resistance to an antibiotic allowing a transformation
to take place when adding a carbohydrate such as arabinose to the medium. Research has been
found on the horizontal gene transfer on how virulence factors are acquired as well as genes
resistant to antibiotics spread with microorganisms (5). By conducting a similar experiment he or
she can observe similar findings or observe the results and conduct some sort of understanding of
these ideas. The findings in this experiment are to show a positive result in what causes growth and
the glowing when the plasmid pGLO is added to the positive as well as the difference in the
medium. Understanding the way artificial

Bacterial Vaginosis: A Case Study
Interview
The person I decided to interview was Kristen. She is an RN and works at Clayton State University
Health Services. The condition she picked was Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). She stated that she picked
this condition because it is the most common condition she sees. Although she could not disclose the
percentage of incidents, she did say that it is a lot of cases. She suggests that this condition is seen a
lot because you can easily get it. Some common signs and symptoms that are associated with BV are
vaginal odor, discharge, and itching. Kristen stated that most women get BV from wearing non–
cotton panties, using fragrant detergent or soap, or wearing too tight pants. She treats this condition
with antibiotics.
Etiology, Prevalence, and Incidence According to the CDC, "Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition
that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. This changes the normal
balance of bacteria in the vagina". (CDC, 2015) Although sex is not a true cause ... Show more
Some of these risks include an increased chance of contracting HIV and increased chances of
contracting STD's. A more serious condition that can occur from untreated BV is Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease (PID). According to the CDC, "Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of
a woman's reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STDs, like chlamydia and
gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID". (CDC, 1999) PID
can cause women to lose reproductive abilities or make it very difficult for pregnancy to occur. This
leads to another serious risk of BV. Pregnant women who get BV are put at a high risk of having a
premature baby. They also have a higher risk of having a baby with a low birth weight. Treatment of
pregnant BV patients is very crucial in having a healthy pregnancy and

Trichomonas Vaginalis Research Paper
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis can also can be identified by the name trich, vaginitis or T. vaginalis. Trich is
one of the most common STDs throughout the world, however it is the most curable disease as well.
Since being easily treated this disease now is not reportable to the state, unlike other STDs.
Trichomonas vaginalis is in the phylum of Zoomastigina which possess flagella (9+2). Trichomonas
vaginalis has been associated with being one of the earlies protozoan along with mitochondria.
However, this protozoan is unlike most eukaryotes as it lacks some mitochondria. Trichomonas
vaginalis causes the disease Trichomoniasis. Even though this disease is mainly common in females
it can also affect men. There are about 5 million ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First option for treatment includes a drug by the name of Metronidazole 500 mg, also referred to as
Flagyl or Protostat. The listed medications are all forms of an antibiotic. Treatment consists of one
of the following, taking 2g of Metronidazole (4 tabs) as a single oral dose, taking 250 mg of
Metronidazole orally 3 times a day for seven days or 500 mg of Metronidazole twice a day for 7
days. Since this is an antibiotic alcohol should be avoided and be acknowledged that antibiotic
decrease the effectiveness of birth control. An additional treatment of Trichomoniasis can also be
Clotrimazole which is 1 tablet inserted vaginally at bedtime for 7 days. During pregnancy, the
suggested treatment changes such as Metronidazole can be taken only after the first trimester to
ensure no harm is done to the unborn baby. During this time of treatment, the infected partner
should also be treated as well so that the disease does not transfer back and forth between hosts.
There is also a 1 in 5 chance of a person become infected again so it is important to visit with your
doctor again in symptoms persist or come back after

The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth
Biology II 1996
Bacteria are the most common and ancient microorganisms on earth. Most bacteria are microscopic,
measuring 1 micron in length. However, colonies of bacteria grown in a laboratory petri dish can be
seen with the unaided eye.
There are many divisions and classifications of bacteria that assist in identifying them. The first two
types of bacteria are archaebacteria and eubacteria. Both groups have common ancestors dating to
more than 3 billion years ago. Archaebacteria live in environments where, because of the high
temperature, no other life can grow. These environments include hot springs and areas of volcanic
activity. They contain lipids but lack certain chemicals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This antibiotic acts by limiting normal protein synthesis.
Streptomycin is effective against E. Coli, gram–negative bacilli, as well as many cocci.
Neomycin an antibiotic derived from a strain of Streptomyces fradiae.
Neomycin effectively destroys a wide range of bacteria.
Kanamycin an antibiotic substance derived from Streptomyces kanamycetius. Its antibacterial action
is very similar to that of neomycin. Kanamycin works against many aerobic gram–positive and
gram–negative bacteria, especially E. coli. Protracted use may result in auditory as well as other
damages.
Erythromycin is an antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces erythreaus. This antibiotic works
by inhibiting protein synthesis but not nucleic synthesis. Erythromycin has inhibitory effects on
gram–negative cocci as well as some gram–positive bacteria.
Chloramphenicol is a clinically useful antibiotic in combating serious infections caused by certain
bacteria in place of potentially hazardous means of solving the problem. In lab tests, it has been
shown that this medicine stopped bacterial reproduction in a wide range of both gram–positive and
gram–negative bacteria. The inhibition of cell reproduction caused by Chloramphenicol takes place
through interference with protein synthesis.

An experiment was conducted in order to determine which antibiotics are most effective in
inhibiting bacterial growth. First, the different bacteria were placed on agar

Lab Report On Bacterial Growth
Abstract This experiment is about bacterial growth. We will demonstrate a bacterial growth curve
using a closed system. Bacterial growth usually takes up to 12–24 hours to get an accurate result so
we will be monitoring this growth between two classes. We also used different methods to determine
bacterial growth as well as a few different calculations. One way of receiving data is by using a
spectrophotometer where we will record the absorption at a given time to create the bacterial growth
curve. We also used the plate count method after performing a serial dilution to calculate the actual
cell density at different times given. By using this method we can count the population number of
the same given and see the maximum cell density ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lag phase is when the organisms are first place into a new medium and will take time to get
used the their new environment. During this phase, organisms will grow in size but cannot replicate.
The next phase is the log phase. In this phase cells are dividing and growing at a very fast rate. DNA
replication begins in this phase as well as their metabolic rate starts to increase rapidly. (Bacterial
Growth Curve) Cells divide by binary fission. The organisms will eventually reach maximum
growth and start to level off beginning the next phase, the stationary phase. In this phase, the
bacterial population will start to slow down and stop dividing because the nutrients needed for them
to grow are being used up. The pH and temperatures start to shift making the environment and
unfavorable one and the accumulation of waste and toxic metabolites the growth starts to die off,
transitioning into the last and final stage. (Bacterial Growth Curve) The death phase is when there is
longer any nutrients to grow and to much waste has built up along with toxic materials, killing the
cells. However, some organisms can withstand this environment and begin to produce endospores.
(Bacterial Growth Curve) A few different factors that affect bacterial growth are the availability of
resources and nutrients, temperature and pH. (Act For Libraries) stated in the above paragraph, once
the resources and nutrients are

Antibacterial Antibiotics And Its Effects On The Growth...
Antibacterial antibiotics are a substance present in fungi, which inhibits the growth and production
of bacterial infections. The discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin, was a turning point in medical
history, as illnesses that were once perceived as difficult to treat or even fatal, now had a possible
treatment. After the discovery of penicillin, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics become common
in many different professions. This has resulted in bacteria becoming less easily detected due to
structural changes, with some even being multi–resistant, such as Methicillin–resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Multidrug–resistant tuberculosis (MDR–TB) and Vancomycin–
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (Williams 2014).
Types of antibiotics
Antibiotics were produced in the late 1940s, with 1950s–1970s being the golden age for discovery
of antibiotics and overall, antibiotics are classed into 17 groups, with penicillin and vancomycin
being two different classes of antibiotics (Zuchora–Walske 2013). Williams (2014) states that
'antibiotics are classified according the mechanism of action, chemical structure or if of broad or
narrow spectrum.' Board spectrum antibiotics are effective against multiple types of bacteria, while
narrow spectrum are only effective against specific, i.e. fewer bacteria. A method of determining
antibiotic response to particular bacterium, as well as its cell wall structure is by Gram–staining,
which tests the bacteria's cell wall and its

Annotated Bibliography On Disease During The Elizabethan Era
Annotated Bibliography on disease in the Elizabethan Era. Summary: The site explains what
diseases were common during the Elizabethan era. It also explains why they were affected by said
diseases so much. It also says why people didn't live very long because all of the diseases were
common. Evaluation: This site is a okay site for learning what diseases there were during the
Elizabethan era, and why they were so common. Even though it was written by a student, it is still
an okay source of information. But it doesn't have a lot of information. Reflection: I think this site
would be helpful for knowing what illnesses there were in the Elizabethan era and what made them
so common. I wouldn't use it as my only source, though. I'd make sure it's correct with other sources
that are more reliable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also tells about the different classes of doctors. It also shares how they believed people got ill.
Evaluation: This site is great for learning what doctors did during Elizabethan times. It tells about
what doctors did to patients, what they thought happened to them, and even what they wore. It also
is good for learning about how people became sick during that time. It also has a few links I can use
to research more on this topic. There's no mention of the credentials of the author, but it's a solid
source overall. Reflection: I think that this site would be helpful for knowing what practices doctors
used for certain ailments, and how people got sick during the time. I could also be useful for
knowing why doctors did what they did back then. Summary: This site tells about the worst diseases
during the Elizabethan era and what their symptoms were. I even has quotes from Shakespeare's
work that talk about the diseases mentioned in this site. It also shares how people got the disease and
who it affected the

Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis regard as a polymicrobial syndrome characterized and induced by an imbalance
of the ordinary vaginal microflora which include a shift in the composition of the vaginal microbiota
from a Lactobacillus dominated community to a polymicrobial community, dominated by anaerobes
(Spiegel 1991, Giraldo et al., 2007; Schwebke, 2009) bacterial vaginosis now found to be to
predispose to various gynaecological and obstetric problems (Stephen, 2006 ).
Bacterial vaginosis, historically known as 'nonspecific vaginitis', has undergone several name
changes since mid–1950s. In 1955, when Gardner and Dukes proposed Gardnerella vaginalis (then
known as Haemophilis vaginalis) as the etiologic agent of nonspecific vaginitis, the name for non–
specific vaginitis was changed to 'Haemophilis vaginalis vaginitis' (Gardner and Dukes 1955), with
the detection that there is no inflammation present in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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Bacterial vaginosis is also regard the most common infection for which women seek medical
attention and an estimated 300 million women worldwide are thought to be have bacterial vaginosis
each year (Powell 2013).
Generally, bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a shift in the normal microbiome of the vagina
from the predominant Lactobacillus species to an overgrowth of a mixed community dominated by
Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacterial species.(teenus, 2015)
Any change in the resident flora including reduction of lactobacilli allows for different anaerobic
bacteria to multiply. (Ling et al., 2010; Redondo et al., 1990) . Nevertheless the process of
replacement the normal lactobacilli flora by opportunistic pathogens in vaginal ecosystem and the
role of intrinsic host factors still remains unclear, requiring more research and studies to be
conducted. (Turovskiy et al.,

Bacterial Growth Lab : Bacteria
Priyanka Savaliya
Mrs. Bronson
September 18th/2013
Introduction:
In this bacteria growth lab, students from Mrs. Bronson's biology class collected bacteria samples
from around the school and grew them in petri dishes filled with agar which were prepared one day
before in advance with the expectation that after one week, distinct bacterial colonies will grow
larger in numbers so that the human can see them. These single–celled prokaryotes were grown on
agar as it is easy to culture and grow bacterial colonies in nutrient agar, a gelatin–like substance with
a semi solid surface on which bacteria can grow and reproduce quickly while consuming added
nutrients in the agar mixture. The petri dishes were then incubated for a period of one week, so that
students can examine the significant bacterial growth and compare observations of various samples
collected by students.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to grow, examine and classify colonies of different species of
bacteria from around Maxwell Heights Secondary School. Mrs. Bronson wanted to show her
students that humans are constantly surrounded by bacteria, without humans even noticing their
presence and that they can grow quickly once placed in the correct environment.
Hypothesis: If humans are constantly surrounded by many bacteria without feeling their presence or
harmful effects, majority of the bacteria will be gram–positive (dark purple colour), with thicker
layers

High And Medium Growth Bacterial Code

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