Wrongful Convictions In Canada

Wrongful Convictions In Canada
Wrongful Canada(Wrongful Convictions) A wrongful conviction is when somebody is accused and
convicted of a crime in which they didn't commit. There have been many cases of people being
wrongfully convicted and having to spend years in jail before they finally be released, and
sometimes not. There have been cases where people have been wrongfully convicted, spent their
whole life in jail and eventually receive the death penalty and get killed for a crime that they didn't
commit. Since 1989, 300 convictions have been overturned as a result of DNA evidence, and 17
people have been sent to death row after being wrongfully convicted. The main legal justification
for people being exonerated is DNA evidence, which has been growing in use and technologically
advancing in the past few years. Canada has had many cases of people being wrongfully ... Show
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Basically, our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is our genes, and every person, except for twins, are
born with a different DNA profile and that is in a giant database, containing every DNA profile of
every person in the world. DNA testing started in 1985 by scientist Alec Jeffreys and was first used
to solve a crime a year later. Before 1985 DNA evidence could not be used in court because it wasn't
invented yet, this increased the number of wrongful convictions which would have been prevented
using DNA analysis. However, DNA analysis can still be used to solve crimes that occurred prior to
the invention of DNA analysis, with a sufficient amount of DNA to be analyzed of course, which is
a very small amount. Only a small amount of DNA is needed to find out who it belongs to, it can be
found in blood, saliva, finger residue, hair, skin, semen and more. If a wrongful conviction occurs
nowadays, our greatest chance to prove that it is a wrongful convictions is with DNA
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Wrongful Convictions And The Criminal Justice System
This paper takes a leap into the corrupted side of the criminal justice system. After analyzing several
articles regarding wrongful conviction cases in the Unites States, it is apparent that wrongful
conviction cases occur more often than society believed. It has come to surface in recent years that
wrongful convictions are a big problem with our criminal justice system. Researchers have
discovered the causes of wrongful convictions to be bad lawyering, government misconduct,
informants, false confessions, flawed forensic science and eyewitness error. Furthermore, this paper
explores the affects victims face due to a wrongful conviction. As society has begun to steadily
realize that miscarriage of justice is a possibility, researchers have considered reforms to the
criminal justice system. Wrongful Convictions in the Criminal Justice System During recent studies
from several researchers it has been concluded that there is a fault within our criminal justice
system. Researchers discovered there is a high wrongful conviction rate within the United States
judicial system. After, extensive research, it was found that wrongful convictions are caused by
eyewitness error, false confessions, flawed forensic science, an informant, bad lawyering, and
government misconduct. Without a doubt, this issue has shocked society, due to the fact we rely on
the system for pure justice. Within my findings, it is apparent that victims of wrongful convictions
suffer numerous affects when

Supporting The Original Victim After A Wrongful Conviction...
Supporting the Original Victim After a Wrongful Conviction Decision
Continual support to victims of crime is a necessary service in any just society; this support is
especially needed in the event that a convicted offender is exonerated. In the United States when a
crime is committed the state, not the victim, owns and prosecutes the case so historically the victims'
rights have been neglected. In the modern era victims' rights are being improved during the trial and
sentencing phases of the criminal justice process; however in the event of an exoneration the victim
is routinely revictimized and this problem needs to be corrected.
In the American criminal justice system wrongful convictions are not common; a study funded by
the National Institute of Justice found that nationally 265 wrongful major crimes convictions
occurred from 2004 to 2010, the yearly total of exonerations has remained relatively steady ranging
from 35 to 54 per year (Irazola, Williamson, Stricker, & Niedzwiecki. 2013, p 20). Compared to the
hundreds of thousands of major crimes convictions that take place every year this is a small number;
however wrongful convictions do take place, and when they do the original victim of a crime does
not receive adequate support. The victim is often racked by guilt over having contributed to the
incarceration of an innocent person. One crime victim participated in the NIJ study, but whose
identity was withheld, said "I was a mess. I was absolutely hysterical [and]

Examples Of Wrongful Convictions In Criminal Investigation
This paper explores the topic of wrongful convictions and their relation to criminal investigation.
Wrongful convictions occur when victims are found guilty in criminal trials or plead guilty to
prevent a more serious punishment such as the death penalty or extensive prison sentencings. There
are many sources from real wrongfully convicted victims that explain why or how the justice system
failed them. Over the years, wrongful convictions has been a topic on the rise. Since the
implementation of the innocence movement, there have been and continue to be more exonerations
of wrongfully convicted individuals every year. Wrongful convictions are one of the most
controversial topics in the criminal justice system. A wrongfully convicted victim is one who was
falsely accused of a crime and who was found guilty in trial or plead guilty for various other
reasons. Some may ask how does a wrongful conviction happen? One study found that a few
reasons wrongful convictions may occur are because of disregard of proper procedure such as DNA
testing, witness misidentification, and false confessions (Hail–Jares, K., Lowrey–Kinberg, B., Dunn,
K., & Gould, J. B., 2017). A wrongful conviction can potentially ruin an individual's life in many
different ways and take precious time away from their years of life that they will never get back.
One case that brought wrongful convictions into the spotlight was Steven Avery. Avery was
convicted of sexual assault and attempted murder and was

Wrongful Convictions
Do you know someone who is serving time for s crime they did not commit? Have you wondered
how a system has failed the very people it was designed to serve and protect? The American judicial
system has a prolonged record of wrongful conviction dating back centuries ago. Wrongful
convictions is when a person, who in actuality is innocent yet have been sentenced by a jury or other
official courtroom. This misguided thinking by the system brought about individuals being executed
by deadly injection. African Americans are more likely to be wrongfully convicted than Caucasians
in murder, sexual assault and drug related cases. Dating back from 1989 to mid–October of 2016 of
the 1,900 wrongful convictions documented, 47% involved in the exoneration

The Wrongful Convictions Of Innocent Men And Women
We hear in the news about police misconduct, use of excessive force, embezzlement, but one thing I
found while researching what I should write this paper on is the Wrongful convictions of innocent
men and women, that spend years in prison being innocent, and there is nothing that gets done till
it's too late. Some wrongful convictions are honest mistakes, but many times law enforcement and
prosecutors lose sight of the obligation of ensuring truth and justice, and are focused on their
conviction rates. As with any job, they are honest people and ones that just don't care and are
corrupt, this exists in the criminal justice system. One way to prove someone is innocent now is
through DNA testing, but even at all levels of a criminal investigation there could be misconduct or
mishandling of evidence, which then causes the evidence to become compromised.
One thing I notice is a lot of the misconduct is by the arresting officers or detectives that are
investigating the crime. The ways an office can have misconduct that could lead to false convictions,
include suggestions when conducting interviews, coercing false confessions, lying to jurors about
observations, failing to turn over evidence. Common forms of misconduct by a prosecutor can
include, withhold evidence from defense, mishandling, mistreating or destroying evidence, allowing
witnesses that they know are not truthful to testify, Pressing Witnesses of the defense to not testify,
relying on fraudulent forensic experts.

The Major Sections Of Wrongful Convictions
In this paper it will be discussing the two major sections of Wrongful Convictions. The first section
will cover in detail the false confessions. The second section will cover about informant testimony
and its importance. The third will be covering in detail the improper use of forensics and last but not
least the paper will discuss witness misidentification.
III. Common Causes In his 2008 Columbia Law Review Article "Judging Innocence," Brandon L.
Garrett claims that there are four major factors responsible for a majority of wrongful convictions,
all of which I will discuss in detail. In short, however, these four factors are: (a) false confessions,
(b) testimony of informants (or "snitches"), (c) improper use of forensics, and (d) witness
misidentification (p. 55). Through Garrett's (2008) study of the first 200 DNA exonerees in the U.S.,
we see a breakdown of the percentage of cases in which these four types of evidence may be used to
secure a confession: 79% of the 200 cases involved witness identification of the subject, 57%
involved forensic evidence, 18% were convicted with the aid of informant testimony, and 16% of
exonerees had given a false confession that was ultimately presented at trial (p. 76). Some of these
exonerees were even sentenced to death (p. 75).
A. False Confessions
Many individuals do not fully understand the possible consequences of making a false confession or
report to detectives. The construction of a false version of events, whether due to

Essay Wrongful Conviction Has Plagued the Canadian Justice...
Wrongful conviction is an issue that has plagued the Canadian Justice System since it came to be. It
is an issue that is hard to sort out between horrific crimes and society's desire to find truth and
justice. Incidences of wrongful conviction hit close to home right here in Saskatchewan as well as
across the entire nation. Experts claim "each miscarriage of justice, however, deals a blow to
society's confidence in the legal justice system" (Schmalleger, Volk, 2014, 131). Professionals in the
criminal justice field such as police, forensic analyst, and prosecutors must all be held accountable
for their implications in wrongful convictions. There are several reasons for wrongful convictions
such as racial bias, false confessions, jailhouse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A report done by CBC news stated "The province of Saskatchewan judicial inquiry, which released a
comprehensive 815–page report in September 2008, concluded, "the criminal justice system failed
David Milgaard."" (CBC News, 2011). Actions of those in charge of finding justice may in fact have
caused the wrongful conviction of Milgaard. Police within the case have been accused of making
those in question of Milgaard's involvement in the murder reveal only what they wanted to hear.
Furthermore, the court has been accused of not handling the case effectively as well as during
appeals holding bias opinions that the conviction was indeed correct. If not for the persistence of
David Milgaard's mother and her belief in her son's innocence and without the help of the
Association in Defense of the Wrongfully Convicted (AIDWYK), David may have never made it
out of prison alive.
The Association in Defense of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYK) is an important resource for
those that need assistance proving their innocence. This foundation is a Canadian, non–profit
organization that was founded in 1993 and incorporated in 2000.The goal of the AIDWYK is to
"identify, advocate for, and exonerate individuals who have been convicted of a crime they did not
commit and to prevent wrongful convictions through legal education and reform." Without the
efforts of this foundation 18 innocent individuals would still be behind bars, and hundreds of cases
would

The Wrongful Conviction Of The Criminal Justice System
Since the late 1980s, there have been thousands of cases in which prime suspects have been
wrongfully convicted, the most common causes being eyewitness misidentification, incriminating
statements, and statements from informants. According to The Innocence Project, there have been
almost four hundred post–conviction DNA exoneration cases in our country, and they are working to
investigate even more wrongful conviction cases. This life changing program, along with their six
attorneys, gather information about thousands of cases and determine whether or not DNA evidence
can be reevaluated. Kenneth Ireland's case was submitted for litigation after they found that the
court relied heavily on false statements from witnesses. Researchers working ... Show more content
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The rape kit evidence unfortunately found that it was impossible to find a match because the sample
came from a person who "does not exhibit their blood type in their bodily fluids" ("The Innocence
Project," n. d.), meaning that Ireland could not be immediately ruled out. Ireland ended up pleading
guilty of the crime, most likely to have a lesser sentence. The jury deliberated for three days over the
decision, most likely because not all of the evidence was consistent. Ireland's defense had just
enough information for a successful case, but the lack of more evidence in his favor and information
about other possible suspects lead the jury to make the devastating decision of sentencing him to
fifty years in prison ("The Innocence Project," n. d.). There were three charges against Ireland:
felony murder, first–degree sexual assault, and third–degree burglary.
In 1991, Ireland appealed the decision by providing two arguments: that the two witnesses were
informants and were being given a $20,000 reward to cover for another man, and that the court
prohibited his defense from exhibiting evidence about another possible suspect. Unfortunately, his
appeal was denied. The Innocence Project branch in Connecticut reviewed Ireland's case in 2007
and with the improvement of DNA testing equipment, analysts confirmed that Ireland was not a
match for the suspect. The court found Kevin Benefield guilty of the

The Wrongful Convictions Of The Death Penalty
Each year approximately about 10,000 innocent people in the United States get convicted of serious
crimes that they did not commit. And at least four percent of them receive the death penalty being
completely innocent. Scenarios like this happen all the time because there are more and more false
persecutions each day which can be easily avoided. Many people are occupying prisons all over the
world, for felonies they did not execute. More than 200 people have been exonerated through DNA
testing nationwide. But why do these wrongful convictions keep happening? Well, in nearly 25
years since post–conviction DNA evidence has been used to demonstrate criminal innocence, even
in cases that landed defendants on death row or in prison for life. Eyewitness misidentification,
forensic science errors, false confessions, government misconduct and bad lawyering are many of
the reasons wrongful convictions occur. Eyewitness being the most common. Sometimes it can be
done by error and other times it is actually done intentionally. In seventy–seven percent of the DNA
exonerations, eyewitness misidentification led to wrongful convictions (The Innocence Project–
How wrongful conviction happen). The human mind is not like a tape recorder obviously, it does not
record events exactly as seen in the moment of a crime, and neither can the events be recalled
precisely like a tape that can rewind back in time. Therefore, making eyewitness identification
inaccurate. For example, in the case of a

The Wrongful Convictions Of The Death Penalty
Each year, approximately about 10,000 innocent people in the United States get convicted of serious
crimes that they did not commit. And at least four percent of them receive the death penalty being
completely innocent. Scenarios like this happen all the time because there are more and more false
persecutions each day which can be easily avoided. Many people are occupying prisons all over the
world, for felonies they did not execute. More than 200 people have been exonerated through DNA
testing nationwide. But why do these wrongful convictions keep happening? Well, in nearly 25
years since post–conviction DNA evidence has been used to demonstrate criminal innocence, even
in cases that landed defendants on death row or in prison for life. Eyewitness misidentification,
forensic science errors, false confessions, government misconduct and bad lawyering are many of
the reasons wrongful convictions occur. Eyewitness being the most common. Sometimes it can be
done by error and other times it is actually done intentionally. In seventy–seven percent of the DNA
exonerations, eyewitness misidentification led to wrongful convictions (The Innocence Project–
How wrongful conviction happen). The human mind is not like a tape recorder obviously, it does not
record events exactly as seen in the moment of a crime, and neither can the events be recalled
precisely like a tape that can rewind back in time. Therefore, making eyewitness identification
inaccurate. For example, in the case of a

The Most Wrongful Conviction In Court Cases
Melissa Calusinski, Sabrina Butler, Beverly Monroe, and Nicole Harris. Each a different example of
the many cases of an alleged miscarriage of justice. Each a woman who claims she was wrongfully
convicted of a crime she did not commit. Despite a court system's greatest effort to protect the
innocent and punish the guilty, mistakes are made; and innocent people go to prison. Some are even
executed. The justice system is not perfect, as it is the product and under the control of human
beings, who by nature are far from perfect. There are certain patterns in the wrongful convictions of
certain individuals and their efforts to get exonerated from their false sentences. According to the
data in the National Registry of Exonerations some researchers have concluded that there exists a
discrepancy in the amount of women who are exonerated from their sentences, compared to those of
men who were convicted. Proposed reasons for this discrepancy include the types of crimes that
women statistically tend to be convicted of, the factors that lead to wrongful convictions––official
misconduct, inadequate legal defense, types of evidence, and ... Show more content on
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Sabrina Butler was an eighteen year old mother who tried to save her child but, "her attempts at
CPR were interpreted as fatal abuse" and she spent time on death row before being exonerated and
found completely innocent of the murder charges ( ). Nicole Harris falsely confessed to punching
her infant "because he would not stop crying" ( ). This confession came after detectives questioned
her, without Mirandizing her, and immediately after the death of her child and having her other child
taken away from her. The detective clearly manipulated her and used her child as "a tactic to secure
a confession." Luckily for her, her conviction eventually got overturned after receiving assistance by
post–conviction attorneys, or she would still be in prison today (

Wrongful Conviction And Wrongful Convictions
The topic of wrongful convictions will be discussed in this research paper. Wrongful conviction is
defined as the conviction of a person who is accused of a crime in which, in the result of subsequent
investigation, proves erroneous. These persons who are in fact innocent, will be wrongly convicted
by a jury or a court of law.
Background and Justification Since 1923, when Judge Learned Hand said that the American judicial
system "has always been haunted by the ghost of the innocent man convicted," the issue of wrongful
conviction has been acknowledged to man (Halstead, 1992; Huff, Rattner, Sagarin, & MacNamara,
1986). After the judge made his innocuous statements, serious study of this phenomenon began.
Contrary to the statement the judge made, time and technology have revealed that an unquantifiable
number of wrongfully convicted persons have served prison terms and even been executed for
crimes they did not commit and some that did not even occur. Research into wrongful conviction
was virtually nonexistent until Professor Edward Brochard of Yale University published his book
Convicting the Innocent in 1932. This book documented 65 such cases, addressed the legal causes of
miscarriage, and offered suggestions to reform. Subsequently, numerous other researchers began
conducting case studies and publishing findings that affirmed that wrongful conviction represents a
systematic problem within the American judicial process (Huff, 2002).
The contemporary innocence revolution

Essay On Wrongful Convictions
There have been many studies looking at wrongful conviction cases, and along with that, there have
been thousands of empirical studies done on the traditional causes of it (Leo, 2009, pg, 29). These
include eye witness testimony and false confessions induced by police (Leo, 2009, p.29). This paper
will look at the research done on those who have been wrongfully convicted and the psychological
effects that it has had on them. I will discuss several psychological processes that can lead to
wrongful convictions in court. I will then look at the various psychological effects including mental
and physical health issues. Along with discussing some aspects of the stigmatization exonerees
receive when returning home after being released that may contribute to their personal
psychological effects.
What can lead to wrongful conviction? Leo (2010) states that there are 7 psychological processes
that can allow a wrongful conviction to occur (pg. 19). The first one being confessions and
misleading specialized knowledge. Confessions are looked at as an amazing source of persuasive
evidence especially when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tunnel Vicon in the criminal justice system can be referred to as "the tendency to focus attention on
one suspect (or group of suspected co–perpetrators), and on evidence relevant to their guilt" (Leo,
2010, pg. 29). This process can also be extended further into the system, an example is when a
defense attorney becomes focused only on one goal. They start ignoring evidence and lines of
defense that are relevant to the goal of exoneration (Leo, 2010, pg. 30). The second piece of this
process is confirmation bias. This is reference to information processing and behavioral biases that
lead a person to "selectively attend to, seek out, produce, and interpret evidence in ways that support
existing beliefs, perceptions, and expectations, and to avoid or reject evidence that does not" (Leo,
2010, pg.

Wrongful Convictions 2 Causes of Wrongful Convictions There are three main causes of wrongful
convictions in the United States. This leads to wrongful punishment and causes turmoil for everyone
involved. It then creates multiple feelings on everyone's behalf, therefore; leaving no choice but to
choose sides. Should capital punishment be enforced or not enforced. To what extent do you believe
the death penalty should be improvised? Wrongful convictions are sought out by lawyers and police
to determine if a criminal is guilty. Evidence and DNA is all part of the investigation that leads to an
arrest. Once evidence is presented, the jury will then deliberate on what ... Show more content on
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For this cause there are pros, protecting civilians from future harm.
The effect of this cause is that the cons are still out there on the streets, however; the evidence is not
convincing enough to put the criminal away. These causes have put authorities such as police and
attorneys on edge. Causing them to doubt the outcome of all the existing crimes that are happening.
Wondering why they are taking Wrongful Convictions 4 such a risk capturing these criminals and
watching them all be released back on the streets. Due to the evidence provided they should be
punished to the fullest extent of the law. A jury can determine when a witness is giving false
information and when they are telling the truth. Weak and fabricated evidence is often tested in
court. Therefore; some criminals are wrongfully convicted. Given a plea or plea deal or even a new
deal could lead to the conviction of an innocent situation In conclusion wrongful convictions are
subject to many decisions. Not only by a judge or jury but by the evidence that is provided in court.
Given the facts we will spend vast energies in freeing a few innocent people. We must gird for battle
and restore the lost law. The law must be put back in congress where under the system it must reside
forever. Giving hope to those who were wrongfully convicted

The Importance Of Wrongful Convictions
During the past twenty years reports have shown cases where people had been wrongfully convicted
and exonerated in murder and rape cases. Many exonerations occurred during post–conviction and
DNA tests have revealed the innocence of wrongfully convicted individuals (Leo & Gould, 2009).
Over 230 prisoners have been exonerated by post–conviction DNA testing and in the past twenty
years many wrongful convictions prove their innocence through non–DNA means (Leo & Gould,
2009). Before 1989, the first year to use post–conviction DNA testing was used to establish innocent
and even in capital punishment cases. There has been a growth in culture and among criminal justice
professionals who were wrongfully conviction that occur in criminal justice systems (Leo & Gould,
2009).
The University of Michigan Law School and Center for Wrongful Convictions recorded over 2,000
wrongful convictions who been exonerated for the past twenty years. There were 873 exonerations,
416 of those were homicide cases, 203 were sexual assault, 203 child sex abuse, 58 non–violent
crimes, 47 robberies and 47 were for other violent crimes. For the past 23 years, over 2,000
wrongfully convicted persons have been exonerated (OccupyTheory, 2014).
According to the wrongful conviction statistics reported by the University of Michigan Law School
and the Center for Wrongful Convictions, 52% of these cases involves false imprisonment or perjury
and 42% of these cases cited official misconduct as the primary

Wrongful Convictions Essay Examples
Wrongful convictions occur when innocent defendants are found guilty in criminal trials or when
defendants feel obligated to take a plea agreement in order to avoid extremely long sentences or the
death penalty. The term wrongful conviction can also refer to cases in which a jury finds a person
with a good defense guilty or where the conviction is reversed in violation of the defendants
constitutional rights. The term actual or factual innocence is used to refer to persons who did not
commit the crime. Miscarriage of justice is also used to describe wrongful convictions.
About five percent of felony convictions result in s wrongful conviction which is too many of which
wrongful convictions have affected the lives of innocent people. As ... Show more content on
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This gives a witness time to forget what the person looked like. This kind of error is responsible for
approximately 75% of wrongful conviction cases (Huff, 107). Bad science is another issue that may
cause wrongful imprisonment. Analysts have been inaccurate because of carelessness testifying in
court presenting evidence that was not based on science and participated in misconduct. The DNA
Identification Act of 1991 led the creation of the FBI CODIS DATA BASE which was announced as
having been established to the U.S Senate Judiciary Committee on May 21, 2002. Since 1989, there
have been tons of thousands of cases where prime suspects were identified and pursued until DNA
testing prove that they were wrongly accused. In a National Institute of Justice study, suspects were
excluded once DNA testing was conducted following the preliminary hearing. Amending the
existing post–conviction DNA testing statue to enable access to deserving defendants and do better
utilize DNA database comparisons in order to enable identification of real perpetrators where
wrongful conviction is claimed. The Government should create a forensic advisory board to advise
the commonwealth on the best delivery of forensic services to state and local government and create
a Conviction Integrity Commission to study future exoneration and providing educational programs
for the bar, bench, law enforcement and community.
False confession was

The Issue Of Wrongful Conviction
On any given day in Canada, there are more blameless individuals in jail than liable ones. By
"blameless individuals" I mean the individuals who have been blamed for a wrongdoing and are
being hung on remand, anticipating a safeguard hearing or a trial. "dozens of innocent people might
be languishing behind bars. Over the ensuing 30 years, more than 20 convicted murderers have been
freed on the basis of serious doubts about the reliability of evidence and trial fairness in their cases."
The revealing of wrongly convicted wrongdoers has been apparently the overwhelming lawful
improvement in Canada over the past half–century. In recent years, the issue of wrongful conviction
has turned into an acknowledged reality in most common law jurisdiction; Prominent cases tend not
just to attract our consideration regarding the deleterious impacts of a wrongful conviction on an
individual but also to illustrate how parts of the criminal justice process have fizzled. An across the
nation system of attorneys, columnists and legitimate associations have fought resolutely in the
courts to get the freedom of offenders who had, in some cases, spent decades incarcerated. Clearly,
wrongful conviction is the aspect of being in fact innocent but unfairly held accountable by a jury or
other court of law for an act you did not do. Also a criminal code is a statute which implies or
endeavors to set out all denied or criminal offenses, and their different disciplines. In this paper, I
discuss

Essay about Wrongful Convictions
"UNDUE PROCESS"
WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS AND VIOLATIONS OF CIVIL LIBERTIES
Latrina Dickerson
Master of Arts in Liberal Studies
Clayton State University, Morrow, Georgia
February, 2013
"UNDUE PROCESS"
Wrongful Convictions and Violations of Civil Liberties
Abstract: Over the past twenty years, advancement in DNA technology has directly led to the
exoneration of nearly 300 people in the United States. In addition to these scientific advancements, a
growing body of literature has focused on the significant roles eyewitness misidentification, so–
called "jailhouse snitches," and false confessions have played in contributing to wrongful
convictions in U.S. courts. The aim of this paper is to examine the ... Show more content on
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Gould is a social scientist and lawyer and his work focuses on justice policy, legal change, and civil
rights. He has published articles on subjects that include wrongful convictions and legal civil rights.
Dr. Gould has published a book titled The Innocence Commission: Preventing Wrongful
Convictions and Restoring the Criminal Justice System, and the book was named an Outstanding
Academic Title for 2008 by the American Library Association. I will also utilize Professor Natapoff
who has served as a clerk for the Honorable David S. Tatel from the U.S. Court of Appeals and for
Paul Friedman, U.S. District, Washington D.C. She is widely thought of as an expert on snitching in
the criminal justice system. She recently served as an assistant public defender in Baltimore,
Maryland. Professor Natapoff received an Open Society Institute Community Fellowship.
This paper contains expert information snitching, evidence on eye witness testimony, and proven
study on false confessions. Appendix 1 shows the leading causes of wrongful convictions in United
States. The first credited study and research analysis on wrongful convictions will demonstrate the
seriousness of this problem and the need for a resolution. Various other authors and reports have
been reviewed for the purpose of this research paper.

In the late 40s, an informal organization, "the Court of Last Resort," was created by Erle Stanley
Gardner to carry out investigations on cases

Reasons For Wrongful Convictions
Epidemic of Wrongful Conviction
In many countries across the world people are wrongfully convicted by a system whose sole purpose
is to protects its citizens. Wrongful convictions are a grave miscarriage of justice. A report Published
by Nation Registry of Exonerations stated that 149 people were cleared in 2015 for crimes that they
did not commit in the United States (Ferner, 2016), this number is staggering. Also, in Japan 162
wrongful convicted between 1910 and 2010 (Johnson, 2015). With that said, a lot of people is being
detained for crimes they did not commit in every region of the world, meanwhile the real culprits are
left to roam freely. Common reasons for wrongful conviction in the United states and Japan are
harsh and long interrogations, witness identification, errors or misconduct of the law enforcement
and jailhouse informants also known as snitches, but mostly lack of DNA evidences. Even though,
these countries have constitutional rights for its citizens, the reasons for wrongful convictions are
similar.
Between 1989 and 2010 a nonprofit watchdog and advocacy group reported that in the state of
Illinois 85 people cases we overturned by D.N.A testing. This had cost the taxpayer in Illinois $214
million (Lydersen, 2011). There were overall 316 post–conviction DNA exonerations in this country
since 1989, there have been an average of 1 per month (Johnson, 2015). The cost of wrongful
conviction is extremely expensive. It cost the citizens of this country to

The Wrongful Conviction Of Criminal Justice System
A conviction of a person accused of a crime which in the result subsequent investigation proves
erroneous.It depicts as any conviction which is apparently not committed by the convicted.I have
studied many cases that why wrongful conviction has occurred even with doing a systematic probe,
having with an affirmation and evidence. The most prominent reason why I did research on it was to
knowing the critical reasons that why the public entitled into wrongful conviction and even with
having a rigid body of criminal justice system and what were the circumstances through which they
could not able to get justice. This all convictions leads into a severe effects on the life of the persons
who are accidentally associated to crime which they never even thought to commit.Case of Leighton
Hay is a clear example of this, He was wrongfully convicted of murder, which led into 12 years of
inexorably imprisonment.why it took 12 years for justice system to ensure that he was innocent.
Moreover, it creates the wrongful perception in the people towards the justice system, whose core
responsibility is to find out the exact truth and prevent public from those who violate the laws.For
deterring this all sort of crimes criminal justice system imposed several penalties to deal with it,if
anyone commit any crime this may be result into fine, imprisonment, etc also even rehabilitate to
assume some possibility of not reoffending.In fact, there are many reasons due to which person

Wrongful Conviction And Wrongful Convictions
Jones 8 Shantil Jones Georgia State University Wrongful Convictions April 17, 2016 Since the very
beginning of time our Founding Fathers and those that basically built the foundation of this country
left a lot of responsibility in the hands of our government and the bases of religion. From Darryl
Hunt to Arthur Allan Thomas to Richard Jewell every year there are wrongful convictions that make
their way across the courts around the United States. Every year citizens are brought into the
courtrooms with cases to present to the judge and jury and although our country places so much
responsibility in the hands of the jury and judges across the country, there are times when they
simply make mistakes. With so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the process, Alejandro Hernandez and Stephen Buckley were also implicated. On March 8, 1984,
on the basis of his statements and other statements by several witnesses, Cruz, Hernandez and
Buckley (whose boot print was said to have been found on the door of the Nicarico house) were
arrested. All three were charged with the murder of Jeanine Nicarico, residential burglary, home
invasion, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated indecent liberties, deviate sexual assault, and rape.
Going off prior knowledge before taking my Wrongful Convictions Class, I simply would have
believed that our justice system most of the time is correct in their convictions and that when they
are not they go to the utmost procedure to correct their wrong. Most of the time in cases such as the
Cruz case when one is wrongfully convicted they are lasted rewarded a monetary award as a
settlement for the mistake made upon the government, but one must ask themselves is that enough?
Can money truly value up to time spent away from family, friends, and loved ones? What if there is
a wrongful conviction in a case where one has seen the death penalty and cannot be paid monetary
reward because they have fallen victim to hands of wrong justification and the government? Before
the 1985 trial, the lead detective in the case, John Sam, resigned in protest, because he believed the
three men were innocent. This alone seems to

Wrongful Convictions And The Criminal Justice System Essay
Wrongful convictions heavily presided in Canada before adequate measures were taken to help
prevent them. Many victims of wrongful convictions were subjected to the flaws in the Criminal
Justice System, in which has undergone drastic reforms to repair some of the many imperfections. In
Canada, the state provides compensation for individuals deemed factually innocent of the crimes
they were charged for only through ex gracia, which simply means, "payment by the state, ... made
voluntarily, as a favour out of kindness or grace, and without recognition of any legal obligation"
(Entitlement of Compensation– The Legal Framework). However, in order to be considered eligible
for financial compensation, certain guidelines must be met under the Federal/ Provincial Guidelines
on Compensation for Wrongfully Convicted and Imprisoned Persons, which was established in
1988. (Entitlement of Compensation– The Legal Framework). The guidelines as specified in the
Federal/ Provincial Compensation for Wrongfully Convicted and Imprisoned Persons require that,
an accused individual be convicted and imprisoned, and the conviction and imprisonment must be
declared a miscarriage of justice as a result of new factual evidence presented (Entitlement of
Compensation–The Legal Framework). Also, the individual must have been convicted and
imprisoned under the Criminal Code of Canada, and the individual must be acquitted in the Court of
Appeal, following a referral made by the Ministry of Justice.

Wrongful Convictions And The Court System
Wrongful convictions are common in the court–system. In fact, wrongful convictions are not the
rare events that you see or hear on televisions shows, but are very common. They stem from some
sort of systematic defect that lead to wrongful convictions such as, eyewitness misidentification
testimony, unvalidated or improper forensic science, false confessions and incriminating statements,
DNA lab errors, false confessions, and informants (2014). Bringing awareness to all these
systematic defects, which result in wrongful, is important because it will better adjust the system to
avoid making the same mistakes with future cases. However, false confession is not a systematic
defect. It does not occur because files were misplaced or a lab technician put one too many drops.
False confessions occur because of some of psychological attempt to protect oneself and their
family. Thus, the courts responsibility should be to reduce these false confessions. DNA
exonerations are very common. So much so that in the United States alone, there have been "317
post–conviction DNA exonerations" (2014). The very first DNA exoneration dated back to 1989.
The Innocence Project examined these DNA exonerations and found that "8 of the 317 people
exonerated through DNA served time on death row. Another 16 were charged with capital crimes
but not sentenced to death" (2014). More so, the average time served was about 13.5 years, and the
average age was 27 (2014). This means that before the age of

The Wrongful Conviction Of The Criminal Justice System
As defined, a wrongful conviction is a conviction of a person accused of a crime which, in the result
of the subsequent investigation, proves erroneous. Persons who are in fact innocent but who have
been wrongly convicted by a jury or other court of law. For this reason, wrongful convictions disrupt
trust in our justice system, therefore, such convictions undermine public safety by leaving the
correct or legitimate positives of the guilty in the community to carry out future offences. With this
in mind, one needs to secure the society and/or families of crime victims that are caused by the
incorrect or misleading errors that all humankind institutions occasionally make through accidental,
unintentional, and through failures in working the system. Moreover, a nine–year–old girl, Christine
Jessop was murdered on October 3rd, 1984. Guy Paul Morin, her alongside neighbor was charged
for her murder. On the other side, around 3:50 pm on October 3rd, 1984, the school bus dropped
Christine to her home; however, her mother and older brother were absent due to being at the dentist
in Newmarket. Thereupon, around 3:32 pm Guy Paul Morin departed for work; however, appeared
to have arrived home at 4:14 pm, however, Christine was not at all in the house when the Jessops
arrived; therefore, the family assumed there was no need for an urgency to cause an alarm. Anyhow,
once the family realized that Christine has not shown up after several hours, Ms. Jessop contacts

The Conviction Of A Wrongful Conviction
Have you ever been accused of something that you did not do? You, yourself being the only person
knowing that you are innocent while everyone around you believes you are guilty. To add to the
guilt all the evidence points to you as well. Even though you may prove your innocence, that
negative stigma of being accused of something lingers around you and people still believe
something must have been wrong. This was the case with Ivan Henry he was accused of a series of
sexual assaults and spent 27 years behind bars for something he did not do. Ivan Henry is the perfect
example of a victim of a wrongful conviction and how the justice system is flawed when it comes to
convictions. Misconduct by the police and the Crown not disclosing important information led to
Henry' wrongful conviction.
A wrongful conviction can be described as "a conviction of a person who was factually innocent"
(Colvin, 2009). Also according to Colvin the leading culprits in wrongful convictions are:
eyewitnesses, misidentification, investigative misconduct or errors by the police; prosecutorial
misconduct or errors; faulty forensic evidence; false confessions; perjured or unreliable evidence of
persons with a criminal background; and inadequate legal representation (Colvin, 2009). As Colvin
is implies, the cause of a wrongful conviction is always by the individuals involved in the law
enforcement and the forensics. Therefore this makes us question and wonder about how many
individuals there must be

Wrongful Conviction In Criminal Justice Research
This research paper describes the significance and importance of wrongful conviction as a criminal
justice issue, the evolution of an innocence movement to litigate on behalf of possible wrongfully
convicted cons and to expose the issues surrounding the topic and research done. This is allows the
justice system to use legal and psychological inquiry to define such matters. A research portfolio for
the criminal justice policy scholars is proposed to examine further possible innocent and prevent
such future matters from occurring. Research has been done from sociology and political science to
elaborate the study of a potential policy change, interest and social movements groups offer models
and methods that would give way to criminal justice

Wrongful Convictions Research Paper
Post 1
A wrongful happens when a defendant who is innocent is found guilty in a criminal trial or even
when a defendant pleads guilty to a crime they did not commit usually to avoid extreme sentences
like death penalty. A wrongful conviction also refer to a situation where a jury finds a person who
has a good self–defense guilty or where the constitutional rights of a person have been violated
during trial but the appellate court reverse their convictions regardless of their factual guilt.
Most of wrongful convictions occur due to honest witness error while others are caused by
negligence of the criminal justice system including the defense lawyers. May people who have been
convicted wrongfully have in many instances been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the most common cyber–crimes are cyberstalking, identity theft, spam and phishing among
others. Cyber stalking has been classified as one of prevalent cybercrimes with many internet users
falling victims of cyber bullying. Cyber stalkers meet their victims in different ways; mostly they
normally have a relationship either in the real world or online world. Cyberstalking starts when this
relationship ends. However, strangers who have collected information on the internet can also be
cyber stalkers. The desire to control and even harm their victims is what motivates cyber stalkers.
They may go to the measures of personifying their victims and post messages or controversial posts
on the boards and chat rooms. In this real regard, cyberstalking is a real crime (Mansourabadi,
2014).
Cyber stalking and bullying is traumatizing especially for children because it is because of such
incidents that make a child withdraw from social gatherings and becomes scared of the outside
world. In some extreme instances, cyber stalking has been known to result to death. This is because
though it starts with the real world and develops into the internet it also penetrates into the physical
world where the perpetrators result to physical

A Brief Note On Wrongful Conviction And Criminal Justice...
Vernon Randall Professor George Slone
Effectiveness in Writing 102
Date due: March 8, 2015
The wrongly accused
Introduction:
Despite the growing consciousness of a flawed criminal justice system, many cannot identify with
being wrongfully convicted, weakening public demand for change. Nevertheless, reforms designed
to reduce miscarriages of justice take hold. The issue should not be viewed as a partisan issue but
one of vital concern to all criminal justice stakeholders and the public. A leading wrongful
conviction authority outlines the matter.
Wrongful Conviction and Criminal Justice Reform
Wrongful Conviction and Criminal Justice Reform, making justice is not a compendium of what has
been learned about wrongful convictions since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They initially presented their findings in the mid–1980s. Less than a decade later, stories of
wrongful conviction poured forth as DNA exonerations provided proof that the innocent had been
imprisoned. Some of the investigations were done by journalists, including David Protess, his
students at Northwestern University, as well as teams of reporters at papers like the Chicago
Tribune. Other work was conducted by academics, including such luminaries as Sam Gross, Richard
Leo, and Brandon Garrett. And, of course, the innocence project, led by law professors and
advocates Barry Scheck and Barry Neufeld, has uncovered case after case of wrongful conviction.
Certainly, the studies of wrongful conviction have been able to generate press coverage especially
when the findings tell the story of an innocent defendant who narrowly escaped a death sentence.
Due to the fact that much of the American public assumes that it is not at risk for a wrongful
conviction, few of those stories have "legs" to breed sufficient interest in reform. In this assumption
the public is correct. Notwithstanding the claims of some reformers that anyone of us could be
subject to a wrongful conviction, the research actually suggests that most individuals have little to
fear. Indeed, the most recent national study of wrongful convictions shows that individuals with a
prior criminal record are at the greatest risk of being wrongful convicted (Gould et

The Wrongful Conviction Of Wrongful Convictions Essay
Wrongful convictions Every year, hundreds of people get convicted wrongly as a result of criminal
proceedings that are rooted in miscarriage of justice. The defendants are convicted for crimes not
committed where errors are not proven until their death or having served a lot of jail time. Wrongful
convictions are fueled by false witnesses, incompetence of defense lawyers and inadequate evidence
among others. However, with the emergence of forensic DNA in collection of evidence, the rate of
wrongful convictions has decreased in the past few years. This paper focuses on the fallibilities that
lead to miscarriage of justice and what role technology has played in correcting and mitigating the
previously erroneous judicial system. Introduction Many people continue to languish in jails all over
the word while others have since faced capital punishment as a result of wrongful convictions. It is
from this premise that innovation through DNA analysis has come to provide the much needed relief
in correcting these errors. While there are many factors related to wrongful convictions, miscarriage
of justice stands as the main culprit with many of these cases being faced with lack of conclusive or
efficient investigations. There are several factors that come out as the main factors in contributing to
miscarriage of justice such as false confessions, eyewitness misidentification, outdated evidence
collection methods, snitches, incompetent lawyers and government misconduct among others.

Wrongful Convictions Of Innocent People Essay
Unfortunately, wrongful convictions of innocent people sometimes happen in the criminal justice
system. According to a new report from the University of Michigan Law School 's National Registry
of Exonerations, 2015 set a record for the number of wrongly convicted Americans who received
justice; 149 people who were either declared innocent or cleared of their convictions or guilty pleas.
Many of them had already served long prison terms for crimes they did not commit (Mencimer,
2016.)
There are many causes that can contribute to a wrongful conviction. Witness misidentification is the
most common cause; we know that the human mind is not like a tape recorder, and can make
mistakes. Forensic analysts presenting evidence that has little or no scientific basis, false
confessions by suspects during the interrogation process, government officials taking steps to ensure
that a suspect is convicted despite poor evidence, testimony by people with incentives to testify, and
poorly prepared lawyers are just some of the other causes that can result in a wrongful conviction.
The death penalty case of Cameron Todd Willingham, of Corsicana, Texas, is one that experts now
agree that the evidence proves he was wrongfully convicted. But unfortunately, he was already put
to death by lethal injection.
On December 23, 1991, the Willingham family home was engulfed in flames. Stacey Willingham
was shopping for Christmas gifts, while Cameron Todd Willingham was home sleeping at the time
of the

Life After Wrongful Conviction : An Article By Clow, Leach...
Life After Wrongful Conviction
The purpose of this article by Clow, Leach and Riocciadelli(2012) was to investigate the
consequences incurred by victims of wrongful conviction by reviewing relevant literature on the
topic and examining how the research can influence legislation to improve the lives of victims of
wrongful conviction following release. This topic is important to the fields of law and psychology
because people are getting exonerated and released from prison having missed out on many years of
their life as well as having incurred life changing events while in prison and the adjustment of the
wrongfully convicted becomes of increasing concern as more people are released.
People who are wrongfully convicted suffer the loss of privacy and free will as well as may
encounter the same violence that most felons encounter, while actually being innocent. In addition
to this, inmates cannot have access to parole and certain other privileges unless they confess to
committing the crime and because often people who are wrongfully convicted are put in a unique
position where they are either forced to admit to a crime they did not commit or denied these
privileges.
Following release, exonerees are given less assistance than actual guilty offenders and usually are
not told about the release far enough in advance to make preparations for when they are released.
Also 23 states do not offer compensation to those wrongfully convicted and in the states that do a
person can wait

Causes Of Wrongful Conviction
Duhaime defined Wrongful Conviction as "A conviction of a person accused of a crime which, in
the result of subsequent investigation, proves erroneous. Persons who are in fact innocent but who
have been wrongly convicted by a jury or other court of law" (Duhaime, 2017). But even
establishing an acceptable definition of "wrongful conviction" is difficult. Wrongful convictions are
happening nationwide, however the more frequent it becomes makes it seem like it isn't an accident
anymore. In 2015, researchers found that 149 people were cleared for crimes they didn't commit. So,
we must ask ourselves what is the cause of wrongful convictions? In 2010, a young man by the
name of Kalief Browder was wrongfully convicted of a crime he did not commit and in 2008,
Adrian Thomas was convicted of killing his son by threatening him to confess or else they would
arrest his wife. But where is the justice for these two men?
There are more African American men incarcerated today then there were slaves imported to North
America from Africa. Mind you, where some would prefer prison to focus on rehabilitation and
reform, for others, the focus lies more in crime control models. Institutionalization impacts those
incarcerated to the extent that they cannot function productively in society. This paper will focus on
two men searching for freedom. The writer will expand on what occurs to these men upon release
into the cold world that put them in the judicial system. The stories of Kalief Browder

The Wrongful Conviction Of Juan Rivera
Written Assignment: The Wrongful Conviction of Juan Rivera
Aric Hermelin
March 31st, 2015
LSO102BA
Kimberly Costello
Part I On November 19th, 1993 Juan Rivera was convicted for the August 17th, 1992 rape and
murder of then eleven year–old Holly Staker, who at the time was babysitting her two siblings
(University of Michigan Law School). His wrongful conviction was the result of failures by not only
the public, but also law enforcement personnel and the criminal justice system, as we will further
examine. According to the University of Michigan's Law School, Juan Rivera's initial arrest came on
October 26th after Lake County Police received a tip from an informant. Rivera was then questioned
for four days and at the end of the fourth day Rivera falsely confessed to Staker's rape and murder
(University of Michigan Law School). Following his confession, the two interrogators went on to
type a confession for Rivera to sign. After obtaining Rivera's signature, however, the prosecutor
found the narrative to be incohesive, and asked the interrogators to correct it and to obtain Rivera's
signature on the second written confession. Rivera's signature was later obtained on October 30th
(University of Michigan Law School). Of course, it is tough to comprehend why a reasonable and
innocent individual such as Mr. Rivera would confess to a crime he did not commit (Gould). Upon
further review, however, there were notable flaws as to how this case was treated. To

Essay on The Wrongful Conviction of Rubin (Hurricane) Carter
The Wrongful Conviction of Rubin (Hurricane) Carter
There is no doubt in the minds of many people who are familiar with the Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
story that he, and the man who was convicted for murder with him, John Artis, are innocent of those
crimes. While no one knows for sure who is guilty of the crime, but the one thing that is for certain
is that Carter and Artis were victims of racial bias from many people who would see them in jail.
This story is truly a tragic one of a promising career, and of a life that was spoiled by prejudice and
one that reviles some of the ways in which, society's present legal system can fail to ensure the right
of justice for people in our society.
In a 1975 Penthouse Interview Carter stated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason: a sworn statement by Alfred Bello, who was a suspect himself, stating that he had seen
the two men at the scene of the crime. A tape of Bello stating he was not sure that the suspected men
were the ones at the crime scene apparently existed and was in the custody of the prosecutors but
was illegally withheld from the jury. An all white 'death jury' (a jury in which, each person is
supportive of capital punishment and are generally more supportive of a conviction) sentenced
Carter and Artis to serve three consecutive life sentences for the murder of two men and a women in
the Lafayette Bar in New Jersey in 1966.
Besides the anticipated hardships that accompanied a long–term stay in prison, Carter had to bare
the force of other unfair actions. In April 1974 Carter was illegally transferred from the original
place of his detainment, Rahway State Prison, to the Vroom Readjustment Unit at the Trenton State
Psychiatric Hospital (http://www.stanford.edu/~zdillon/story.html). He remained there for three
months until Carter filed a federal suit against the state for inflicting cruel and unusual punishment
on him and was released from his illegal holding. Also, while incarcerated Carter was refused
outside medical attention and thus, received a botched operation which, left him blind in one eye

Cornelius Dupree Jr.: A Case of Wrongful Conviction.
Written by: Lance Kriete
CJL4037
April 2011
Every year in the United States of America, millions of crimes are committed that violate and harm
the individual rights, properties, and freedoms that are not only guaranteed to American citizens of
this country, but also naturally inherent to mankind as whole. Based on the founding principles of
our country, which are derived from the Constitution of these United States, justice is dealt
accordingly to the perpetrators of these crimes. While this justice is usually fair, due to certain rights
given to those who may be charged with crimes, sometimes an error is made. A simple mistake, a
missing or broken link in the chain that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 26 year–old woman, on the other hand, had pointed them out and identified them as the
perpetrators. Dupree was subsequently charged with one count of aggravated robbery and one count
of rape, and put on trial. During litigation, both victims had testified that Dupree was one of the men
who carjacked them in November. Disregarding the fact that the two defendants were not originally
noticed in police lineups by the male victim, and despite the woman 's repeated mixing up of the two
defendants ' identities in court, the jury somehow thought the defense of 'mistaken identity ' was not
possible, and thus both men were found guilty of aggravated robbery. The jury decided to not indict
Dupree on charges of abduction or rape because they had felt any further convictions would not
have been very significant; he was already given a sentence of 75 years in prison. After the initial
trial, Dupree 's attempts of appealing the decision were rejected three times, because he would not
admit to being a sex offender. Throughout his time in incarceration, Dupree maintained his
innocence; even turning down two opportunities for early parole, because he would not admit guilt
and confess to a crime he did not commit. In 2006, his case was picked up by The Texas Innocence
Project, and by July of 2007, the Innocent Project team requested permission from the state of Texas
to test for DNA evidence from pubic

The Center For Wrongful Conviction: Christopher Coleman's...
The Center for Wrongful Conviction and discuss why this occurred. Christopher Coleman was
convicted of a crime that he didn't commit and spent nineteen years behind bars for a crime he didn't
commit. This crime occurred in Peoria in 1994 because of taking part in an armed house invasion
and some part of an armed home invasion and some related crimes. He was released on bond in
November 2013 after the Illinois Supreme Court reversed his conviction. Christopher was also
remanded for a retail based on some compelling evidence of actual innocence. Coleman receives
news in March 2014, that the Peoria County State's Attorney's Office dropped all charges against
him for this crime. The prosecutor alleged that Coleman had committed a crime among a group of
mask men who invaded a home shared by five women. This was said during the trial in 1995 before
the Peoria County Circuit Court Judge Robert Barnes Jr. that raped one of the women during the
home invasion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christopher was identified in a crime line–up and two of the women–mother and sister of the rape
victim was in court and identified Coleman as the offender. They didn't find any physical evidence
to show that Coleman committed this crime. The victim's mother told the prosecutor that she had
know Coleman years earlier and she had not seen him recently, but recognized his voice and
distinctive walk. Another sister told the court that she knew Christopher by the nickname "Fat" and
that he had removed his mask during the crime when it was occurring. Nevertheless, these women
had identified Coleman to responding during the grand jury hearing, and the other sister had
incorrectly identified at least two other alleged

Wrongful Convictions In Canada

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