1. Using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, calculate creatinine cl.docx

1. Using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, calculate creatinine
clearance for the
following patient: 70 year old female, 5’6” tall, 150 lb, SCr =
1.2 mg/dL.
Round your answer to the nearest 1 mL/min.
2. A 1-year-old male weighing 28 lbs is diagnosed with acute
otitis media and
will be treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin®). The
recommended dosing is 90 mg/kg/day, divided every 12 hours.
How many
mL of 600 mg/5 mL would be given with each dose? Round
your answer to
the nearest 0.5 mL.
3. A 7-year-old female weighing 55 lbs presents with a severe
asthma
exacerbation and will be treated with prednisolone (Orapred®).
Recommended dosing is 1 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses. How
many
milligrams would be prescribed per dose? Round your answer to
the nearest
mg.
4. A 10-year-old female weighing 80 lbs presents with a urinary
tract infection
and will be treated with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
(Bactrim®). Dosing
for this medication is typically based on the trimethoprim

component.
Suspension is available as 200 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 40
mg of
trimethoprim in every 5 mL. Dosing for this indication is
trimethoprim 8
mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours. How many milliliters of
sulfamethoxazole would be given with each dose? Round your
answer to the
nearest 0.5 mL.
5. A 6-year-old male weighing 50 lbs presents complaining of a
sore throat and
has a positive rapid strep test. He will be treated with
amoxicillin (Amoxil®)
with dosing of 50 mg/kg/day. How many milligrams/day would
be
prescribed? Round your answer to the nearest 5 mg.
6. From question #5 - how many mL would this be (using 400
mg/5 mL
concentration)? Round your answer to the nearest 0.5 mL.
7. A 2 month old weighing 9 lbs presents with erosive
esophagitis. This will be
treated with ranitidine (Zantac®) 10 mg/kg/day in 2 divided
doses.
Ranitidine comes as a 15 mg/mL concentration. How many
milliliters would
be recommended for each dose? Round your answer to the
nearest 0.1 mL.

8. From question #7 – how many mL would be needed for a 30
day supply?
Round your answer to the nearest 5 mL but be sure to give
adequate supply.
9. A mother of a 4 year old weighing 30 lbs calls your office
asking for dosing
recommendations for ibuprofen (Motrin®) for a fever.
Recommended dosing
is 5-10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours as needed. Ibuprofen suspension
concentration is 100 mg/5 mL. What range, in milliliters, would
be
appropriate for this patient for each dose? Round your answer to
the nearest
0.5 mL.
10. From question #9 – the mother decides that she would rather
use
acetaminophen (Tylenol®). Dosing recommendation is 10-15
mg/kg/dose
and the suspension concentration is 160 mg/5 mL. What range,
in milliliters,
would be appropriate for this patient for each dose? Round your
answer to
the nearest 0.1 mL.
Strategic Management Concepts

Chapter 7
Business Unit Strategies
Parnell, Strategic Management: Theory and Practice. SAGE
Publications, Inc. © 2013
1
Chapter 7: Key Issues
Generic Strategies & Strategic Groups
Porter’s Generic Strategy Typology
Miles & Snow’s Generic Strategy Typology
Business Size & Strategy
Global Concerns
2
Introduction
Business Unit: An organizational entity with its own mission,
set of competitors, and industry.

Competitive Advantage: A state whereby a business’ successful
strategies cannot easily be duplicated by competitors.
Generic Strategies: A simple categorization of competitive
strategies available to businesses.
Strategic Group: Businesses employing the same generic
strategy.
3
7-1 Porter’s Generic Strategies
Michael Porter’s typology originally included four options: low
cost with focus, low cost without focus, differentiation with
focus, and differentiation without focus.
Table 7-1 (reproduced on the next slide) summarizes the generic
strategies presented in the text based on Porter’s typology.
Porter’s strategies are in red; those proposed by others are in
blue.
Porter’s Generic Strategy Typology
(Red strategies proposed by Porter, blue strategies added by
others)Emphasis on Entire Market or NicheEmphasis on Low
CostsEmphasis on DifferentiationEmphasis on Low Costs &
DifferentiationEmphasis on Various Factors Based on

MarketEntire MarketLow-Cost Strategy (proposed by
Porter)Differentiation Strategy (proposed by Porter)Low-Cost-
Differentiation Strategy (proposed by Porter)Multiple Strategies
(proposed by Porter)
NicheFocus-Low-Cost Strategy (proposed by Porter)Focus-
Differentiation Strategy (proposed by Porter)Focus-Low-
Cost/Differtiation Strategy (proposed by Porter)
Multiple Strategies (proposed by Porter)
5
7-1a Low-Cost (Cost Leadership) Strategy (without focus)
Produce basic, no-frills products and services for a mass market
of price-sensitive customers.
Often (but not always) build market share through low prices.
Low initial investment and low operating costs.
Often outsource to reduce costs.
Vulnerable to price competition.
6

7-1b Focus–Low-Cost Strategy
Emphasizes low costs while serving a narrow segment of the
market, producing no-frills products or services for price-
sensitive customers in a market niche.
Compete only in a niche where cost advantages relative to large
competitors can be enjoyed.
Vulnerable to price competition.
Example: Aldi minimizes costs and offers low prices, targeting
low-income consumers.
7
7-1c Differentiation Strategy (without focus)
Produce and market to the entire industry products or services
that are readily distinguished from those of their competitors.
Emphasize scientific breakthroughs, technology, and flexibility.
Differentiation can be based on the product’s physical
characteristics or other factors such as quality, marketing, or
service.
Examples include specialty clothing retailers.
8

7-1d Focus-Differentiation Strategy
Produce and market highly differentiated products or services
for the specialized needs of a market niche.
Customers in a niche might be willing to pay higher prices for
specialized products or services.
9
7-1e Low-Cost–Differentiation Strategy (without focus)
Emphasize both low costs and differentiation.
Combination Strategy Debate: According to Porter, low cost
and differentiation are not compatible in the long run, as efforts
to differentiate generally increase a business’ relative cost
position. Others argue that the two may be compatible,
although combining strategies is usually more difficult to
accomplish.
10
5 Ways a Business Can Pursue a Low-Cost–Differentiation
Strategy

#1: Commitment to Quality
Commitment to quality not only improves outputs but also
reduces costs involved in scrap, warranty, and service after the
sale.
Building quality into a product can reduce the costs of rework,
scrap, and servicing the product after the sale; the business
benefits from increased customer satisfaction and repeat sales,
which can improve economies of scale.
11
Strategy, 2
#2: Differentiation on the Basis of Low Costs
Many firms that achieve low-cost positions also lower their
prices because many of their competitors may not be able to
afford to match their price level.
12
Strategy, 3

#3: Process innovations
Process innovations increase the efficiency of operations and
distribution.
Although these improvements are normally thought of as
lowering costs, they can also enhance product or service
differentiation.
13
Strategy, 4
#4: Product Innovations
Product innovations are typically presumed to enhance
differentiation but can also lower costs.
Example: Adding filters to cigarettes not only helped
differentiate one brand from another, but it also reduced
production costs.
14
Strategy, 5

#5: Value innovations
Modify products, services, and activities in order to maximize
the value delivered to customers.
Differentiate products and services only when associated cost
hikes can be justified by increases in overall value and by
pursuing cost reductions that result in minimal, if any,
reductions in value.
15
7-1f Focus–Low-Cost/Differentiation Strategy
Produce highly differentiated products or services for the
specialized needs of a select group of customers while keeping
costs low.
This strategy combines all of the facets of low costs,
differentiation, and focus.
16
7-1g Multiple Strategies
Employ more than one strategy simultaneously, each tailored to
the needs of a distinct market or class of customers.

“Multiple strategies” is not synonymous with the “combination
strategy.” A common example in airlines offering both first-
class and coach seating.
17
7-2 The Miles and Snow
Strategy Framework
Four business strategy options:
Prospectors seek first mover advantages by introducing new
products and services.
Defenders seek stability and only compete in a predictable
segment of the market.
Analyzers represent a middle ground between prospectors and
defenders and emphasize flexibility and second mover
advantages.
Reactors lack consistency and perform poorly.
18
Case Analysis Step 10:

Business-Level Strategy
Apply both the Porter and Miles & Snow typologies.
Discuss the uniqueness of the strategy, including how it differs
from competitors that might employ the same generic strategy.
Provide details
19
7-3 Business Size and Strategy
Small businesses tend to enjoy the advantages of speed,
flexibility, and lower initial investment.
Large businesses tend to enjoy benefits associated with
economies of scale.
Mid-size businesses often (but not always) struggle in terms of
performance because they may lack either set of advantages.
20
Case Analysis Step 11: Business-Level Strategies of
Competitors
Utilize at least one of the generic strategy typologies (i.e.,
Porter or Miles & Snow) to describe the strategies of

competitors.
Draw a picture to illustrate the clustering of businesses in an
industry along several generic strategy approaches.
21
7-4 Assessing Strategies
Although the distinctions between generic business strategies
are readily made in theory, they are not always easy to assign in
practice.
Formulating an effective competitive strategy is almost
impossible without a clear understanding of the primary
competitors and their strategies
7-5 Global Concerns
Common advice: “Think globally, but act locally.”
Key question: Should a business vary its strategy considerably
from one country to another, or should consistency be
emphasized?

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