Unit 12 Crime And Its Effect On Society

Unit 12 Crime And Its Effect On Society
Unit 12 crime and its effect on society.
Task 1: P1
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
Contents of the act:
When and why it was brought in.
Intro of anti–social behaviour orders
Intro of sex offender orders
Parental orders
Abolishment of rebuttable presumption
The formal abolishment of death penalty for treason and piracy
This is the act that the British parliament passed on the 2nd of December 1997 and in July 1998 it
received royal assent.
This act grants the local authorities (police) more responsibilities in reducing crime in their areas.
It was introduced in key areas where anti–social behaviour was at its highest.
The act also abolished that a child is between the age of 10–14 years of age are in capable of
committing an offense.
The sex offender's orders were brought in to tackle the people that were deemed sex predators,
The act allows a police officer to go to the magistrate's court and have reasonable cause for a sex
offenders order to be issued to protect the public from a certain individual.
Parental orders are made against the parents that have children that have ASBO's, have been
convicted of an offense, or the parent has been convicted of an offense under section 443 or 444 of
the education act 1996. The aim of this is so parents obey to the condition of stopping their child
being a menace.
Anti–Social Behaviour Act 2003
This act was championed by home secretary David Blunkett, it was passed in 2003
This supported the crime and
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Assignment 1 Crime and Disorder extra
Unit 12: Crime and its Effects on society
Crime and Disorder Legislation
Ashley Bown
Daniel Harris
P1: Outline current crime and disorder legislation
There are many acts to cover like; The Anti– Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, Police
Reform act 2002, Antisocial Behaviour Act 2003 and a Crime and Disorder Act 1998. But the first
one that I will be covering is the Anti–social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014. This is an act
which was put into power to cover a range of topics from giving people information about harm in
relationships, violence, forced marriages and guns. This will help to protect the victims who were
involved in harmful relationships. With the act introducing new powers it gives the ... Show more
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This act also gives people who have committed anti social behaviour to clean up the community e.g.
graffiti, litter. This will benefit everybody in the community because the people will know they are
being punished and will have less of a chance of re–offending and the community will be cleaner.
The offenders are the most affected by section 30 of the Anti–Social Behaviour Act 2003 in my
opinion because If any members of the public have been intimidated, harassed, alarmed or distressed
as a result of the behaviour of groups of two or more persons in public places in any area the police
can interfere. You can be stopped and searched if there is suspicion that they will or might commit
anything that may damage society or create a disturbance, for example it gives the police the power
to separate groups of more than 2 if the police feel they may be up to no good. It will also affect the
younger generation because the act gives police officers the power to send under 16s home after
9pm if they are seemed to be suspicious, this will prevent any anti–social behaviour to occur. This
will also affect the local communities because it will make the people living in the community a lot
more secure and safe in their housing knowing any people out after 9pm will be being watched and
sent home by the police if they are misbehaving. The police force may also be impacted because
each

How Children 's Rights Are Being Breached Within The Uk
This assignment will address how children's rights are being breached within the UK. Focusing
mainly on (The Crime and Disorder Act, 1998) which is an Act currently used within the UK's
society. . (The Crime and Disorder Act, 1998) covers almost all aspects of children's rights, however
the main provisions of the Act are; Antisocial Behaviour order (ASBO), parenting orders and sex
offender's orders. (The United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child, 1990) became part of
the UK's Law in 1992, it has 54 articles that cover child welfare and safeguarding under ever
circumstance. The aim of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child aim is to keep
children's rights intact and do their best to ensure these rights are not ... Show more content on
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He is strongly believed to have taken his life as a consequence to the violence that was used on him.
A lack of safeguarding training was given to the staff that dealt with Adam Rickwood on that day,
and the use of the pain compliance nose distraction should not have been used in the way that it was.
Due to this case, that was examined within the Carlile report, Some people argue that breaching
many of these children's rights is due to children being in custody, children in custody may breach
rights from many different articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, however in
Adam Rickwood's case, it was Article Nineteen that was breached; 'To protect the child from all
forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment' as when prison
staff use restraining techniques such as nose and thumb distractions this can cause serious harm and
can in fact lead to suicide. Other articles, however may also be breached in prison such as; Article
seven 'The right to know and be cared for by his or her parents', this is breached within prison as the
child has no access to their parents and are cared for by the prison staff. Within custody, it may also
be argued that children do not receive the required hours of education needed, breaching article
Twenty– eight, 'the right of the child to education'. ''There are mandated hours for education in youth
custody, not all children are receiving these

Criminal Justice System
The Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public White Paper announced a desire to make fines
proportionate to the offenders' ability to pay, in order to reduce the number of prisoners serving time
for non–payment. The levels of the units introduced by the 1991 Act were: Level 1 – £200, Level 2
– £500, Level 3 – £1000, Level 4 £2500, and Level 5 – £5000; on summary conviction.
(REFERENCE)
The system did not work, and resulted in absurdly high fines for trivial offences. The Criminal
Justice Act 1993 (section 65(1)) restored judicial preference by adding that courts have the power to
alter fines according to offenders' means and ability to pay. (REFERENCE) Parents were also made
responsible for their children's fines. The maximum fine imposable ... Show more content on
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Nonetheless, in order to curtail concerning behaviours, the criminal justice system has seen the
introduction of laws and legislation, pertaining to the behaviour and control of young offender's e.g.
anti–social behaviour orders and dispersal orders naming a few. Irrespective of such, the incidence
of youth association and youth crimes have continued to escalate.
Why do some young people join gangs and become violent offenders' (Youth crime)
For a number of years the author worked with young people in what society now term as 'gangs',
and the youth justice system and as a result was able to solicit individual perspective as to why
young people get involved in anti–social youth behaviour, more commonly referred to as 'gang'
crime. What became evident, was there is no answer that fits all, but are inclusive of the following:
Some young people are growing up in neighbourhoods where gang life has become a way of life
and the norm.
Some young people are tired of being picked on by others and want a support system e.g. someone
to "have their

How Do Dewis Combat Anti-Social Behaviour?
As a consequence, Part 4 of the Anti–Social Behaviour Act 2003 (sections 30–36) has provided
police in England and Wales with legislative capacity to disperse groups of two or more people from
designated areas where there is believed to be significant and persistent anti–social behaviour and a
problem with groups causing intimidation (Gov., 2003). Dewis Housing is trying to prevent this
from happening by supporting young people in their decisions and providing activities that might
forestall any anti–social behaviour; for instance, every Wednesday evening after the office closes,
young people are invited to spend their free time, if they wish to do so, watching a film provided by
the organisation (young people's opinions would have been taken into consideration before deciding
the film). Therefore, Dewis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shelter's approach to anti–social behaviour in young people if to primarly identify the needs of the
individual and solve the root of the problem, rather than it resulting in a scenario where young
people are evicted and moved into a different accommodation only to reoffend (Cullen, 2006). By
helping young people re–engage with their community, they hope to tackle anti–social behaviour
and and social exclusion for the long term. Dewis Housing adheres to Shelter's approach and as
previously stated they hold strong links with the community, helping them re–direct young people's
attention from disruptive behaviour to community re–engagement. Additionally, Dewis Housing has
provided an office for a member of staff from Shelter Swansea to consult and assist individuals who
might require Shelter's advice. The drop–in centre is available every Wednesday and it runs
independently and confidentially from Dewis

The Problem Of White Collar Criminality
White–collar criminality is generally considered to be crimes of the rich and powerful. It can be
extremely hard to study the levels of these types of crimes due to many reasons. These can include
the idea that they usually go under the radar because nobody suspects respectable conformers to
commit a crime and suffer the possible loss of attained assets. The notion of sample bias also comes
into play as it a vast area of criminal statistics exclude upper class crimes. Lastly because the upper
class are seen to be 'immune because of the class bias of the courts and thei[r own personal] power'.
(Sutherland: 2004: 7)
The differential association theory is in some ways flawed as the heart of Sutherland's (1939)
approach is based on the concept of learning amongst people who share the same anti criminal or
pro criminal values and attitudes. In white collar crime, the offender is typically well educated and
has been brought up in groups with anti–criminal values. 'Are we dealing with crimes committed for
or against organizations?' (Nelken: 2002: 851) This must mean that the process of learning has
happened in some other way.
Sutherland's (1939) research prompted other criminologists to develop his ideas to try and fill in the
loopholes. Akers and Burgess (1996) expanded on Sutherland's (1939) ideas and so, sculpted the
social learning theory which also looked at psychological aspects of criminality. It was based on the
differential association theory and operant conditioning

Literature Review: Behavioural Responses of Student...
Bullying, a form of aggression, can be experienced in several forms: physical, verbal, social or
cyber. All bullying is composed of three specific concepts–causing their victims harm, possessing
greater power than their victims and repetition (Oh & Hazler, 2009). Most often it is just the bully
and a victim taken into consideration yet this fails to identify a key influence: bystanders. It is their
impact on bullying that creates serious problems thus understanding the bystander's role is vital in
trying to decrease the occurrence of bullying (Oh & Hazler, 2009). One generally noted concept in
all of the articles was the taxonomy used for bystanders. The authors utilized the four
categorizations of bystanders, established by a previous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although all of the research is interested in bystander behaviour, the approach of the researchers
seem to differ in that they are either interested in predictors of behaviour or the motivation behind
bystander behaviour. Predictors such as gender, grade, past experiences with bullying, type of
bullying witnessed and friendship dynamics have displayed some significant trends (Oh & Hazler,
2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010). For example, researchers identify strong and
consistent trends that indicate girls are more likely to support victims with positive actions while
boys were more likely to report doing nothing (Oh & Hazler, 2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and
Neale, 2010). Furthermore, older students were far more passive in actions while younger students
were more willing to take direct action (Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010). On the
contrary, Thornberg (2007) focused on bystanders rationalization behind their actions. He found
students defined seven common definitions for passive behaviour in situations of an emergency:
trivialization, dissociation, embarrassment association, audience modeling, busy working priority,
responsibility transfer and compliance with a competitive norm (Thornberg, 2007). However, the
reasons for taking positive action he found were curious empathy, care questioning and sympathy
company (Thornberg, 2007). Specifically, the most positive action was that of sympathy company
because

Public Services Level 3: Crime and Its Effects on Society...
BTEC Level 3 Subsidiary/Extended Diploma in Public Services
Unit 12: Crime and its Effects on Society
Assignment 2: Effects of crime and how the public services support victims and witnesses of crime
In this assignment I will be examining and investigating the effects of crime on individuals,
communities and business and discussing the role of services that support victims of crime and
witness. There are a lot of people and communities that are impacted negatively by crime. However
in the public service, there are approaches used in order to reduce crime, disorder and anti–social
behaviour. This is done by using websites and wardens to keep track of recent crimes. Also I will be
writing about how both public and third sector ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main way they will be affected by crime is that they could be judged by other generations for
being criminals, giving teenagers a bad name. As a result of this, they may pick up on anti–social
behaviour as they don't think it is fair, or to fit in with the other trouble makers.
Children – children are affected by crime negatively as they are very easily into manipulating, they
can be brought up to be a criminal just from living next to one. Children are a bit more naive so they
may not be scared by the loud music and other minor crimes. A result of this is that parents may
move them, which will make them move schools and have to adapt to a new environment.
Different cultures – different cultures are a target of racism which is a bad impact of crime.
Someone being targeted for something they can't change such as their ethnical background or the
colour of their skin can make people feel hopeless and scared that the crime will occur wherever
they go.
Disabled – disabled people will be very badly impacted by crime as they tend to isolate themselves
from other people in the community. As they are isolated, they will not have anyone to talk to about
the crime, so they may not even report the crime, or may even be too scared to report it, and again
they may feel as if they are being targeted just because they have something different about them
that they can't change, and they may just suffer in silence and fear.
Crime has a massive

Analysis Of Leicestershire 's Police Force Essay
The way police manage critical incidents is of upmost importance. An incident that is manged well,
will raise public confidence in the police, however if the incident is managed poorly it can have
devastating effects on the victim and the general public will subsequently lose confidence in the
police. ACPO's definition of a critical incident is as follows "Any incident where the effectiveness
of the police response is likely to have a significant impact on the confidence of the victim, their
family and/or the community" (Constabulary, December 2007) Any police officer can notify an
incident as possibly critical, therefore, police officers must always be aware of the potential for any
incident to escalate and become critical. A critical incident can include; Suspicious, unexplained
deaths, Homicides, Incidents requiring a police firearms response, Vulnerable persons missing from
home, Domestic Violence, Crimes involving particularly vulnerable or young victims and hate
crimes, which will be our focus. For our essay, we will be critically analysing Leicestershire's police
force's 'critical incident' management of the case of Fiona Pilkington which is a case of anti–social
behaviour that deeply affected public confidence. Whenever a critical incident is identified, it must
be addressed sharp and efficiently. Reassuring, rebuilding and maintaining the confidence of the
victim, their family and community should be fundamental to critical incident management (Thames
Valley Police,

Social Psychological Explanations For The Emergence Of...
Identify and describe social psychological explanations for the emergence of public disorder.
Public disorder can be defined as any behavioural act in the public eye that goes against societal
norms. This may be an act of an individual or from members of a larger group. Gustave le Bon
(1895) categorises a group or "crowd" as those possessing characteristics including "impulsiveness,
irritability, incapacity to reason, the absence of judgement and of the critical spirit, the exaggeration
of the sentiments, and others besides". The emergence of these acts can be seen when an individuals
or groups attitude escalates from socially acceptable behaviours to anti–social behaviour. There have
been numerous studies carried out into these behaviours both in the field and in laboratories. The
essay to follow will identify different social psychological explanations and describe how these can
be applied to the emergence of such behaviours. Looking into both individual behaviours and those
of groups. The explanations visited include the behaviourist approach, the cognitive approach and
the collectivist approach, as well as drawing on other aspects of social psychology within these
approaches.
The behaviourist approach to social psychology focuses primarily on how the behaviours of an
individual have been learned. Skinner (1938) carried out research into operant conditioning. This
research aimed to find out the effects of both positive and negative reinforcement on behaviour.

Appellant's Right To Due Process
On the 5th November 2014 the Appellant defends in his defence that a guilty verdict was wrongfully
decided at Highbury Magistrates Court, this was in order for the Commissioner of the Metropolis
Police.
The Appellant asks for the case to be reopened and reviewed in its decision that is made by order of
the Magistrates Court, so for the verdict to be overturned in his favour to be declared as void making
the decision an error in law. The Appellant's human rights have now been breached. And;
The Appellant's right to due process has also been breached. This has lead the Appellant's right to a
fair trial also being breached.
The ongoing of the Asbo case are a clear miscarriage of justice that has been allowed to happen,
even once reported.
The Appellant's rights in the data protection act 1998 have also been ... Show more content on
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The Appellant's human rights have now been breached. And;
The Appellant's right to due process has also been breached. This has lead the Appellant's right to a
fair trial also being breached.
The ongoing of the Asbo case are a clear miscarriage of justice that has been allowed to happen,
even once reported.
The Appellant's rights in the data protection act 1998 have also been beached in relation towards the
on goings of the Anti Social Behaviour order.
The Appellant requests for the decision/order made at Wood Green Crown Court on 19th January
2017 in relation to the Appeal against conviction, of the Antisocial Behaviour Order to be dismissed
also.
The Appellant asks for the case to be reopened and reviewed in its decision that is made by order of
the Magistrates Court, so for the verdict to be overturned in his favour to be declared as void making
the decision an error in

The Broken Windows Style Of Policing
Some people think assigning officers to communities can be rewarding and some people think it is a
form of punishment. Whatever the case may be, people need some form of protection. Crime is very
real. Today's violence seems to go far past those standard reasons. As humans, people tend to
overlook or forget who are there to protect the society from disorderly people. The good order of a
community is important to those who lived and worked in the community. In other words, the little
things matter to a person in his or her community. There will always be a person who cares and will
take charge in the community. Arguments have been made that the application of the Broken
Windows style of policing leads to negative results for the poor and minority residents of the area
impacted. The application of the Broken Windows style of policing did leads to negative results for
the poor and minority residents of the area impacted. Fagan & Davies (2000) "When it comes to
debating theories of crime and law, some people pretend that race does not matter at all, while others
accord it undue, if not determinative, significance. There is now strong empirical evidence that
individuals of color are more likely than white Americans to be stopped, questioned, searched, and
arrested by police." For example, according to Fagan & Davies (2000) "The OAG Report showed
that stops were disproportionately concentrated in the city 's poorest neighborhoods, neighborhoods
with high

Unit 2 Different Types Of Bullying Research Paper
Bullying is an everyday occurrence that happens universally. According to StopBulllying.gov in
order for a behaviour to be considered bullying the behaviour must be both aggressive and include
an imbalance of power such as psychical strength, access to embarrassing information or popularity
to control or harm others. It's important to note that power imbalances can change over time and in
different situations even if they involve the same people. Second, the behaviour must include
repetition. Bullying behaviours happen more than once or have the potential to happen more than
once. Bullying can include a number of actions including, making threats, spreading rumours,
attacking someone psychically or verbally and purposely excluding someone ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many fear that with the implementation of the anti–bullying movement we risk the rise of a softer
generation. They may learn to rely on others to solve their problems, creating a generation that
might feel entitled to certain opportunities. Those victims who turn to the anti–bullying movement
for help with their confrontations might risk the loss of certain coping mechanisms essential for
everyday life in the real world. The anti–bullying movement presents challenges with children or
adults failing to learn the difference between bullying and conflict. This, in turn, effects the way
they encounter the world, expecting to not run into conflict or criticisms and not having the coping
mechanisms to deal with

Victims Of The New Victims
As stated in Ministry of Justice (2013) press release victims of crime will receive more support than
ever before to help bring offenders to justice and move on with their lives. The new Victims' Code
was set up explaining that people should expect from criminal justice agencies from the moment of
reporting the crime to the end of trial. According to the Code victims of the most serious crimes,
including hate crime, domestic violence, terrorism and sexual offences should get access to services
like pre–trial therapy and counselling. There are free support and advice are available for victims of
all crimes from Victims' Information Service.
The victim of crime has the right to contact the police and be kept informed about the investigation.
During the investigation the police give the victim an update on the case at least once a month until
it is closed. The police will let the victim know within 5 days if someone is arrested, charged, set
free etc. Also, the police have to inform the victim if they cannot investigate the crime and explain
why they have dropped this investigation.
After finishing the investigation, the police pass it to Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). CPR
decides if there is enough evidence to take the case to court. If the charge is altered or dropped, the
victim would be informed and have a legal right to request the review of CPS decision.
The victim have right to provide to the police a 'victim personal statement', telling how the crime
has affected

What Are The Key Terms In Social Psychology
Core Terms And Concepts:
Aggression: Feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour; readiness to
attack or confront.
Altruism: Disinterested and selfless concern for the well–being of others.
Anti–Social Behaviour: Acting in a manner that has "caused or was likely to cause harassment,
alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household" as the perpetrator.
Audience Inhibition: The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others
than when alone.
Bystander Apathy: A social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do
not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present.
Conformity: Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
Competence: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Socio–Biology: The scientific study of the biological (especially ecological and evolutionary)
aspects of social behaviour in animals and humans.
Examples Of Pro–Social Behaviour : Pro–Social behaviour involves caring, helping, sharing and
volunteering.
Examples Of Anti–Social Behaviour: People might engage in risk–taking behaviour, such as drug
use or driving excessively fast on the expressway. Generally, people suffering from antisocial
personality disorder have a serious disregard for the feelings of others.
Classical Theorists:
Bystander Effect/Diffusion Of Responsibility – John Darley And Bibb Latane
In 1964, Kitty Genovese, a seemingly innocuous member of her local community, was brutally
assaulted and stabbed to death, over the course of an hour, outside of her apartment building in
broad daylight. Throughout this elongated period of time, over 38 individuals were reported to have
witnessed, or at least heard, signs of a struggle. Not one of them took affirmative action, even when
the killer returned to finish what he started after a 10 minute recess. John Darley decided to undergo
rigorous testing after reading about the bizarre tragedy, endeavouring to record the length of time it
takes the human brain to comprehend what it is seeing, and subsequently assist in any given crisis
situation such as this, using a myriad of subjects . This was

Playing A Role Of Jackie Jones In The Courtroom
P1 Introduction: I'm going to write about my role play which I played a role of Jackie Jones; the
defendant, also I'm going to explain how I felt during my role play, what could I do to perform it in
better way and what was good, what was bad also I'm going to explain about the other acts such as
Police reform act; criminal justice act; theft act; ASBO, crime and disorder act and road traffic act.
On the trial that we did role play the classroom was organised into a Crown Court. There was one
judge, witnesses, one clerk, some of students were jury, there was one usher and two lawyers, one
lawyer was a defendant lawyer while the other lawyer was the prosecution lawyer, and there were
media and also there was a defendant who was the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end Jackie Jones has been sent to a prison. When I was playing my role, I was feeling a bit
nervous even I read my role many times, but the problem was I read it in a break time and then was
so much noisy at the hall and I could not concentrate good enough during the reading, what's why I
was not confident when I was playing my role and my voice and hands were shaking. If I was
preparing at home it could be more better for me to play my role, I could feel more confident than
when was playing my role but when we finished our role play and went out of the class I asked my
class mates how I reflect and they told me that I was not looking nervous they said that I played my
role well and I was feeling happy because I'm improving my confidence day by day but even I'm
feeling nervous during this kind of activities I'm trying to not show and it works, so that makes me
happy. This was the advantage to me, and not showing that you are not confident when you
completing the task that will give you a good results when you are not ready to complete the task. If
I was did more practise at home that could give more positive results at least I could not be exited
and shaking maybe and during my role play If I was talking with more loud voice that could be
better to present my role play. For playing better my role next time I need to

Childhood Bullying : A Serious Public Health Problem
Childhood bullying has recently been considered a serious public health problem. Little research has
been conducted regarding the predisposing factors involved in childhood bullies. Existing literature
suggests that the child's early home environment is strongly correlated with the development of
anti–social behaviour. The research paper "Early Cognitive Stimulation, Emotional Support, and
Television Watching as Predictors of Subsequent Bullying Among Grade–School Children" (2005),
hypothesizes that (1) early cognitive stimulation, (2) early parental emotional support, and (3) early
viewing of television within the household are predictors of bullying behavior, while controlling for
baseline bullying (Zimmerman et al.,
384).
Data was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive stimulation and emotional support were measured based on the subscales of the "Home
Observation for Measurement of the Environment" section of the survey and television viewing was
measured by the weekly average number of hours of television watched per day (385).
A multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the predisposing factors
involved in children becoming bullies. The predictors were early cognitive stimulation, early
parental emotional support and early viewing of television. All three predictors were each
independently associated with the child being reported as a bully. Cognitive stimulation and
emotional support scores reported for children at 4 years was approximately 0.5 SDs higher among
those who were subsequently identified between the ages of 6 to 11 years as non–bullies than those
who were identified as bullies; odds ratios were each 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54–0.82,
and 95% CI, 0.54–0.84, respectively). Additionally, children identified as bullies had watched more
hours of television per day than non–bullies at age 4 years; odds ratio was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02–1.11).
All of these differences were significant at P<.01. The comparative anti–social score was about 1.3
SDs higher among children identified as bullies than non–bullies, and the difference was significant
at P<.001. In the regression analysis of the early bullying baseline control group,

The Legislation Regarding Safeguarding And Chid Protection
The legislation regarding safeguarding and chid protection ensures that all the children are safe,
secure and protected from any kind of potential harm which may affect their health or development.
Children in learning settings may come across various types of experiences like bullying, cyber–
bullying, discrimination, etc. These types of experiences where perpetrator could also be a child or a
group of children can disturb the process of learning. It also has long term effects on the child being
bullied and the child/ group of children who are bullying.
'Department for education advice preventing and tackling bullying (2013) ', advices that all the
educational settings must prevent and respond to bullying.
The Education and Inspection Act 2006 states that school must have measures in place to prevent all
forms of bullying and all these measures should be communicated to staff, children and parents.
Independent School Standard Regulations 2010 states that effective anti–bullying strategies must be
drawn up and implemented by the Academy and Independent schools.
The Equality Act 2010 which replaces previous anti–discrimination laws with single act makes it
unlawful to discriminate, harass or victimise any pupil in relation to admission, ways to provide
education, exclusion of any pupil from benefit, facility or service or any other harm.
Safeguarding children and young people: The Children Act 1989 states that bullying incidents
should be considered as a child protection

Explain How To Promote Equality And Diversity In Health...
Pearson, 2016 also states, that discrimination is caused by prejudice, which in turn leads to negative
behaviour. Giddens (2001) described discrimination as 'activities or actions that deny to the
members of the group resources or rewards which can be obtained by others'. Therefore, to
discriminate is to distinguish between people on the basis of class or background without regard to
individual merit. Examples can include; social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic.
Discriminatory actions or behaviour can lead to many individuals not having their needs met. This is
because it can prevent people gaining access to support services that they may need to maintain their
health and well–being. In some cases, this can lead to abuse, putting individuals at risk. Therefore,
care workers need to ensure that they are aware of such behaviour, in order to employ anti–
discriminatory practices in their own work. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Good equality and diversity practices make sure that the services provided to people are fair and
accessible to everyone. They ensure that people are treated as equals, and that people get the dignity
and respect they deserve and that their differences are celebrated. In a health and social care
environment it's important that equality and diversity are promoted. This is because patients and
service users are individual people therefore health and social care professionals should always
strive to ensure that their diverse needs are met, and ensure that they have equal access to the
services that they need, regarding their specific needs. For example, ensuring that plans for any new
building include wheelchair

Literature Review: Behavioural Responses of Student...
Bullying is a serious occurrence that is plaguing youth all over the globe. Bullying, a form of
aggression, can be experienced in four forms: physical, verbal, social or cyber (Oh & Hazler, 2009;
Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse & Neale, 2010). However, all bullying is composed of three specific
concepts–causing their victims harm, possessing greater power then their victims and repetition (Oh
& Hazler, 2009). Read into the definition of "bullying" and one would simply identify a bully and a
victim yet they would likely fail to identify a key influence: bystanders. It is their impact on bullying
that can create serious problems therefore understanding the bystander's role is vital in trying to
decrease the occurrence of bullying (Oh & Hazler, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conversely, defenders are the individuals who intervene and use anti–bullying or prosocial
behaviour, meaning that they voluntarily act in ways that benefit others (Oh & Hazler,
2009;Thornberg, 2007). Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale (2010) and Thornberg (2007) recall
statistics that suggest bystanders use 54% of their time to reinforce the bully by passively watching,
21% to actively encourage the bully and only 25% to intervene and defend the bully. It is important
to understand these categories because they help further understand the influence of these
bystanders and their reasoning for their behaviours. Although all of the research is interested in
bystander behaviour, the approach of the researcher seems to differ in that they are either interested
in predictors of behaviour or the reasoning behind bystander behaviour. Predictors such as gender,
grade, past experiences with bullying, type of bullying witnessed and friendship dynamics have
displayed some significant trends (Oh & Hazler, 2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010).
For example, researchers identify strong and consistent trends that indicate girls are more likely to
support victims with positive actions while boys were more likely to report doing nothing (Oh &
Hazler, 2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010). Furthermore, older students were far
more passive or aggressive in actions while younger students were more willing to take

The Dispersal Of Discipline
The dispersal of discipline in the UK via Anti–Social Behaviour legislation In recent years the
Criminal Justice System has argued to reduce the prison population by incorporating punishment in
the community through use of anti–social behaviour legislation (Gibbs, 2009). Behaviour once not
suitable for criminalisation has been dubbed anti–social that may cause 'harassment, alarm or
distress' (Home Office, 2003) which requires a form of punitive focus to prohibit risk to society,
however the definition is largely contested as being ambiguous (Doolin & Child, 2011). Since the
introduction of Labour in 1997, collated evidence by people of a community has been a main
priority in determining the punishment of delinquent others to control ... Show more content on
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Taking into account Cohen's fishing metaphor, it is of importance to consider Schur's (1973)
elaboration of the labelling theory (Becker, 1963) providing an alternative approach to traditional
thinking. He argues that institutionalisation should 'take a backseat' and the improvement on the
quality of life of the deviant youth should be at the forefront if the Government is to ever succeed in
reducing the delinquency rate

Explain How To Report An Incident Of Anti-Bullying Work In...
Children and young people are not always forthcoming with there issues. We have to understand the
signs that may indicate bullying. Everybody has the right to be treated with respect.
No one deserves to be a victim of bullying. All schools are required by law to have measures in
place to prevent bullying. They have a zero tolerance policy. With the anti bullying policies and
procedures that are in place, children and young people can feel secure in there surroundings,
understand the the professionals understand there feelings. The anti bulling policies and procedures
should include guidelines about how to report an incident of bulling, who should be informed,
investigating the matter fully, supporting all parties involved. The current anti–bullying guidance for
schools is â€ ̃Safe to Learn: embedding anti–bullying work in schoolsâ€TM. We strongly abide by
the anti– bullying policy. Everyone has the right to feel welcome, secure and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to ensure they understand what bullying behaviour is and why it is wrong. We should
support them and help the to understand the none has the right to pressure them into something they
don't what to do and this includes bullying there's. Also to help them stay calm and take time to
listen to the child's side of the story and talk through the incident. Try not to see the bullying
behaviour as a permanent reflection of their character but be clear about their behaviour that needs
to change. We should have policy's in school to support us as staff to implement these steps and to
reinforce the message that disrespectful and hurtful language and behaviour is not tolerated ad
remind the child or young person about the behaviour policy and contract in the setting.
The families of both victims and bullies need support. They me feel stressed and unsure how to deal
with situations. So supporting them and coming to terms that their child may have been

The Anti Social Behavior Orders
Introduction This essay examines the Anti–social behaviour Orders, that were implemented in the
United Kingdom, and disputes the fact that it socially excludes already ostracized and disadvantaged
persons within society. This is due that it only removes the problem behaviours from particular
environments and doesn't address the cause of the offending. Firstly, this essay will address
antisocial behaviour orders and the will give a brief overview of there implementation and there
indented outcome. It will then go onto discuss crime preventions theories that where taken into
consideration when designing theses orders, such as developmental crime prevention, primary
prevention and differential association. The essay will then review the ... Show more content on
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These orders are where not indented to be criminal sanctions and where not established as a punitive
tool, however to rather act as a preventative measure (The Crown Prosecution Service, n.d). Theory
Behind ASBOS ASBOs where built on multitude of theories, one being the theory of developmental
crime prevention, which is essentially to reduce the criminal probability within individuals, with the
idea that social and individual factors guide a person's overall development (Sullivan, 2013). This
approach looks at the ability to encourage positive environments for development to diminish risk
factors such as disability's, isolation, poverty, life events such as divorce and to increase protective
factors, such as support and training. It is important to note that theses risk elements alone do not
calculate future offending, however, are important when considering potential behavioural and
developmental issues that may occur later (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2002). This theory
was applied to ASBOs as its key, due to that theses order aim is to identify risk behaviours, such as
anti–social behaviour, and prohibit theses behaviours progressing any

Biological Explanations Of Forensic Psychology
Biological explanations in forensic psychology have provided much advancement in understanding
criminal behaviour. These advancements have resulted in biological interventions being
implemented in order to reduce crime and reoffending. The interventions that are currently used will
be evaluated throughout this essay in relation to their effectiveness as a means of intervention.
Firstly, the long term effects of being under malnourished in regards to criminal behaviour will be
discussed and then an intervention will be analysed in regards to supplementation of vitamins to
prisoners. This essay will then go on to discuss how effective malnutrition interventions are in
general and suggest improvements. This will lead on to an explanation of the consequences of under
malnourished pregnant women and the negative effect this could have on their unborn child in their
future. Implementations to educate under malnourished parents will be analysed in regards to the
long term anti–social behaviours of their children. This essay will then start investigating early
enrichment programmes in relation to greater skin conductance amplitude and slow wave EEG and
the effects of this implementation will be thoroughly analysed. Lastly, a combination of the two
implementations mentioned throughout this essay – under malnourishment and early enrichment
programmes – will be examined and analysed in relation to criminal behaviour. Under malnutrition
has been linked to criminal behaviour through a

Discuss the Strengths & Weaknesses of Anti – Social...
For the 10 years that the Labour government has been in power, it has strived to reduce crime all
over the UK. One of the main targets of the Labour Party was the rising number of Anti –Social
incidents reported to the police every day. In order to combat this growing phenomenon that is
today's 'Youth Culture', the ASBO was created. The ASBO – or Anti Social Behaviour Order, to
quote its official name – is a civil order made against a person who has been shown to have
participated or initiated in anti social behaviour. This is defined as "conduct which caused or was
likely to cause alarm, harassment, or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as
him or herself and where an ASBO is seen as necessary to protect relevant ... Show more content on
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Many people feel the ASBO is an unnecessary form of harassment and they are not researched
properly before being issued. A prime example of this is the case of Mrs X who was served an
ASBO purely on false allegations. She wasn't made aware of the ASBO allegations until the papers
were served to her for a hearing in December 2004. Thankfully, the ASBO was overturned by the
court and Mrs X was compensated but the council was criticised by the Local Government
Ombudsman for "abuse of power of nightmarish proportions" (BBC News – 05/07/2007). This
report does little to alleviate the public's worries with regards to the ASBO – especially when the
uses for ASBOs are now getting more and more obscure – with more and more government funding
spent:Running a business from homeParking Illegally & abandoned vehiclesOvergrown, unkempt
gardensNuisance AnimalsAnd then when you look at the more serious issues an ASBO can be
issued for, then people can be forgiven for wondering what police work actually carries an official
custodial sentence?Kerb crawling and prostitutionArsonAssaultCriminal BehaviourCriminal
DamageHandling stolen propertyStalkingRacist Behaviour / Racial HarassmentDomestic
ViolenceJoy riders(Anti Social Behaviour Directory – © Copyright 2005 – 2007)When we look at
the above named issues, it is fair to say they are normally custodial sentence offenses – usually with
a sentence above 5 years. So,

Crime and Disorder Legislation, Sentences and Orders
Pre–court measure There are 2 pre–court measures that are given to young people before they get
taken to court, they want to help give the youths a chance to change their ways. The 2 measures are
Reprimand and a Final warning. A reprimand is a verbal warning given to the youth by a police
officer. The child may then be sent off to a youth offending team to complete voluntary work also
known as community service, this will help to teach the youth a lesson not to punish them. A final
warning is given to a child who admits that they are wrong in the offence they have performed. The
child must then be assessed by a series of activities to help see the causes of their offending. Anti–
social measures ASBO's (anti–social behaviour orders) and ... Show more content on
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The offender will be made to pay the money to the court which will then be passed onto the victim.
Compensation will be taken into consideration for personal injury, loss or damage which has
happened from the offence. Child safety order This order is given to given aged 10 and over and its
intentions is to help and support them if the court feel as if they are at a risk of being involved in
anti–social behaviour. The child may be given a curfew, this is to make sure that they are in after a
certain time so they do not get the chance to commit any crimes. If they breach the curfew they must
then be supervised by a social worker. Parenting orders It is given to a parent and this requires them
to attend a 3 month programme. This programme will help parents to deal with their child's
behaviour and stop them offending. The child may then be given a curfew and it is down to the
parents to make sure their child is attending school and that they are there on time to help them get a
better education. Reparation order A reparation order gives the offender a second chance to make
things better, the offender may be asked to either help repair the damage from their offence, write a
letter of apology to the victim, verbally communicate with the victim to talk about the impact of the
offence or have to do community service. There are punishments if you do not do what is asked
from you, you could be fined, be given a curfew or be re–sentenced

Bullying Essay
Bullying is behaviour that hurts someone else – such as hitting, name–calling, pushing, threatening
or undermining someone or spreading rumours.
The Anti–Bullying Alliance definition of bullying is:
"the repetitive, intentional hurting of one person or group by another person or group, where the
relationship involves an imbalance of power".
Bullying is frequently defined as deliberately hurtful or aggressive behaviour, usually repeated over
a period of time and difficult for victims to defend themselves against in which the goal is
intimidation or dominance over another person. Bullying includes intimidation, harassment and
discrimination and results in pain and distress to the victim.
The charity Kidscape estimates that 1 in 12 children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Missing or damaged clothes
Verbal
Verbal bullying includes name calling, teasing, taunting insults, mocking, sarcasm, intimidation,
homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. While verbal abuse can start off harmless, it can
escalate to levels which start affecting the individual target.
Example: When a child says to another child, "You're really, really fat, and so is your Mum."
Potential effects on children and young people:
Show aggressive tendencies, say hurtful things (just like their bullies)
Turn their anger inward becoming self–destructive (possibly engage in substance abuse)
Delayed development
Become depressed or anxious
Low self–esteem
Lacks confidence
Becomes withdrawn and isolated, moody
Change in appetite (comfort eating or not eating at all)
Emotional, Social or Relational
Emotional, social or relational bullying, sometimes referred to as covert bullying, is often harder to
recognise and can be carried out behind a person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social
reputation and/or cause humiliation, deliberately preventing someone from joining in or being part
of the group. Social bullying includes:
Lying or spreading rumours
Rude or upsetting facial or physical

Implementing Anti Discriminatory Practice Within Health...
M3 – discuss difficulties that may arise when implementing anti–discriminatory practice in health
and social care settings. There are many difficulties that may arise when implementing anti–
discriminatory practice in health and social care settings such as; * The development of resentment
culture. This is when an individual who has been discriminated against builds a hostility towards the
individuals who discriminated against them, so that when that individual has children they pass
these views to them, the child will then grow up believing this view unless shown otherwise and will
continue to believe this view and will pass it to their offspring therefore making hard for anti–
discriminatory practices to be implemented as because of the experience this individual has had it
will be hard to show them that things have changed. * Individuals not understanding the importance
of promoting and implementing of anti–discriminatory practice. If an individual does not see why
the practices need to be put in place and are an employee of a health and social care provider they
might cause trouble by refusing to follow them, which can make service users who needs the
practices lose self–worth. * Difference in value systems and beliefs Everyone has different values
and beliefs so may refuse to follow certain anti–discriminatory practices because of these values or
beliefs which can cause problems for health and social provisions which this individual works for
the provider. * Internal

Operational Manager Of Suncastle Council Community Safety...
– SS29011 – PROJECT MANAGEMENT –
Introduction
Role
This Project proposal has been compiled by Mr Zaheer Mahmood, the operational manager of
Suncastle Council Community Safety Partnership's group.
Purpose
The purpose of this report is to try and seek to reduce the crime and disorder and its aftermath fear
of crime, to make communities feel safer. Hopefully this will be through a series of carefully
planned activities that shall be carried within a specific time scale to help achieve this result. Some
of the themes that have been included are by Mark Moore and Braga, 2003, commonly known as the
seven 'dimensions of value' and which shall be achieved by this proposal, and these are:
1. To help reduce crime and victimisation through our projects,
2. Reduce fear and enhance personal security through a feel of belonging to the communities,
3. Ensure good manners by the young persons in public spaces,
4. Use of financial resources fairly, efficiently and effectively,
5. Provide quality services and customer satisfaction through the projects.
Budget, aims and objectives
In order to achieve this, our aims and objectives have to be made clear to the council for
accountability and transparency, as they are the main source of funding for this project, which they
have projected a budget of £30,000.
Timescale
The timescale for this project has been set at 108 hours for the projected term, and so the Suncastle's
Youth Justice Service is planning to run three hours per week

The Theory Of The Broken Windows Theory Essay
In 1969 Philip Zimbardo conducted an experiment. He placed two identical cars in two contrasting
neighbourhoods: one prim and proper, and the other run–down and disordered. Within two days the
car in the run–down neighbourhood was ruined. The other car wasn 't ruined until Zimbardo took a
hammer to the window and shattered it. It didn 't take long for others to step in and completely ruin
the car (Engel et al., 2014).
Zimbardo 's experiment is the basis and inspiration of the broken windows theory (Engel et al.,
2014). The theory posits that disorder leads to crime, or as Keizer, Lindenberg, and Steg (2008) put
it, "Signs of inappropriate behavior like graffiti or broken windows lead to other inappropriate
behavior". The theory presents a snowball effect form disorder to crime. There has been much
debate over the validity of the theory, but the research shows that disorder–broken windows–does
lead to crime.
Developing Broken Windows Theory
History
James Wilson and George Kelling first developed the theory in 1982. They claimed that public
disorder–"matters which are visible and public and pose concerns to the public at large (Ranasinghe,
2011)–leads to serious crime. Countless research has been done since the theory 's first inception,
but perhaps the most notable test and application of the theory was in the New York subway system
from 1990 to 1993, during which the crime rate decreased by 35 percent in the subway, and 18
percent in the city overall (Morris, 2016). There

Crime Type Of Anti Social Behavior And Hate Crime
There are many different crimes and crime types that individuals can be involved in. Theoretical
explanations are an important way of helping criminologists and other individuals figure out what
makes people commit crimes and become offenders in the first place. In this essay, two types of
crime will be explained; these are anti–social behaviour and hate crime. The theoretical explanations
that will help to explain these two crime types are Routine Activities Theory and Social Learning
Theory. The theories will be compared and contrasted using the two crime types and the strengths
and limitations of the theories will be mentioned. The two crime types that will be used to help find
the strengths and limitations of the theoretical perspectives are anti–social behaviour and hate crime.
The first crime type of anti–social behaviour. According to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, anti–
social behaviour is "acting in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or
distress to one or more persons not of the same household as the defendant" (Home Office 2004,
pp.2). Anyone can become an offender or a victim of anti–social behaviour. Children and young
adults can commit anti–social behaviour by being too loud in quiet streets or gathering together in a
large group in public spaces, such as shopping centres or recreation centres. Some people are
cautious of big groups of individuals as they think that they are up to no good. In a national survey
(Millie, 2005 cited

The Problem Of Stop And Searches
In addition, as Foucault (1983, in Kelly, 2000, p.466) believed, 'not everything is bad but everything
is dangerous... if everything is dangerous then we always have something to do' and since youth–at–
risk are considered particularly dangerous, adults have taken it upon themselves to keep these
'dangerous risks' at a minimum by keeping young people under surveillance in any way possible.
The method of stop and searches has unfortunately resulted in more disputes and complaint from the
youth of the community targeted at constables rather than coalition between the two (Kelly, 2000).
As Kelly (2000) points out, the idea of 'youth–at–risk' surrounds all activities and behaviour
involving young people and Ogden and Germinario (1988 in Kelly, 2000) go a step further and
claim 'all children are at times students–at–risk'. Unfortunately, this mentality about young people
has not only increased surveillance around them, but it has, as a result, increased the conflict
between young people and adults (Kelly, 2000).
However, when actual students were interviewed about their personal experiences with police,
majority understood the need for the stop and search policy. Russell, Boakye and Hackett (2013)
found that most students were comfortable with the policy being put into practice in certain areas as
this form of overt surveillance reduced the levels of crime in rogue neighbourhoods. Students
welcomed the police presence as it made them feel safer and they admitted that the stop and

Holding Parents Responsible for the Anti-Social and...
Holding Parents Responsible for the Anti–Social and Criminal Behaviour of their Children
The case for holding parents responsible for the anti–social and criminal behaviour of their children
has been long disputed. This essay will assess whether parents should in fact be held responsible or
whether the child should be punished for their behaviour. Many areas will be discussed, the first of
which will be the historical context of criminalizing motherhood. The first issue in this section is
whether family factors, such as poor parental supervision, are an influence on behaviour as
investigated by researchers such as the Committee for Investigating the Causes of the Alarming
Increase of Juvenile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final theory to be discussed will be 'control theory' first thought of by Hirschi et al in 1969.
They sought to explain delinquency by the "failure of social bonding processes" (Maguire et al,
2002: 521).
The argument for and against parent orders will be examined as single mothers and mothers in
general are being drawn into the criminal justice system and whether they are truly to blame needs
to be looked at.
In 1816, the Committee for Investigating the Causes of the Alarming Increase of Juvenile
Delinquency in the Metropolis stated that inadequate family discourse was to blame for delinquency,
it was in their report that the term 'juvenile delinquency' was first used . This included the neglect of
parental authority, permitting absence form school and disproportionate severity in punishment
(University of California, 2004). I think that this is still the case today as if children are absent from
school, they get bored and turn to criminal conduct to keep themselves occupied. Also if parents do
not discipline children properly when they are young, they will not learn correct

Crime Prevention Is A Rather Elastic Term
'Crime prevention' is an extremely broad term that intends to change and shape behaviour or events
in order to reduce the possibility or probability of crime. "Crime prevention is a rather elastic term,
which at its broadest encompasses any activity intended to reduce the frequency of events defined as
crimes by the criminal law" (Hough et al, 1980 cited in Doherty, 2005, p.126). Thus is can be hard
to completely define crime prevention in one singular definition, as there are many areas that can be
discussed and defined differently. There are different ways in which crime prevention is defined,
these fall into two intertwining categories. These two categories of crime prevention will be the
main focus of this essay.
Firstly there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Situational crime prevention 'attempts to prevent crime by changing the situations in which crime
occurs' (Poyner, 1983 cited Sanderson, 1995, p.123). Situations which may have allowed crime to
happen are altered to make crimes harder to commit by reducing opportunities for crime. This crime
prevention approach focuses on the time and space within situations rather than the offender.
Environmental conditions can be changed to reduce opportunities for crime by altering the design of
the environment to create anti–crime spaces. For example, some residential areas are gated
communities meaning that only those previously approved are allowed into the community,
therefore, reducing the opportunity for crime as it is made harder for the criminal to gain access and
commit a crime. Rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986) can be used to explain why the
use of situational crime prevention can be used, as the theory claims crime is committed by rational
individuals who weigh the benefits against the risks. Situational crime prevention is used to increase
the risks and lower the benefits of criminal activity (Doherty, 2005). However, although situational
crime prevention does have its benefits, there are also many criticisms and disadvantages that
emerge from this approach to

Should Bullying Be Long Term?
According to the NHS choices (2015), it is evident that around 46% of young people, have
witnessed or been the victim of bullying during their childhood (Choices, 2016). Although there is
no official legal definition of bullying, it is suggested that it is a repeated and negative behaviour
which is deliberately used to hurt someone either physically or emotionally (Lives, 2013). There are
many form of bullying including the most common; physical, verbal, relational and cyber bullying.
It is often motivated against specific groups, including religion, gender, sexual orientation or race
but can be initiated by disagreements or perceived differences (Department for Education, (DFE),
2015). Bullying can be long term, it may also effect individuals so much that on occasions they may
lead to suicide. According to Hayes (2004) 'it takes various forms, from name calling, teasing and
physical abuse, to intimidation, extortion and serious physical assault'. Greater Manchester
Safeguarding Partnerships (n.d.), firmly state that you should not underestimate the impact that
bullying has on individual's lives as it can generate high levels of distress, behaviour and social
development problems and individuals wellbeing.
According to DCSF (2008), bullying is one of the most detrimental forms of discrimination
especially seen within children with special educational needs (SEN) and disabilities. For children,
bullying can be a barrier to accessing education and succeeding in life however,

Social Constructionism, Positivism and Classicism Essay
With reference to the materials in Block 1 – and using your own words – compare and contrast: *
classicism * positivism * social constructionism
The role of theory in contemporary youth justice practice is crucial in shaping and conceptualising
relationships between youth and crime. It provides a structure for how youth justice is practiced and
helps make sense of today's issues surrounding the topic.
Approaches to youth justice have evolved throughout the centuries and it is important for youth
justice practitioners to be aware of the evolution of theory in order to be up to date with their
knowledge and in their practice. Knowledge of current as well as traditional theoretical perspectives
helps provide a new direction on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that case, punishment is ineffective and treatment and rehabilitation are what is needed. The issue
with positivism is that an assumption is made that only the undersocialised commit crime. However,
crime can be committed by individuals from all areas of society. Positivism does not take into
account human agency and the creativity that can be found in human beings; it only reduces the
crime problem to a simple predictable, set out from the start, destiny.
Despite these flaws, positivism has informed many areas of social policy and dominated the practice
of youth justice until the 1960's/70's. As previously explained, one of the critiques of positivism is
the lack of consideration for individuals creativity and free will in how they lead their lives. The
meaning human beings create in the world and the interpretation they make of this world needs to be
considered in criminal justice, and it is this need that led to a new school of thought emerging in the
60s/70s: social constructionism (or new deviancy). Social constructionist theorists explain that the
reality surrounding all human beings is not pre–determined, but rather socially constructed. By this
they mean that the powerful (the media, the police, the courts, etc.) create an illusion of social order
by ensuring that the

Describe and critique Moffitt
Describe and critique Moffitt's (1993) developmental taxonomy.
Moffitt (1993) proposed the developmental taxonomy theory of offending behaviour as an attempt
to explain the developmental processes that lead to the shape of the age crime curve. Moffitt
proposed that there are two primary types of antisocial offenders in society. First the Adolescent
Limited Offender who exhibits antisocial behaviour only during adolescence, and secondly, the
Life–Course–Persistent offender, who behave in an antisocial manner from early childhood into
adulthood. Moffitt 's theory can be applied to both females and males. This essay describes Moffitt 's
theory on developmental taxonomy and thereafter criticise Moffitt 's theory by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because in Moffitt developmental model adolescents confront a fundamental developmental
problem and that they are biologically mature, and are desirous of adult activities. However, as
modern society refrains youngsters from engaging in such activities youngsters suffer from the
maturity gap which dissatisfies youngsters becoming the motivator for misconduct.
Moffitt (1993) contends that anti–social behaviour is not only learned through social mimicry but
that this especially true with regard to imitating the acts of older youths. Commenting further, he
suggests a key linkage between adolescent and life–persistent offenders in this regard whereby the
latter act as delinquent models for younger offenders. Thus, for instance, older youth offenders (or
young adult life–persistent offenders) may emerge as role models because they appear more mature
and engage in acts such as drinking, smoking and so on. Commenting further upon this aspect of
behaviour Moffitt and Caspi (2001) show a comparability of childhood risk factors of males and
females from Dunedin's (2001) longitudinal study, In looking at the exhibiting of childhood and
adolescent antisocial behaviour. Dunedin (2001) concluded that females had high–risk backgrounds
in childhood but not during adolescence, which is consistent

Compare and contrast the views of Goffman and Foucault on...
TMA 04 Compare and contrast the views of Goffman and Foucault on how social oreder is
produced. In a community some form of order is an essential foundation for people to live and
interact together. ''Order is part of the way people both imagine and practise their social existence.''
(Silva et al., 2009, p. 311) Taylor (2004, p.58) argued that '' the human capacity to imagine order is
at the foundation of society itself.'' (Taylor, cited in Silva et al., 2009 p.311) Social order draw in
imagination, practices, the fitting together of people and things, and ideas about the past and the
future. (Silva et al., 2009)There are many explanations of how social order is produced, Erving
Goffman (1959, 1971 and 1972) and Michel Foucault ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mondersman called this 'psychological traffic calming' encouraging motorists to take responsibility
for their actions instead of given them orders and telling them what to do. This flexible approach is
built on the idea that a natural interaction between drivers and pedestrians would create a civilised
environment without the imposition of the state through control, punishment and power over what is
correct to do therefore, making human behaviour central. It relates to Goffman's examination of the
'rituals of trust and tact' in everyday lives that are most invisible to social order. Subsequently, the
modernist approach of Buchanan (Silva et al., 2009) illustrate Foucault's theory that ''the
development of standardised uniform spaces commanding uniform behaviour, leaving no room for
individual interpretation, explaining everything with signs and texts. The government and public
authorities look after the citizens'' (Silva et al., 2009 p. 339). In modernist approach rules, orders and
prohibitions enforces behaviour demanding individuals to adapt to the system on the street. The
individual conforms to rules and a state solves problems and looks after the people by setting up
laws and prohibitions. In contrast, the flexible approach or shared space movement has the opposite
outcome, making human behaviour central and negotiating 'shared space' as emphasised by
Goffman. (Silva et al., 2009) Another example to

Safe Night Out Law
1.0 Thesis
Although the Safe Night out Law aims to reduce alcohol– and drug–related violence in
Queensland's nightlife, there is still a high incidence of alcohol fuelled violence. Examine the
effectiveness of the newly amended criminal code and penalty laws within the new safe night out
legislation.
2.0 Introduction
''One–punch'' assaults have claimed 90 Australian lives since 2000, mostly in booze–fuelled
bashings. The latest figures show that each year as many as 70,000 people are involved in alcohol–
related assaults (Brown, 2014). In all, it is estimated that alcohol–related violence costs the
community $187 million each year (Livingston, 2008).
The Safe Night out Strategy is a comprehensive range of initiatives to address violence, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banning orders, increased fines and penalties will deter potential offenders, and compulsory
counselling and community service will help address the behaviours that contribute to the violence
(Queensland Government , 2014). Those who commit serious offences will face stronger penalties,
with increased jail time, life–time bans and a maximum penalty of life imprisonment for coward
punch offenders who cause death. (Queensland Government ,

Unit 12 Crime And Its Effect On Society

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Unit 12 Crime And Its Effect On Society