SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 16
Better Essays and
Persuasive Techniques
by Dr Jennifer Minter
Part Three: Year 9
Chapter 4: Persuasive Text
Types
Chapter 5: Writing Better
Sentences
Part 3: Year 9
Chapters 4: Persuasive text types
and
Chapter 5: Writing Better Sentences
Students will identify (and
discuss in a fluent manner) a
range of persuasive and
reasoning techniques.
Students will use a variety of
techniques to write different
persuasive texts.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
Part 3: Exercises
Exercises 33, p. 79
Exercise 35, p. 84
Exercise 36, p. 87
Plus downloadable
supplementary exercises to
help students identify a range
of persuasive/reasoning
techniques.
(See e-book 3: fillable tables)
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
Part 3: Aims
Students will use their knowledge of
persuasive and reasoning strategies
to write a variety of text types.
Students will analyse a variety of
texts, p. 84 and p. 86 and write
a short essay.
Students will demonstrate a
sophisticated use of analytical
vocabulary and an ability to write
sentences with an analytical focus.
(See Presentation: essay-writing Part 1)
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
Persuasive text types
• an editorial;
• an opinion article for a
newspaper, magazine, website or newsletter;
• a “letter” to the editor or a blog/(Your Say
comment);
• an “open letter” from a public spokesperson;
• an editor’s comment or an interview; and
• a speech or presentation.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
Features of persuasive texts
• Follow the guidelines in this chapter
and write your own editorial, feature
article and letter to the Editor. You may
draw upon the ideas expressed in the
opinion pieces you have analysed in
previous chapters, you may use the
information on “Should it be compulsory
for parents to vaccinate children” (p. 89),
or research one of your own.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
Jim says:
“I am often marked down in
English because my
teacher says that my
expression is unclear or
clumsy. I thought ideas
were the thing that
mattered.”
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Dear Jim
• “This is a very common problem and you
are by no means alone. Your teacher is
drawing your attention to the fact that
there is a link between good expression
and good ideas/clear thought processes.
• If you are consistently losing marks in
English, it is often because you have
awkward phrases/expression. If the
entire essay consists of clumsy, clunky
grammar, it is hard to achieve an A.”
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Chapter 5:
Writing Better Sentences
• Sentences are the building
blocks of each of your
paragraphs.
• If words and phrases are put
together in a muddled way, the
sentence, and hence your
message, will be unclear.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Sentence elements
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Grammar Tips
• Follow the grammar tips
relating to common grammatical
errors such as:
• The clause lacks a subject.
• The verb lacks an object.
• The tenses are incorrect.
• The subject-verb agreements are incorrect.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Other grammar tips
• The pronoun must clearly relate
to the previous noun or pronoun.
• The phrase is “hanging”. It does not clearly
relate to the subject/object.
• The relative pronoun is incorrect.
• The (dependent) clause cannot “stand
alone”.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
A clause must have a subject
• Sally writes: “Hence, showing
the reader that the senator does not
take her profession seriously.”
• This sentence does not have a grammatical
subject.
• Correction: “Hence, the author shows the
reader that the senator does not take her
profession seriously.”
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Be careful with listing devices
• Kate writes: “In Macbeth, we see Macbeth’s
struggle for power and upholding this power.”
• Kate uses a listing device: in this case two phrases
are joined by “and”. The “struggle for power” is a
noun phrase and “upholding this power” is a verb
phrase.
• If sharing a grammatical subject, we cannot join
two different parts of speech with “and”.
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
Spot the error
• The author juxtaposes how dangerous the fireworks can be by
giving examples of Carlos’s death.
• This implies that illegal fireworks should be monitored and
encourages the use of fireworks in celebratory events.
• Evidence such as the reference from the past about a stolen child
and if she had this product we would have found her.
• The author also uses emotive connotations such as “anxiously
searching”.
• Alliteration such as “care and concern”, this focuses on the
attitude of the parents.
• With the comparison of a well know pet, it demonstrates the
unnecessary actions.
See Writing Better Sentences: E-book 5 (plus responses)
Resources include:
Suggested responses
E-books with exercises
(downloadable and
writable)
An e-licence (and class
sets)
Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.

More Related Content

What's hot

Lesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
Lesson 12: Introductions And ConclusionsLesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
Lesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
bsimoneaux
 
Strategies for successful word choice
Strategies for successful word choiceStrategies for successful word choice
Strategies for successful word choice
Ibrahem Abdel Ghany
 
Group6 writing presenttation (2)
Group6 writing presenttation (2)Group6 writing presenttation (2)
Group6 writing presenttation (2)
hoangthelh
 
Writing In The Discipline boa
Writing In The Discipline boaWriting In The Discipline boa
Writing In The Discipline boa
raileeanne
 
As90852 significant connections pack
As90852 significant connections packAs90852 significant connections pack
As90852 significant connections pack
wscenglish
 
Jc A - Question interpretation skills
Jc A - Question interpretation skillsJc A - Question interpretation skills
Jc A - Question interpretation skills
Languagelab Group
 
Question Interpretation Strategies
Question Interpretation StrategiesQuestion Interpretation Strategies
Question Interpretation Strategies
Languagelab Group
 
As91104 significant connections pack
As91104 significant connections packAs91104 significant connections pack
As91104 significant connections pack
wscenglish
 
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken LanguageLang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
L Lambe
 
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skillsLL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
Languagelab Group
 

What's hot (19)

Persuasive language essay writing part 1
Persuasive language essay writing part 1Persuasive language essay writing part 1
Persuasive language essay writing part 1
 
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 2017 P...
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 2017 P...The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 2017 P...
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 2017 P...
 
The student guide to writing better sentences in the english classroom sample
The student guide to writing better sentences in the english classroom sampleThe student guide to writing better sentences in the english classroom sample
The student guide to writing better sentences in the english classroom sample
 
Lesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
Lesson 12: Introductions And ConclusionsLesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
Lesson 12: Introductions And Conclusions
 
Strategies for successful word choice
Strategies for successful word choiceStrategies for successful word choice
Strategies for successful word choice
 
Choosing the Right Words
Choosing the Right WordsChoosing the Right Words
Choosing the Right Words
 
Group6 writing presenttation (2)
Group6 writing presenttation (2)Group6 writing presenttation (2)
Group6 writing presenttation (2)
 
Writing In The Discipline boa
Writing In The Discipline boaWriting In The Discipline boa
Writing In The Discipline boa
 
Word Choice
Word ChoiceWord Choice
Word Choice
 
As90852 significant connections pack
As90852 significant connections packAs90852 significant connections pack
As90852 significant connections pack
 
English language exam revision
English language exam revisionEnglish language exam revision
English language exam revision
 
Jc A - Question interpretation skills
Jc A - Question interpretation skillsJc A - Question interpretation skills
Jc A - Question interpretation skills
 
Question Interpretation Strategies
Question Interpretation StrategiesQuestion Interpretation Strategies
Question Interpretation Strategies
 
As91104 significant connections pack
As91104 significant connections packAs91104 significant connections pack
As91104 significant connections pack
 
AQA English Language - Writing - Questions 5&6
AQA English Language - Writing - Questions 5&6AQA English Language - Writing - Questions 5&6
AQA English Language - Writing - Questions 5&6
 
2.5 Chinese students instructions sheet
2.5 Chinese students instructions sheet2.5 Chinese students instructions sheet
2.5 Chinese students instructions sheet
 
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken LanguageLang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
Lang Unit 3 Analysis of Spoken Language
 
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skillsLL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
LL Lower sec - Question interpretation skills
 
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 1 (Pre...
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 1 (Pre...The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 1 (Pre...
The Student Guide To Writing Better Sentences In The English Classroom 1 (Pre...
 

Similar to Better essays and techniques part 3

Kate Lord: 5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
Kate Lord:  5th Grade Teaching PortfolioKate Lord:  5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
Kate Lord: 5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
guestd8804cf
 
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
mrsfason
 
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docxENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
christinemaritza
 
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeekENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
cullenrjzsme
 

Similar to Better essays and techniques part 3 (20)

Guidelines in Making Test Item Questions
Guidelines in Making Test Item QuestionsGuidelines in Making Test Item Questions
Guidelines in Making Test Item Questions
 
Constructing Objective Paper And Pencil Test
Constructing Objective Paper And Pencil TestConstructing Objective Paper And Pencil Test
Constructing Objective Paper And Pencil Test
 
Multimodal project
Multimodal projectMultimodal project
Multimodal project
 
ESSAY TYPE OF TEST
ESSAY TYPE OF TESTESSAY TYPE OF TEST
ESSAY TYPE OF TEST
 
Types of language assessment
Types of language assessmentTypes of language assessment
Types of language assessment
 
Kate Lord: 5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
Kate Lord:  5th Grade Teaching PortfolioKate Lord:  5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
Kate Lord: 5th Grade Teaching Portfolio
 
Collated examples
Collated examplesCollated examples
Collated examples
 
Research 101: Academic Writing Style .
Research 101: Academic Writing Style   .Research 101: Academic Writing Style   .
Research 101: Academic Writing Style .
 
ENGLISH-10Quarter3WEEK 1.pptx
ENGLISH-10Quarter3WEEK 1.pptxENGLISH-10Quarter3WEEK 1.pptx
ENGLISH-10Quarter3WEEK 1.pptx
 
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
AP Language and Composition Exam Prep Part 1
 
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docxENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek.docx
 
Fun With Idioms...Adopted v0.1.pdf
Fun With Idioms...Adopted v0.1.pdfFun With Idioms...Adopted v0.1.pdf
Fun With Idioms...Adopted v0.1.pdf
 
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeekENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
ENG115ASSIGNMENT2STANCEESSAYDRAFTDueWeek
 
GKT test information guide
GKT test information guideGKT test information guide
GKT test information guide
 
Development of varied assessment tools
Development of varied assessment toolsDevelopment of varied assessment tools
Development of varied assessment tools
 
Persuasive Writing
Persuasive WritingPersuasive Writing
Persuasive Writing
 
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES.pptx
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES.pptxASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES.pptx
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SOCIAL STUDIES.pptx
 
Strand4 writing k 2
Strand4 writing k 2Strand4 writing k 2
Strand4 writing k 2
 
Strand4 writing k 2
Strand4 writing k 2Strand4 writing k 2
Strand4 writing k 2
 
Q3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptx
Q3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptx
Q3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptxQ3 Lesson 1.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdfBASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
SoniaTolstoy
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
QucHHunhnh
 

Recently uploaded (20)

APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAPM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
 
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...
 
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdfArihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
Arihant handbook biology for class 11 .pdf
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
Advance Mobile Application Development class 07
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
Q4-W6-Restating Informational Text Grade 3
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy ReformA Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
A Critique of the Proposed National Education Policy Reform
 
social pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajan
social pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajansocial pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajan
social pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajan
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
 
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptxINDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
 
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdfBASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
 
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi  6.pdf
1029-Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa khoi 6.pdf
 
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writingfourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
 
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot GraphZ Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
 

Better essays and techniques part 3

  • 1. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques by Dr Jennifer Minter Part Three: Year 9 Chapter 4: Persuasive Text Types Chapter 5: Writing Better Sentences
  • 2. Part 3: Year 9 Chapters 4: Persuasive text types and Chapter 5: Writing Better Sentences Students will identify (and discuss in a fluent manner) a range of persuasive and reasoning techniques. Students will use a variety of techniques to write different persuasive texts. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
  • 3. Part 3: Exercises Exercises 33, p. 79 Exercise 35, p. 84 Exercise 36, p. 87 Plus downloadable supplementary exercises to help students identify a range of persuasive/reasoning techniques. (See e-book 3: fillable tables) Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
  • 4. Part 3: Aims Students will use their knowledge of persuasive and reasoning strategies to write a variety of text types. Students will analyse a variety of texts, p. 84 and p. 86 and write a short essay. Students will demonstrate a sophisticated use of analytical vocabulary and an ability to write sentences with an analytical focus. (See Presentation: essay-writing Part 1) Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
  • 5. Persuasive text types • an editorial; • an opinion article for a newspaper, magazine, website or newsletter; • a “letter” to the editor or a blog/(Your Say comment); • an “open letter” from a public spokesperson; • an editor’s comment or an interview; and • a speech or presentation. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
  • 6. Features of persuasive texts • Follow the guidelines in this chapter and write your own editorial, feature article and letter to the Editor. You may draw upon the ideas expressed in the opinion pieces you have analysed in previous chapters, you may use the information on “Should it be compulsory for parents to vaccinate children” (p. 89), or research one of your own. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.
  • 7. Jim says: “I am often marked down in English because my teacher says that my expression is unclear or clumsy. I thought ideas were the thing that mattered.” Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 8. Dear Jim • “This is a very common problem and you are by no means alone. Your teacher is drawing your attention to the fact that there is a link between good expression and good ideas/clear thought processes. • If you are consistently losing marks in English, it is often because you have awkward phrases/expression. If the entire essay consists of clumsy, clunky grammar, it is hard to achieve an A.” Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 9. Chapter 5: Writing Better Sentences • Sentences are the building blocks of each of your paragraphs. • If words and phrases are put together in a muddled way, the sentence, and hence your message, will be unclear. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 10. Sentence elements Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 11. Grammar Tips • Follow the grammar tips relating to common grammatical errors such as: • The clause lacks a subject. • The verb lacks an object. • The tenses are incorrect. • The subject-verb agreements are incorrect. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 12. Other grammar tips • The pronoun must clearly relate to the previous noun or pronoun. • The phrase is “hanging”. It does not clearly relate to the subject/object. • The relative pronoun is incorrect. • The (dependent) clause cannot “stand alone”. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 13. A clause must have a subject • Sally writes: “Hence, showing the reader that the senator does not take her profession seriously.” • This sentence does not have a grammatical subject. • Correction: “Hence, the author shows the reader that the senator does not take her profession seriously.” Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 14. Be careful with listing devices • Kate writes: “In Macbeth, we see Macbeth’s struggle for power and upholding this power.” • Kate uses a listing device: in this case two phrases are joined by “and”. The “struggle for power” is a noun phrase and “upholding this power” is a verb phrase. • If sharing a grammatical subject, we cannot join two different parts of speech with “and”. Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 97-111.
  • 15. Spot the error • The author juxtaposes how dangerous the fireworks can be by giving examples of Carlos’s death. • This implies that illegal fireworks should be monitored and encourages the use of fireworks in celebratory events. • Evidence such as the reference from the past about a stolen child and if she had this product we would have found her. • The author also uses emotive connotations such as “anxiously searching”. • Alliteration such as “care and concern”, this focuses on the attitude of the parents. • With the comparison of a well know pet, it demonstrates the unnecessary actions. See Writing Better Sentences: E-book 5 (plus responses)
  • 16. Resources include: Suggested responses E-books with exercises (downloadable and writable) An e-licence (and class sets) Better Essays and Persuasive Techniques: pp. 77-94.