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Macromolecules Notes
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- 2. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOUARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3
- 3. MACROMOLECULES • Knownas organic compounds • Built around the element carbon • Large molecules are called macromolecules • “Macro” – meaning large • Polymer • Made by smaller molecules bonding together called monomers
- 4. DRAW A PICTURE MONOMER POLYMER “ONE” “MANY”
- 5. EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS • A fiber is a long thread-like structure • Natural polymers include hair, fur, wool • Proteins • Monomer is an amino acid • Silk made by some insects and spiders • Cotton is a vegetable fiber • Cotton is composed of cellulose (polymer) • Monomer is glucose (a sugar)
- 6. MACROMOLECULES FORMED •All macromolecules put their subunits together in the same way • Covalent bond of OH is removed from one subunit and a H is removed from the others • Removal of a water molecule • Requires help of special protein enzyme to position the molecule to make sure the correct bond is formed • Called dehydration synthesis • Tearing down molecules is the same process in reverse • Water molecule is added • Called hydrolysis
- 7. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOUARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3
- 8. CARBOHYDRATES • Sugarsor long chains of sugars • Store energy • Simple sugars • Monosaccharides (monomer) • Glucose • Complex sugars • Polysaccharides (polymer) • Plant • Starch • Animals • Glycogen • Energy storage by linking chains together • Not recognized by most enzymes
- 9. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOUARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3
- 10. LIPIDS • Uses: • Long-term energy storage • Insulation (keep warm) • Cushions organs (heart, eyes, kidney, etc.) • Lipids • Fats • Oils • Waxes
- 11. LIPIDS • Organismsconvert glucose into fats • Another kind of storage molecule called glycogen • Lipids are insoluble in water because they are non-polar • In water, fat molecules cluster together because they cannot form Hydrogen bonds with water molecules • Can’t mix oil and water!
- 12. TYPES OF LIPIDS • Monomer – fatty acids • Types of Lipids • Triglyceride • 3 fatty acids • Saturated fat • Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded • Solid at room temperature • Animal fats • Unsaturated fat • Fewer than maximum number of Hydrogen atoms bonded • Liquid at room temperature • Plant fats
- 13. TYPES OF LIPIDS • Phospholipid • Polar group on one end • 2 long tails that are strongly non-polar • Cell membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Steroid • Yellow structure in cell membrane • Cholesterol • Excess saturated fat intake can cause plugs of cholesterol in blood vessels • Cause blockages, high blood pressure, stroke or heart attack • Androgens and Estrogen • Chlorophyll • Retinal (eyes use to detect light)
- 14. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES YOUARE WHAT YOU EAT CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY #3
- 15. PROTEINS • Enzymes • Cartilage • Bones • Tendons • Keratin • Chemical messenger
- 16. PROTEINS • Monomer– amino acid • 20 common kinds • Sequenced together in a particular order to form a protein • Like the alphabet • Amine group (NH2) • When 2 amino acids bond a peptide bond is formed • Long changes are polypeptides • Connect like beads on a necklace • Example: hemoglobin in red blood cells
- 17. PROTEINS • 100,000+unique proteins to humans • Shape • Some are long, thin fibers • Others are coiled, folded, or intertwined • Small proteins have a few hundred amino acids • Large proteins have 25,000+ amino acids • Example: muscle fiber
- 18. PROTEINS • Peoplemust eat foods with proteins because we CANNOT make certain amino acids on our own • Called essential amino acids • Sources of protein: • Plants • Beans • Nuts • Animals • Milk • Meat
- 19. PROTEINS • Eat Body breaks down* (Digestion) Amino Acid Build new proteins Repair You are what you eat! * Denatures the protein by increasing temperature or decreasing pH.
- 20. NUCLEIC ACIDS •Monomer: Nucleotide • Sugar, nitrogen-containing back and a phosphate group • Polynucleotide chains • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) • Energy • DNA and RNA are very similar but have 2 major chemical differences