Urban Planning Objectives

Objectives Of Urban Planning
3. Urban planning and informality, a Proposed Urban Model
The effectiveness of urban planning is the key factor in regulating villages and settlements
uncontrolled informality. The main objective is to Plan an integrated and sustainable human
settlements that demonstrate a certain amount of resilience towards to increase environmental, social
and economic challenges and improve the rural community quality of life. Figure 4, a Design
Methodology
3–1 Goals
3–1–a Environmental
– Improve environmental sustainability and village's resilience about climate change.
– Reduce pollution and greenhouse gas effects on rural settlements.
– Increase environmental awareness towards renewable energy resources.
3–1–b Economic.
– Promote economic growth by encouraging productivity for a better economic quality of life.
– Create an attracting economic environment to reduce urban migration.
3–1–c Socially
– Promote equality in access to social and cultural services/ education.
– Promote cultural identity and social integration by providing a physical space with means of
interaction.
– Increase a sense of security by eliminating violence and crime.
3–2 Mechanisms
3–2–a Environmental
– Encourage energy and water saving through adapting certain on site renewable mechanism and
recycling facilities.
– Increase environmental awareness and educate rural inhabitants affordable means of maintaining
such systems.
– Prevent hazardous and polluting materials.
– Promote sustainable and low Carbone
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Urban Population And Employment Distribution And Change
This chapter examines previous research on intra–urban population and employment distribution
and change. The classical monocentric theory of urban development (Alonso 1964; Milles 1972;
Muth 1969) involves early studies of intraurban population distribution, with strict assumptions
about the concentration of jobs at the city center. Researchers have attempted to extend this
theoretical model to the more realistic case of a polycentric urban structure (Anas and Kim, 1996;
Kloosterman and Musterd 2001). The most widespread criticism is that this model is not
operational, because it is difficult to apply empirically. In the 1970s and 1980s, spatial interaction
models have attracted the attention of many scholars. The Lowry model involves static interactions
between employment and population and generates an instantaneous city. Its extensions include the
TOMM (considers the time element) and BASS (focuses on housing markets) models. Later, the
ITLUP model has been proposed to integrate a Lowry–type sub–model with a transportation
network assignment sub–model. Recent work has concentrated on combining spatial interaction
factors with an econometric model, starting with Steinnes' and Fisher's analysis of the relationship7
between population and jobs at the metropolitan level. Carlino and Mills then extended this model to
the county level, and introduced a lagged parameter that made the model dynamic. Boarnet's and
Deitz's models further extended this approach to the census–tract

The City Of The Mercantile City
1. Within the last few centuries, cities as have evolved to take on the features that are used today to
identify the makings of what is a great city. As cities shifted from the concept of the political city to
the mercantile city and finally the industrial city, traditional political, economic and social patterns
began to take on new forms and functions that transformed them to become the urbanized spaces
they are now. Major early cites began in the form of the political city, a place that was the
functioning center of the state or empire. Often populated by the bureaucratic ruling class, the city
was regarded as a space for elite. As the apex of the state, cities served as nexus of trade. A crossing
ground for people, goods, and ideas. As this network of exchange transforms the common concept
of the city, merchants slowly gained status and were allowed to move in. Gradually the once
exclusively aristocratic setting evolved into what became known as the mercantile city where the
market became the core of the city. No longer primarily a place of consuming elites, but a hub of
new complexity, cities not only drew in commodities in the form of imports but also dynamic and
profound ideas and people that reshaped cities as they were seen previously – giving rise to Henri
Lefebvre's notion of heterogeneity. Cities were mirroring social and cultural diversity with material
processes; a picture of modernity as old ties were being replaced by newer ones. Thus began the

Urban Development : The Asian Pacific Region
Topic 2 : URBAN DEVELOPMENT
"The (Asian and Pacific) region remains host to over half of the world's slum population...At the
same time, the percentage of urban population living in slums (these are households with no durable
housing, insufficient living area, no access to water nor sanitation) has skyrocketed since 1990 and
reached 30.6 per cent in 2010 (about 500 million people). Poverty is now growing faster in urban
than in rural areas."
STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE
The Asian–Pacific region is unique in that, in recent years, the urban population rate has grown
faster than any other region in the world. Now more than half of the world's 23 mega–cities are
located in the Asian–Pacific region. Furthermore, in Asia specifically, the ... Show more content on
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In most countries, the primate city is at least twice as populous as its second–largest city. Examples
of such primate cities in Asia include Seoul, Bangkok, Ulanbataar, Phnom Penh and Kabul.
Moreover, while there are many economic benefits to urbanization, high rates of primacy correlate
with the emergence of informal settlements (or slums), inequality and poverty. Figure 1: Past and
projected urbanization and urban growth rates in Asia.
Theory Behind Urbanization, Economic Development & Primacy Industrial and service sectors are
located in urban centers (which can be defined as cities with higher population densities compared
to their rural counterparts) because these sectors benefit from larger concentrations of inputs and
consumers, greater opportunities for network or knowledge sharing, proximity to administrative
institutions, and access to other economies of scale and scope. Literature supports this theory, stating
that "production of manufacturing and services is much more efficient when concentrated in dense
business–industrial districts in cities. Close spatial proximity, or high density, promotes information
spillovers amongst producers and more efficiently functioning labor markets. Additionally, it allows
for savings in the transport costs of parts and components exchange among producers, and of sales
to local residents." Moreover, this

Migration Essay
SAEVIA NAG, M.A. ECONOMICS, A6030115034
INTRODUCTION
Migration is the geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of
establishing a new permanent or semi–permanent residence. Along with fertility and mortality,
migration is a component of the population change. These migrants comprise of the particular group
of people who are landless labourers, seasonally unemployed labourers, agricultural labourers, poor
farmers and the people who belong to a socially back ward classes. Migration has been a major
source of human survival, adaptation, and growth across the centuries and millennia. Data reveals
that internal migration is four times higher than international migration. And when it comes to
internal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few
years due to disturbed conditions there. People also migrate on a short–term basis in search of better
opportunities for recreation, health care facilities, and legal advices or for availing service which the
nearby towns provide.
'Pull' and 'Push' Factors:
Urban centres provide vast scope for employment in industries, transport, trade and other services.
They also offer modem facilities of life. Thus, they act as 'magnets' for the migrant population and
attract people from outside. In other words, cities pull people from other areas. This is known as
"pull factor". People also migrate due to 'push factors' such as unemployment, hunger and
starvation. When they do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are 'pushed' out to
the nearby or distant towns. Millions of people who migrated from their far–off villages to the big
cities of Kolkata, Mumbai or Delhi did so because these cities offered them some promise for a
better living. Their home villages had virtually rejected them as surplus population which the rural
resources of land were not able to sustain any

Urban Economics Assignment : Auckland ' S Housing...
2015
Fahad Ali 1436883
AUCKLAND'S HOUSING AFFORDABILITY PROBLEM
URBAN ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT 1
Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Affordability Housing (Definitions).............................3
3. Extent of Auckland's Housing Problem......................4
4. Causes of Auckland's problem............................. 6–9
5. Potential Solutions.............................................10–11
i) Currently being Implemented ii) Planned but not yet implemented iii) Other solutions that could
be considered
6. Conclusion............................................................12
7. References.........................................................13–14
INTRODUCTION
Auckland is one of the most evolved cities with time. New Zealand as we know is a much recent
country on the face of this world and so almost quite unknown to a lot of people in this world for a
lot of time. But with time New Zealand gained its popularity with Auckland being the center of
attraction of this beautiful country. Auckland is one of the most diversified cities in the world with
people from all over the world especially from Asia. Auckland is serving far beyond that was
expected from it much earlier by town planners and Councils heading the country. People from all
over the world are coming to this city for a variety of reasons like education, business, work, travel,
etc. This aim of the report is expanding the concept of the rising Auckland housing affordability
problems with time and as to how to solve this problem for future growth of the city without being
compromised. The report will firstly deal with

Interview Paper : Urban Conflict And Peacebuilding
Briefing paper: Urban Conflict and Peacebuilding
Over the Global South, urban areas are developing at a remarkable pace. Vast parts of these urban
centres are situated in fragile states emerging out of conflicts. Thus, it is of critical significance to
understand the particulars of violent cities and what strategies is viable in avoiding conflicts and
making peace in urban space.
Introduction
Urban centres are presently developing at a remarkable rate across the developing countries.
Individuals are relocating into urban centres more than ever. The purposes behind this development
are different: range from economic benefits offered by urbans to depletion of natural resources to
looking for assurance from conflicts. This quick pace of urbanization has prompted fragile urban
situations – urban centres unable for giving required security, basic services, and infrastructures to
an increasing number of inhabitants. It results in urban inhabitants being presented to violence and
instability, destitution, health problems, natural and man–made calamities (de Boer, 2015). To
manage this, consequently, understanding the connection between urbanization and conflicts as well
addressing to the role of urban centres for peace and stability appeared central for various reasons.
First of all, it is important to note that urban centres are key driver of development. In view of that,
urban peacebuilding is appeared crucial as urbans are the epicentres of advancement and crucial for

Why Does Urbanization Occur? Essay
Urbanisation is the process which has led to an increasing proportion of a country's population
living within urban areas. It is impossible to say exactly when the process began, but in Britain it
was around the time of the industrial revolution. Many people moved from rural to urban areas in
search of regular employment. The MEDC's around the world are all urbanised now, with annual
growth rates of urbanisation still increasing, but sustainably. LEDC's however are still rapidly
urbanising. In this essay I am going to look at all the factors that cause urbanisation and evaluate
why it is occurring.
The economic reasons behind urbanisation are mainly decided by industry. Industry is generally
located in urban areas. Any industry needs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general any main government base is in an urban area (usually the capital city). This works best
for any government because this is where most things are going on in the country. The government
has a major impact on what is going on around the country. In MEDC's 75% of the population lives
in urban areas. It seems best for any government to see what is going on in the country and be close
to its people.
Similarly in LEDC's the government in charge would find it much easier to operate in a country if it
was right in the main part where food and resources would be more readily available. Also the
government would be able to see what was going on in the country and would find it easier to
collect taxes and improve the country. The fact that the government is located in urban areas
contributes to the migration factors because many people would move for the services and jobs that
a government provides.
Environmental factors don't affect those living in MEDC's so much because they are generally rich
enough to get hold of water, energy and food even if it isn't close because they can usually arrange a
means of transport.
However in LEDC's environmental factors are extremely important, people are sometimes forced to
leave rural areas because of the poverty that is often faced. Also droughts are quite common which
can leave a family with no food or water. Putting this into consideration, people often migrate.
Socially, there are many

Capitalism And Capitalist Culture In Nashville, Tennessee
Capitalism and consumerist culture has unleashed an attack on local racially diverse communities
and replaced them with whitewashed hipster trends that offer no benefit to the original inhabitants of
the neighborhood whatsoever, while heightening the profits of white property owners. Have you
ever walked along streets of an urban area like Nashville, Tennessee? Nashville, a city commonly
known for being a big small town that promoted its intimacy with history and southern traditions,
began to evolve when massive investments toward convention centers, stadiums, apartment
buildings, and highways flooded in. Along with this now almost unrecognizable city came a new
kind of people that were mainly comprised of upper class Caucasians. Essentially, with the new city,
came an influx of economic benefit through a group of buyers taking part in a bizarre redevelopment
or urban renewal who focused on building the city upwards and outwards while overly exaggerating
what was thought to be traditionally authentic. A city that remained true to tradition and its' southern
soul grew a new kind of loyalty towards an unorthodox form of gentrification. A lifestyle that was
unfair and rooted in error. Gentrifiers often go in search of something that fits the needs of what is
desired, something authentic. Unfortunately, Nashville became a spot for these people to, in their
words, improve the quality and authenticity of the city. However, this false sense of authenticity
blindly drives

Urban Poverty In America
Over the decades, national and international organizations have focused on rural poverty without
looking at urban poverty, which is the bigger challenge at the dawn of the century. It was not until
the unrest caused by the misconduct of police in killing black men in Ferguson, Cleveland, Oakland,
California, and Baltimore that the improvised lives of those living in urban cities came to light. Most
of the minority groups in America's big cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Kansas experience
low education standards, unemployment, crime, urban diseases, high detention rates, and ghettoized
housing patterns driving them to poverty (Lemons, 2015). In other cities in states like Florida, up to
a third of the city population live below the federal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The financial crisis coupled with slow economic recovery during the great recession rendered about
6.7 million people jobless by 2010 resulting in a 45.1% unemployment rate, which was a historic
high (Lemons, 2015). During the recession, job losses intensified, housing values dropped, and
unemployment increased drastically, and millions of families that were struggling prior to the crisis
found themselves sinking further into poverty. Even after the economy gradually recovered from the
setback, the rate of unemployment in cities increased proliferating the gap between rural and urban
poverty.
The role of the federal government in alleviating urban

Water Supply In Ethiopia
municipal objectives that fall outside the market mechanism, one being the general need for public
uses of water, such as fire fighting or recreation in low–income areas and another being to sustain
beautiful cities through lawn watering. The economic theories that advocate pure market approaches
to the evaluation of desirable services seems too limited, as do those that propose no market
disciplines at all in the process. Reconciliation between the two views of rate setting is in progress
through the political process in individual communities. So far there has been little federal and state
government influence in the rate– setting process for water supply ,and this trend is expected to
continue except for the interest in water supply, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.2 Urban Population and Water Supply in Ethiopia
– In Ethiopia 83.9 percent of the total population was found in rural areas, while the remaining 16.1
percent lived in urban areas. Yet regional data indicate that more than half of the population in Dire
Dawa (67.5%) and Harari (50.5%) were urban residents. In addition, the proportions of urban
residents in Tigray (19.5%) and Gambella (25.2%) regions are relatively larger than the proportion
within the total national population (CSA, 2008).
However, summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia
does not show the inter–censual growth rate by place of residence. The inter–censual growth rate by
place of residence would have shown urbanization and urban population increase in the three census
years (1984, 1994, and 2007).
According to WSDP (2002) in 2001 urban water coverage of Ethiopia is 74.4%, and population
served reaches 9,886,000.The water coverage ranges from 25% in Harar to 96% in Amhara region.
However there are discrepancies among different documents regarding urban water coverage. For
instance WSDP (2002) in Assefa (2006) indicated the urban water coverage of

Urban Real Estate Economics And Juxtaposes Them With...
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This paper discusses and analyses modern theories of urban real estate economics and juxtaposes
them with traditional theories. In earlier times, city life used to revolve around a central business
district (CBD) which was the nerve centre of all economic, social and cultural activity. As a result,
real estate prices reflected the proximity of the site to the CBD and they dropped the further one
went from it. The dichotomy is often expressed through architecture, with high–rise apartment
buildings in the city and low–rise developments further out. Alonso, 1964; Mills, 1972 and Muth,
1969 mulled on this model of cities and viewed real estate economic data and ran studies through
the lens of a monocentric urban ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is based on the law of diminishing returns – that over time, produce from a certain land parcel will
decline in quantity and quality, yielding lower and lower profits, while at the same time, pressure on
the land in the form of population will always rise. As it is the amount paid by the lessee for the
indestructible powers of the land, different parcels with different fertility capacities will command
different rents. As the amount of land is finite, the cost of production will also keep rising. Applying
this theory to urban real estate, a monocentric city would have finite space for development due to
which costs of construction will rise, passing on the burden to the buyer.
Von Thunen, on the other hand, concerned himself with location and transportation costs in addition
to fertility as factors determining price. He attributed differential rents to distances between places
with desirable qualities and the costs of transporting oneself between them. At its most basic, the
theory stands for the hypothesis that without the need for proximity and the price (rent) charged for
it, land would be an almost free good.
For two residential locations to have near identical prices, not only must they be located close to
each other, but they must also provide the same level of utility to residents. This is because the
decisions of location

Economics and Urban Education
Education is a quality in which all learning should be given under unconditional pretenses. The
opportunity to be privileged with higher learning and creative diversities places an extraordinary
value in which all children should achieve. However, when economic and ethnic demographics
supersedes integrity, equality, fairness, and entailing security for all students. The modern issues of
the urban education confronts our society with alarming facts that students are failing not only under
the umbrella of the schools but it stunts their ability to see themselves successful in their future.
Varying economic statuses can significantly impact the dynamic between students and teachers, and
may detract from the learning environment. Economic status affects how students interact with one
another, learn concepts, develop intellectually and relate to authority figures of urban educations.
Many economic factors converge to create this vicious cycle of urban educational decline, and the
downward spiral of solutions due to the lack of funding. Urban schools are at an extreme
disadvantage, especially to the children that are attending these schools. Inequalities in education
exist from the textbooks provided to the teacher qualifications which in turn affects the quality of
education that inner–city children are receiving. Neighborhoods are being segregated by social class
and the impoverished population is not getting the same educational opportunities as the suburban

The social and economic disparities between rural and...
The social and economic disparities between rural and urban communities in Australia are well
recognized. Factors such as ageing populations, lack of employment opportunities and loss of
services, are typical of rural Australia. Although it would appear that Australia is paying too little
attention to all of these factors in the rural context, it is argued that, for many rural young people,
their restricted access to tertiary education is a significant barrier to the development of a skilled
knowledge–focused workforce in rural and remote regions of Australia. This essay delves into this
area of research and seeks to answer the following question; how does geographical location affect
successful educational outcomes for teen boys in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defining successful educational outcomes–
General education outcomes are the goals for learning and development upon which higher
education programs are based. They can be defined as the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values
that tertiary students will need to be successful in work, interacting in the community and also for
family life. They are what students should know, understand, and component to do in order to be an
educated person and to meet the demands that the future will place on them, the demands of the
complex, diverse, and globally interdependent world of the 21st century. Upon this definition this
essay will define successful educational outcomes as "students who are able to display the
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that are required at a school graduate level ready for tertiary
acceptance level or equivalent". This definition encompasses the necessary capabilities required at
the completion of a student's schooling career and who is prepared for tertiary education or is
suitably prepared and educated for their chosen career.
Educational Barriers
Educational barriers more than often occur through circumstances that are beyond the control of the
individual (Barry, 2001). The concept is useful in examining educational barriers in the Australian
context. Suggestions are that education access in Australia (particularly rural access) affects certain
socioeconomic groups who lack

Planet Of The Slums Mike Davis Summary
In Planet of the Slums Mike Davis creates an expansive and more dynamic understanding of the
term slum as well as the relationship they have with the concept of urbanization as well as the usage
of religion and religiously affiliated organizations to act as a form of activism within the slums.
Davis begins by noting that the ways in which the twenty–first century has created an irreversible
change to the urban–rural migration patterns, causing the urban population has to rival the rural
population in the future. Additionally, he notes forms of urban and peri–urban settlements that exist.
These include megacities (between 8 million and 20 million) and hypercities (over 20 million) as
well as what he terms "...neither urban nor rural but a blending ... Show more content on
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He notes the SAPs made Third World states reduce the size of their public sector, leaving a large
number unemployed. Expenditure on healthcare, education, social welfare and subsidies were also
reduced. The result of was an increase in the number of urban poor. Essentially, the SAPs were as
"anti–urban in nature and designed to reverse the urban bias that previously existed" in all areas.
Unfortunately, the 1980s was a period of economic uncertainty – real wages and commodity prices
(which many Third World states had their economies built around) while urban unemployment and
the oil price increased; and unfortunately the 1990s did not meet the expectation of those it would
reduce urban poverty and slums. A Surplus Humanity? Davis notes that according to the writers of
The Challenge of the Slums cities became a dumping ground for members of the informal industry
that were cheap labour with an overlap between the global informal working class and slum
populations which acts as a floating

Urbanization in South America
Urbanization in Latin America
Work done by:
Contents
I. Introduction 3
II. Urbanization Process 4
III. Internal Migration and Urbanization 8
IV. Urban Systems 10
V. Conclusion 13
VI. Bibliography 14
I. Introduction
Urbanization is likely to be one of the defining phenomena of the 21st Century for Latin America as
well as the rest of the developing world. The world as a whole became more urban than rural
sometime in 2007, a demographic change that was driven by rapid urbanization in the developing
countries. For the Latin American region, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This migration flow contributed to rapid urban growth, population concentration, and territorial
expansion of these large cities. This process took place in relatively large cities with a significant
consumer market together with a relatively good infrastructure and equipment.
Urbanization in Latin America increased in fifty years (1925–1975) from 25% to 61.2%. The pace
of urbanization, however, declined between 1975 and 2000 and currently the proportion of people
living in urban areas reached 75.3%. While for Latin America during the period 1925–1950 the
urban growth rate almost doubled the total growth rate and the urbanization rate was 2.0%, more
recently, between 1975–2000 the urban growth rate was just almost 50% higher than the total
growth rate and the urbanization rate fell to 0.8%. To characterize the urbanization process within
Latin America is not an easy task, since there is a great deal of heterogeneity among countries in
terms of their population, territory and sociodemographic characteristics. In the year 2000 there are

countries with population around 100 million inhabitants (Brazil and México) and other with less
than five millions (Uruguay,Jamaica and Panamá).

City Of God Reflection
Planning of any city is one of the most fundamental things to be considered before the development
of any city or regions. Through planning, economic and social development in any city can prosper
(Crane & Weber, 2015). Through films, a reflection of the structure and planning of the various
regions in the setting of the movie can easily be displayed. One of the outstanding planning and
structure of a city is displayed by the film city of God. The movie assists in exposing the social
networking within a planned community and the various ways in which restricting can be done after
the occurrence of a natural disaster. The movie reveals the consequences which might arise from the
poor organization as well as poor planning of any city. Some ... Show more content on
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The cities in the world face similar challenges in terms of development, culture and social structures
found within them. The characters used in the film are true representatives of the people living in
cities because of the characters they display such as burglary and theft. Incorporating the film in
order to gain more insight on planning of cities and various regions is important in explaining the
development which can arise from such areas. This shows that the movie is essential in planning as
well as coming up with solutions on issues related to the development

Setting The Table For Urban Agriculture
In his article, "Setting the table for Urban Agriculture," accredited writer, Michael Pollan, expounds
upon Urban Agriculture and it's place in the twenty–first century. Pollan's purpose is to explain to
readers the legal and societal context of Urban Agriculture. He uses a serious tone and real world
examples in order to solidify the idea that Urban Agriculture is an integral part of our "local,
regional, national, and global" food infrastructure. Pollan opens his article by describing the place of
Urban Agriculture dating back to the nineteenth century, stating that, "Through the nineteenth
century, vegetable gardens and farm animals were common features of city life in the United
States." In fact he goes on to say that over time agriculture died out in cities, and that now "a slow
resurgence" has begun to restore agriculture in urban areas which he supports by describing the
growth in many urban hubs. This technique of beginning with the history of Urban Agriculture
allows Pollan to not only start with a broad and understandable aspect of the topic but also to
introduce the reoccurring theme of urbanization to the article. The writer continues his introduction
through the definition of the topic as a whole. Urban Agriculture as defined by Pollan is "a variety of
economic and social activities related to food production, distribution, processing, eating, and
disposal." he follows this up by listing examples of Urban Agriculture in action all of which have
the common

Thesis Statement About Marriage
NURUL ATIRAH BINTI ROSLI
43517
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Marriage is a ritual that marks a change in status for a man and a woman and the acceptance by
society of the new family that is formed (Rosman & Rubel, 1981). Marriage, like other customs, is
governed by rules (Rosman & Rubel, 1981). Anthropology has represented marriage as the
definitive ritual and universally translatable regulative ideal of human societies (BORNEMAN,
1996). Marriage also the act of joining two persons of opposite sex together to become as husband
and wife. Many people in the society have different opinions or outright misconception of the
meaning of marriage. While some people see it as a union between a man and woman, others take it
to mean an agreement made between a man ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this research are:
1 ) To identify the assimilation process among Malay culture that has been replaced Minangkabau
tradition in Negeri Sembilan nowadays.
2 ) To examine the impact of economic challenge in losing tradition of Minangkabau community.
3 ) To identify the actions that needed to be taken to protect their tradition, local practices, and
identity from loss.
REFERENCES
BORNEMAN, J. (1996). until death do us part: marriage/death in anthropological discourse.
American Ethnologist, 23(2), 215–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1996.23.2.02a00010
Jani, H., & Hussain, M. (2014). Reclaiming the Loss of the Minangkabau Cultural Landscape in
Negeri Sembilan. Procedia – Social And Behavioral Sciences, 153, 317–329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.065
Masri, M. (2012). The Misconceptions of Negeri Sembilan Traditional Architecture. Procedia –
Social And Behavioral Sciences, 68, 363–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.234
Ng, C. (2010). Symbols of Affinity: Ceremonial Costumes in a Minangkabau Village. The Heritage
Journal, 5, 26–55.
Rosman, A., & Rubel, P. (1981). The tapestry of culture. Glenview, Ill.: Scott,

The Trade-offs Between Environmental and Economic...
In recent decades it has become clear that increasingly accelerated urbanization globally, coupled
with increased consumption of natural resources and pollution dramatically alter the ecological
context in which cities are struggling to provide long–term social, economic and environmental
sustainability. Given that urban areas are densely populated and are among the most polluted
ecological environments, it can be concluded that the highest percentage of diseases caused by
environmental hazards are in urban areas. Among the biggest challenges in urban areas is the public
health, which is one of the most important demographic and social parameters. Urban population,
despite facing increasingly great social and economic inequality, ... Show more content on
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The implementation of policies leading to urban sustainable development, among other, referrers to
the regulation of the relationship between government, private and civil sector as well as to the
appropriate allocation of government funding and subsidies.
Although research on urban sustainable development has made significant advances in the last
years, key knowledge gaps remain for improving governance for urban sustainability and resilience.
Government policy often supports non–sustainable behavior or addresses problems of sustainability
in inconsistent ways. . Visions of sustainability are rarely used as a compass for policy by
governments, and "sustainability–oriented policy remains an ideal to which policy makers are
committed only in words" .
This paper seeks to consider the challenges the cities, particularly in developing countries, face with
regards to urban sustainable development. The arguments are evaluated by reflecting on the
sustainability governance issues in the City of Skopje, as a case study. For the purposes of the
analysis the city's air quality related policy making is taken as an indicator for governments
commitment to urban sustainable development. In particular, the transport, industry and
urbanization of the city are considered, since these are identified among the greatest contributors to
the air pollution of the city. The aim is to present and elaborate the governance processes and the
trade–offs which occur

The Environmental Benefits Of Urban Waste Management Essay
Can the ecological benefits of people living in cities–– due to shorter commutes for urban residents,
smaller housing units to heat and illuminate, and so on–– "outweigh" the energy costs of urban
waste management? To merely define and begin to address all assumptions underlying this
ultimately normative question would require a much longer paper. However, to modestly engage
with this debate over the "greenness" of cities, I will examine some of the ecological costs
associated with the urbanization of Aligarh, a small but "fast growing city in India" (Fazal, 2013).
This case illustrates the metabolic dynamic regarding both natural resource and economic flows
within local metropol–satellite relations (Sager, lecture), as well as the social costs these entail for
the satellite.
The effects of direct urbanization and pollution Aligarh and the hinterland
The city of Aligarh has experienced significant and consequential agroecological loss, exacerbated
by the dumping of garbage and the urban contamination of runoff onto its hinterland. Indeed,
between 1980 and 2010, Aligarh and its hinterland lost 5,448 hectares of fertile agricultural land to
urban development–– almost 43% irrevocably––, resulting in an estimated loss of 190,680 quintals
of food grain production (Fazal, 2013, p. 45). Population growth threatens to grow this tremendous
loss and even intensify its dangers to society in terms of food scarcity and the associated havoc it
can wreak. Practices such as garbage dumping

Urban Growth During the Gilded Age: Social, Cultural,...
Rodrigo Sanchez
Urban Growth during the Gilded Age: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Changes One of the
most notable times during the late 19th century was the Gilded Age. This is a term often used to
describe this time period since from the outside looking in urban life in America seemed perfect, but
in reality, many citizens did not like the changes that were occurring. Since the verb gild means to
cover with or as if with a thin coating of gold[1], historians often refer to this time period as "the
Gilded Age". New ideals about poverty, social reforms, different political approaches, and a new
women's culture brought forth political, economic, social, and cultural changes in urban growth
during the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different views on poverty altered urban life as well. Those who were better off economically saw
poverty as a weakness. They believed the poor were poor because of a lack of work ethic and
determination, this theory was known as Social Darwinism. This theory is emphasized by Andrew
Carnegie who, in his book Wealth, states that it is "much better great inequality than universal
squalor" (Document A). Not only are those his thoughts about poverty, but he also finds it "essential
for the future progress of the race" (Document A). This belief was shared by many successful
entrepreneurs. There were, however, those who did not share this idea. There were those who
believed the poor were poor due to their surroundings and the lack of opportunities they had. Such
individuals include Jacob A. Riis. In his book, How the Other Half Lives, Riis says, "If it shall
appear that the sufferings and the sins of the 'other half', and the evil they breed, are but as just
punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth"
(Document H). Riis puts the blame on the community, not on people themselves. This belief is also
shared by Jane Addams, who after helping out a German immigrant realized that she didn't need
charity, since she had an "immense capacity", but the service of the state's attorney (Document J).
These different views on poverty ultimately changed urban life by starting a social reform
movement, which will

With Reference to Examples, Assess the Degree to Which the...
With reference to examples, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a
country affects planning and management in urban areas.
Planning and management needs to happen in all countries over the world because no matter how
different the level of development between countries the problems will be same in urban areas.
These problems that need to be planned and managed in the urban areas of the city are becoming
increasingly significant due to the fact that there has been a hug increase in the number of people
living in cities worldwide, just over fifty percent of the world are now living in urban areas. The
main reason for this is the huge increase in urbanisation which is defined as an increase in the
proportion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This master plan was promoted by the central government of France between 1970–2000 it is
known as the Schema Directeur. To some extent this was a success because redevelopment plans of
the Schema Directeur created new futuristic high rise buildings, and better transport links were
creates such as metro stations and RER. Originally 5 new towns were planned in the NW and SE
corridors 30km from the city centre only 4 were ever built though. It has not quite been a total
success even though the amount of people moving out of the city in this green wedge idea has
increased as conterurbanisation has increased. However there are still problems in the urban areas
such as racial disharmony between North Africans and Black Africans. Also in the grande couronne
there is a very young populations and unemployment is still large here. Another problem with the
grande couronne is that 30% of the space is still vacant, so the youth became disenchanted, and riots
in 2005 occurred. Also the increase in commuting to Paris city centre has caused an increase in
congestion.
Mumbai is on the west coast of India and has had a population growth from 2.9million to
24.3million between 1950 and 2010. This growth is mainly due to migration but these are mostly
men so it is limited growth. The average increase is 12% growth per annum due to rural to urban
migration this occurred

An Interview For The Paris
When asked about the inspiration for his work in an interview for The Paris Review in 1981, Carlos
Fuentes replied, "...my books are derived from city images, and the city of my dreams or nightmares
is Mexico City."
MEXICO CITY – the city ranked number one and described as the "metropolis that has it all" in
New York Times' annual travel listicle, 52 Places to Go in 2016 is after all, a city with long and
layered history tracing back to the 13th century. Founded as Tenochtitlan, it quickly rose to become
the heart of Aztec civilization, and was in its era, one of the largest cities in the world. At its height,
its population was estimated to be around 150, 000, with another 350,000 people in the urban
network clustered around it. (Mundy 2015) Fast forward to 2016, Mexico City (Distrito Federal; or
more recently renamed as CDMX, Ciudad de Mexico) (The Guardian 2016) has an estimated
population of 8,919,653, (World Population Review) and an even larger population of 20.2 million
people (Demografia 2012) with its metropolitan area included, making it one of most populous
metropolitan area in the world. Mexico City, with all its fascinating contradictions – the order and
the chaos, locally lived but globally organized, networked yet fragmented – is the embodiment of
the context in which planners practice today. Issues such as equity (housing), congestion
(transportation), environment (water management) that need to be addressed in Mexico City are the
same problems that have

Poor Mental Health
Introduction Poor mental health represents a significant problem worldwide and in the UK, with
approximately 16% of the population being affected at any given time (Foresight, 2008 and
Department of Health, 2009). This is a particular concern in Scotland where approximately one in
six individuals show signs of poor mental health (Audit Scotland, 2009). Scotland also has
particularly high suicide rates which exceed those for the rest of the UK (Smith–Merry et al., 2009
and Mok et al., 2012). In addition to the personal cost to the individual, poor mental health has
significant societal and economic implications, representing a £22.5 billion a year direct cost to the
English economy alone (McCrone et al., 2008). In Scotland, the direct and indirect costs of poor
mental health are estimated to be £10.7 billion (Scottish Association for Mental Health (SAMH),
2011). Subsequent understanding of what factors have an impact upon mental health at the
individual and societal level is of great importance to future research and intervention. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 20th century has been characterised by the movement of populations from rural to urban areas –
a phenomenon expressed as urbanisation. For the first time in human history, the world is
predominantly urban, with over half of the population living in towns and cities; this is predicted to
rise to over 6.3 billion by 2050 (Demographia World Urban Areas, 2016). The movement of
populations to urban environments is perhaps the single most significant demographic shift in the
past century. Given the current and projected growth in urban living, research into understanding the
potential impacts of urban versus rural living on individual mental health is becoming increasingly

Urban Areas Of Chin A Large Portion Of A Population
In many areas of the world, the increase of population always caused an issue with adequate
housing. While some countries do better than others at controlling the situation, there is always a
percentage of people that live in the slums. About 55.6% of the population in China are currently
living in the urban areas which is fairly good in a country such as China, compared to the 18.3% in
1982.1 However the rate of urbanization is at a rate of 3.01%, which is a fairly high rate as
compared to the world.32With over 44.4% of China's population not living in an urbanized area,
rises the question of how to quickly and effectively move the slum population into adequate
housing. Many questions arise from urbanizing a large portion of a population such as, how can
China manage its population, how can China decrease the social barrier between the slums and
urban areas, and lastly what classifies as adequate housing? China has already implemented some
population restrictions upon its in inhabitants. The one child policy is put in place order to control
the Chinese population of the country meaning less people to house in the future. It is proven
effective by at least preventing 400 million births in 1980.3 This comes with a drawback of putting
more pressure on the China's economic future with the ratio of the elderly to the working force
increasing. Ultimately cutting almost 400 million future workers, it puts a heavy strain on. With one
child per household, it is effectively

Urban Economics Assignment 1
Urban Economics Assignment 1 Student Name: HAO LI Student Number: 997456097 Chapter 2 1.
a) The gains from trade are +1 shirts for North and +1 shirts for South. b) A trading city won't
develop because the opportunity cost of exchange for North is 2 shirts, which exceeds the gross gain
of 1 shirt. c) Suppose an innovation in transportation decrease the transaction time. A trading city
will develop if the transaction time is less than 15 minutes because the opportunity cost of exchange
is 1 shirt for the North and 1/4 shirt for South. 2. a) The labor used in transporting products from
production sites to trading firms will decrease because the transmitter, with 0 MC, replaces with the
wagons. b) The volume of trade in the region will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) The stem of the martini glass is 1/4 loaf and the slope is 1/8 lad per mile, so the market area is 6
miles on each side because 1/4+6/8=1 c) The horizontal cost of home production is now at 1/2 loaf
instead of 1 loaf. the market area is 2 miles on each side because 1/4+2/8=1/2. 11 a) Most breweries
locate close to their customers because beer production is a weight–gaining activity because
breweries add local water to other ingredients. Brewing is a market–oriented industry, so it locates
close to its consumers to economize on transport cost. b) Most wineries locate close to their input
sources because wine production is a weight–losing activity and the grapes are costly to transport
because of the spoilage. Firms in the materials–oriented industry locate close to input suppliers to
economize on transport cost. Chapter 3 2 a) In an isolated site, the wage is variable and the firm's
workforce is fixed because the supply of labor perfectly inelastic. b) In a cluster, the wage is fixed
and the firm's workforce is variable because the supply of labor is perfectly elastic. c) Number 'of
'Workers ' Number 'of 'Workers ' 3 a) 40 30 20 50 40 Number 'of 'workers ' 60 Number 'of
'workers ' b) During good time, the benefit of being in the cluster as opposed to being isolated is
$550, compute as (40–30)* 50+(1/2)*(40–30)*10. c) During bad time, the benefit of being in the
cluster as opposed to being isolated is $450, compute as

Urban Population Of Ethiopia And Its Socio Economic And...
Today's world society is rapidly becoming urbanite and such rapid urbanization comes up with its
multi variant socio economic and environmental consequences. Among many variables
characterizing urbanization in the century, the most prominent one is population growth rate. World
urban growth population rate is about 1.8% where as that of Africa and Ethiopia is 4.4% and 5%
respectively (UN– Habitat 2004/2005; PASDEP 2006).
Though Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries where about 83.8% of population lives in
the rural areas, it is one of the countries where high urbanization process taking place. Currently,
urban population of Ethiopia is about 11.7 million. Studies show that the figure will increase to 17.8
million in 2015 and 22 million by 2020, with annual growth rate of 5% (yewoynishet, 2007;
PASDEP, 2006).
Over the years, rising population has led to unsustainable exploitation of natural resources for the
consumption of environmental good and services. Unplanned economic growth, industrialization
and vehicular emission could also affect urban environment. The effect of these problems might
include degradation and pollution of environment like ground water, soil, river bank, air and other
urban ecosystem (Cobbett, 2006; National Urban Planning Institute of Ethiopia, NUPI, 2003).
Regarding to this, the 1960s were the milestone that marked the birth of the environmental
movement. The publication of the book "silent spring" by Rachel carson in 1962 in the USA took

Urban University Case
Thinking outside the Higher Education Box: Expanding upon the Economic and Community
Development Roles of Urban Universities to Create a Win–win Situation
Introduction
For years, urban universities of various types have struggled with their environment–be it because of
internal tensions such as growing enrollments, or external pressures such as competition for land
and the demand for balancing renewal and conservation (Klotsche, 1966; Perry and Wiewel, 2005).
As a product of the evolution of metropolis, the urban university has long been considered an
important part of the urban process, having to utilize "its resources to influence the character of
urban life" (Klotsche, 1966, p. 22). In this arena, publically supported urban universities ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table 1 shows the total economic impact of CSU operations in FY 2013, broken down into its base
components of direct, indirect, and induced impacts. The employment and labor income multipliers
were 1.47, the value added multiplier was 1.54, the output multiplier was 1.60 and the tax multiplier
was 1.70.
Table 1 about here.
Table 2 shows the total economic impact of CSU operations in FY 2013 by source of spending.
University spending accounted for over 50% of the employment effect, almost 70% of the labor
income effect, 58% of the value added effect, 59% of the output effect, and 32% of the total tax
effect. Student spending accounted for 44% of the employment effect, 30% of the labor income
effect, 41% of the value added effect, 40% of the output effect, and 67% of the tax impact. Visitor
spending accounted for less than 2% of each effect.
Table 2 about

The Relationship Between Economic And Urban Form
The relationship between Economic and Urban Form
A Case Study of Russia
Economic History of Russia
The Russian economy and the rest of the Soviet Union was operated on the basis of centrally
planned economy for almost over 60 years. It functioned with a state control over nearly all means
of production, investment, consumption and production decisions throughout the economy. The
policy under economy was made according to directives from the Communist Party, which was
known to control all aspects of economic activity. In the early 1990s, after the decline of
Communism, Russia experienced difficulties in switching from a centrally planned economy to a
market based economy.
Under the leadership of Joseph Stalin during the period of 1987, five year plan and annual plans
were the chief mechanisms that the Soviet government used in order to translate economic policies
into programs. Minor modifications were made between 1953 and 1987. Relying on these policies,
the State Planning Committee (Gosudarstvennyy planovyy komitet– Gosplan) formulated
countrywide output targets for specific planning periods. These targets were then refined by the
regional planning bodies for economic units such as the state industrial enterprises, collective farms
and state farms. Each of these bodies had their own stipulated output plan. Central planning
functioned on the supposition that if each unit met or exceeded its plan, then the demands and the
supply would balance out one another.
Just like

The Education System Of Education
infrastructures. Students and pupils also have less equipment (stationaries, uniforms, laboratory for
practical) at their perusal. The classrooms are poorly structured (leaking roof, mud buildings, no
doors or windows) and always not sufficient. Lessons are at times received under trees. Because
some communities don't have schools, so they all crowd the available ones. The distance covered to
go to school, sometimes discourage the students. The female children also would be denied
education, because they would be sent off to marry or stay at home and work on farms or house
chore. Most fathers considered it a waste to train a female as she will soon be a married off and the
fathers name lost. Unlike in the urban areas where schools are properly supervised by education
boards, to ensure quality and standard is maintained. Some schools only have not more than 20
students in the class. Fully equipped and students have access to laboratory for research and
practical. Most of such schools available in the urban areas are privately owned.  The rural areas
are characterised by low level income, unemployment and underemployment, this eventually leads
to resulting poverty for most individuals in the rural sector. These consequently leads to rural–urban
drift with increasing infrastructural facilities. These urban migration also leads to shortage of skilled
and unskilled labour in the rural–urban areas. Rural employees always seek better jobs in the urban
areas. (Bolakale S, 2010)

Essay On Environmental And Urban Economics
The thesis consists of three independent chapters on environmental and urban economics. A central
theme explored in this thesis is what determines the distribution of economic activities across space.
My exploration in this direction begins with the roles of industrial pollution and transportation
infrastructure in shaping the spatial distribution of skills, and extends to evaluate the spatial
allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. The first chapter,"The Long Shadow of Industrial
Pollution: Environmental Amenities and the Distribution of Skills", investigates the role of industrial
pollution in determining the competitiveness of post–industrial cities, with a focus on their ability to
attract skilled workers and shift to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second chapter, "Travel Costs and Urban Specialization: Evidence from China's High Speed
Railway" examines how improvements in passenger transportation affect the spatial distribution of
skills, exploiting the expansion of high speed railway (HSR) project in China. This natural
experiment is unique because as a passenger–dedicated transportation device that aims at improving
the speed and convenience of intercity travel, HSR mostly affects urban specialization through
encouraging more frequent intercity trips and face–to–face interactions. I find that an HSR
connection increases city–wide passenger flows by 10% and employment by 7%. To further deal
with the issues of endogenous railway placement and simultaneous public investments
accompanying HSR connections, I examine the impact of a city's market access changes purely
driven by the HSR connection of other cities. The estimates suggest that HSR–induced expansion in
market access increases urban employment with an elasticity between 2 and 2.5. The differential
impacts of HSR on employment across sectors suggest that industries benefiting more from
enhanced market access are the ones intensive in nonroutine cognitive skills, such as finance, IT and
business services. These findings highlight the role of improved passenger travel infrastructure in
promoting the delivery of services, facilitating labour sourcing and knowledge exchange across
cities, and

Randall Arendt Urban Sprawl Summary
3.1 Creative Development Scenario Randall Arendt argued in Rural by Design: Maintaining Small
Town Character we experienced urban sprawl in rural and suburban America because the large
density incentive is commonly given, homeowners sometimes are confused by the folly image of
larger lots. "...that the resulting provision of open space is far more important to their community in
the long run than the additional public cost associated with a marginal increase in the number of new
residents living in the subdivision. Once land is checkboarded into 'wall–to–wall houselosts', it is
nearly impossible to retrofit greenways, trails, parks and neighborhood playing fields into the
established pattern." This development concept encourages minimizing disturbance to the site and
protecting farmland or grassland open spaces. In the process of "preserving" open space, valuable
land features are retained as well, side by side with elements that construct the actual building space,
therefore establish a more livable environment. By identifying subdivisions of the whole site, this
"conservation design" strategy creates a network of the open spaces, then allows individual houses
to share better views, resources and recreational potentials in public areas. Furthermore, with an ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, "Identifying Conservation Areas", using natural land features to zone building areas. Second,
"Locating House Sites", placing approximate buildings to achieve the desired density. Third,
"Aligning Streets and Trails", tracing a logical footpath to provide easy access to buildings. Finally,
"Drawing in the Lot Lines", tying all elements together to finalize the plan. From there, the
subdivisions that are distinct from the urban sprawls because of the "creating value–enhancing open
space network" in the

Urban Space And The Rescue Of Downtown Mexico City :...
Take Mexico for example, this Latin American country have lived in complete insecurity as
described by (Becker, Anne and Markus, 2013) in their case study The securitization of urban space
and the 'rescue' of downtown Mexico City: Vision and practice. Latin American Perspectives 189
(2): 77–94. This country experiences inequality reinforced by build environment when the urban
community of downtown Mexico was disturbed by the increasing cases of social violence and crime
related to drug trafficking and organized crime. While this geographical space in the Mexico urban
set up had social inequities that even lead to clashes with the police and the defense department, and
generated talks of racism and ethnicity, the other cluster population of the city thrived in peaceful
environment atoned with security and flow of consumer goods. These two urban communities
therefore became inequitable by definition of environment, while the downtown space was marked
exclusively with drug trafficking and most families depended of this social practice to earn a living,
the other side of town was marked with territorial discrepancies involving forceful resource
extraction either by kidnappings, payment of "narco tax" to get "protection" and extortion. This
situation in Mexico downtown indicated that the build environment played a greater role in
prediction of safety of neighborhoods, compared with the planning of the other parts of the city, this
geographical space lacked build environment

Construction Of Urban Regeneration Projects
Urban renewal or also known as urban regeneration project are driven by the importance of urban
design and aspiration which is important as the independent world moves further into the 21st
century. As the world undergoes rapid globalisation, people may experience challenges at a point
that demand for their awareness especially towards the evironment and social. Therefore, it is
important that part of an architect to practise practical solutions that brings advantage of the existing
urban assests in a smart and sustainable way. Although an architect alone could not maintain a
sustainable urban regeneration from an architecture perspective, the role of an architect may
contribute to a sustainable urban regeneration projects. From my ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, part of an architect in creating a design for a building and producing an effective usage of
land is stunted as they do not have full access to unleash their creativity in creating a proficient land
use that contributes to a sustainable environment. It may be true that architects have limited
influence, which inhibits the goal of creating a sustainable urban redevelopment especially in
managing an efficient use of land, as they do not have access to certain sector such as choosing a
specific building site. However, architects are able to contribute to an efficient usage of land, as they
are usually part of a large committed group, which consist of an architect, engineer and developer. In
'architect's role in urban regeneration, economic development and sustainability', Fred W (2012)
Clark promotes that great architecture requires great clients where the architect works along with the
engineers and developer to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, most of the decisions made
are discussed collectively as they would consider the ideas from an architecture perspective,
engineers and also developers before making a final conclusion. For example, engineering plans will
be issued to an architect before beginning of a new project where architects will survey for quality
control. Other than that, the

The Impact Of Disaster From Natural And Natural Disasters...
Background and Overview
Disaster from natural, conflict or technological sources threaten people's lives and health; limit and
increase uncertainty of people's livelihoods and other socio–economic activities. Hazards, as well,
severely undermine economic access and competitiveness and compromise governance system in
any urban setting. The world's big cities are rapidly becoming more exposed and more vulnerable to
natural and man–induced hazards and disasters. Hazards and disaster destroy both natural and built
environment, contributes to increase in the number of displaced persons; erodes development gains
and limit structural stability of the urban centres.
Nigeria, in general, has numerous hazards associated with the urbanised cities. Flooding along the
Niger River and its tributaries affects large parts of the population living along the river and is also
becoming frequent in major urban centres such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kano and Ibadan.
Landslides and extremely gully erosion impacts infrastructure and livelihoods of parts of South–
eastern Nigeria with Anambra State being the most affected. Other disasters imminent in the country
scape include disease outbreaks and epidemics, such as cholera, malaria, meningitis, measles, Lassa
fever, yellow fever and more recently the Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in 2005. According to the
Guidance on Emergency Recovery, Nigeria is assumed to be extremely vulnerable to some peculiar
and certain disasters which includes; droughts,

Examples Of Stereotypes In Urban Cities
Stereotypes of urban cities commonly reflect the portrayal of minorities which they are seen as poor
and criminals in comparison to the middle and upper Caucasian class. Such stereotypes are an effect
of environmental racism. However, to divert from the spread of negative and racist stereotypes, the
local government must reflect a better city. In this paper, I am going to explain the benefits of new
regionalism in relation to urban cities and minorities. Having influence from Manuel Pastor and
Myron Orfield, minorities need attention from their local government to better their lives. I will
argue for the practice of sustainable farming for urban cities as a positive reinforcement for urban
growth. Sustainable farming provides an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With new regionalism, the government responds to negativity and provides comfort and change for
the locals of the city. This also promotes a positive image for the communities which makes it more
appealing to outsiders of the cities. Communities rely on their government to act against local
problems and provide safety. Latino–Americans are affected by outward sprawl and the
development of smart growth; yet, Latinos face economic and racial disparities in both rural and
urban settings. Although Latinos have an affinity for new urbanism and the city, Latino families are
moving outward into the suburbs which the population numbers are almost equally divided between
city and suburbs (Pastor 82). The growing Latino population in the suburbs shows the sense of
community and the strong ties to their agriculture and rural background. Nonetheless, the Latino
urban communities are facing poverty and economy issues while Latino suburbans are making a life
for themselves. To address urban problems affecting race, urban cities should include equity–
oriented regionalism within their government; equity–oriented regionalism is attentive to economic
and environment problems in the city while focusing on race (Pastor 76). One subdivision of equity–
oriented regionalism is municipality–based regionalism which stresses mutual benefits for inner–
city and suburb cooperation in order to make urban communities stronger (Pastor 77). Urban
minorities face many racial

Urbanization In The United States: A Sociological Analysis
The process of urbanization in the United States "proceeded rapidly during the Industrial Era". More
so, "as more and more opportunities for work appeared in factories, workers left farms to move to
the cities". Evidently, this led "the industrial era [to see] an influx of poor workers into U.S. cities".
Likewise, "post–Civil War southern Blacks to more recent immigrants, have made their way to
urban centers to seek a better life in the city". The growth of urban populations worldwide "was a
growth spurt". This is due to the fact of "the development of factories [that] brought people from
rural to urban areas, and new technology increased the efficiency of transportation, food production,
and food preservation". Furthermore, "global favorites ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More so, it "acknowledges that the short–term variations in this process can include both higher and
lower temperatures, despite the overarching trend toward warmth". Its importance consists of the
continuation of "the overall trend of increasing worldwide temperatures". Consequently, its effects
as well such as "more extreme weather". As the planet warms up, "weather phenomena, from the
number of Category 4 hurricanes to the amount of snowfall in a given winter" cause major extremes.
Such extremes "can cause immeasurable damage to crops, poverty, and even lives". One real–world
instance of environmental racism is American Indian Tribes. They are "victims of environmental
racism" due to "the Commission for Racial Justice [finding] that about 50 percent of all American
Indians live in communities with uncontrolled hazardous waste sites". At times "the U.S.
government's title has meant it acts without approval of the tribal government". Other contributing
factors such as the "forcible removal and burdensome red tape to receive the same reparation
benefits afforded to non–Indians" are signs of environmental

Understanding The Urban Environmental Challenges Of Addis...
OVERVIEW
In the last decade, Addis Ababa has undergone
An important role in Ethiopia's progress and development
This Brief looks at the state of the urban environmental challenges in Addis Ababa, specifically
drawing your attention on the importance of waste management and why it has been failing in the
city. ...
While the efforts on Transport are admirable, especially acknowledging your previous experience as
the Minister of Transport, I would like to draw your attention on waste management.
I. Understanding the urban environmental challenges in Addis Ababa
A. Characteristics and development of the city
Addis Ababa, one of the oldest and largest cities in Africa, was founded as the capital of Ethiopia in
1886 when Menelik II became the Emperor of Ethiopia (Bjerkil, 2013; UN–HABITAT, 2008).
Following its foundation, the city has seen an important era of modernisation and increase in
population size. In fact, according to Pankurst (1961), Emperor Menelik attempted to forge
something new in Ethiopia's history by joining modern institutions and traditional way of life.
Although the city lacked many characteristics of a 20th century capital such as municipalities, it put
in place the foundations for the development of a modern state that started to impact the traditional
structure of the country. At that time, Addis Ababa had the great potential in offering a beautiful and
healthy environment for its habitants, with its topography, agricultural land and simple ways

Urban Planning Objectives

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