Climate Change And Stormwater Infrastructure

Climate Change And Stormwater Infrastructure
Climate Change and Stormwater Infrastructure in Coastal Communities, Northeastern United States
Colin Cotter URBP 73400 11/11/2014 The impacts of increased weather extremes due to climate
change are of great interest to environmental planners and designers. Recent weather extremes have
revealed the fundamental weaknesses in the design of gray infrastructure features. Existing separate
municipal stormwater sewer systems (MS4's) were designed based on the belief that precipitation
extremes are "statistically stationary", in their probability distributions(Rosenberg et al, 2010).
However, positive trends in the frequency and intensity of major precipitation events have brought
to light the limitations of this design practice. The impacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In coastal areas, the current trend of climate extremes also includes an increase in frequency of "100
year flood" events as well as sea level rise. The combined effects of increased runoff and higher
tides will test the limits of existing coastal stormwater infrastructure(EPA,2013; IPCC, 2007). Gray
infrastructure drainage features do not treat runoff, but instead simply move water from areas of
human activity to local waterways. In urbanized coastal environments runoff collects and carries
various pollutants to surface waters, including bays and estuaries, through MS4 systems. Thus
increased precipitation will result in higher levels of untreated runoff entering waterways. Of more
immediate concern is the fact that present infrastructure features are simply not equipped to handle
peak runoff flows during extreme precipitation events and are often quickly overwhelmed. In fact,
most municipal stormwater features are only designed to handle 2–5 year storms(Semadeni–Davies
et al, 2008; Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc., 2009). In addition, the urban runoff
measurements and time–series data used by engineers in infrastructure design are often limited and
do not take into account the uniqueness of the urban hydrologic environment. The urban water cycle
is greatly affected by human activity and large amounts of impervious surfaces can increase runoff
quantities and
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Suggest A Method Of Analysis To Improve The Current Storm...
The university of Florida campus located in Gainesville, Florida is divided into several subbasins
that directly drain their rainfall runoff to four different watersheds: Lake Alice, Hogtown Creek,
Tumblin Creek and other depression basins. To distribute the rainfall runoff to their respective
watersheds, a very extensive storm drainage system functions within campus. Therefore, it is very
important that the storm drainage system performs efficiently (Florida, 2015). However, personnel
from the University of Florida Physical Division Plant mentioned that some locations within sub–
basin LA–2A floods during rainfall events due to incorrect pipe sizes within the system. Therefore,
the purpose of this research is To Suggest a Method of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lake Alice receives runoff from 1,149 acres, 189 acres for Hogtown Creek, 424 acres for Tumblim
creek and 497 acres for the internal depression basins (Florida, 2015). Lake Alice watershed covers
most of the UF main campus.
The University of Florida main campus is divided into several drainage areas (Figure 1), where each
drainage area direct runoff to one of the four watersheds. However, the most common watershed,
where all runoff from UF campus goes, is Lake Alice.
The stormwater management on the main campus is administered in accordance with a master
stormwater permit issued by the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD). The
master permit is valid through 2020 (Florida, 2015).
Figure 1: From the 2010 report
Drainage Area of Study
A portion of the storm drainage system located within the LA–2A Lake Alice subbasin was selected,
Figure 2. It is in the north–east corner of UF main campus. For this thesis, the drainage area of study
will be named as AS. Figure 2: UF Campus Map
Chapter III – Theory
Rational Method
The rational method is a widely used method to estimate the peak discharges for the design of
hydraulic structures such as stormwater drainage systems (FDOT, 2012). This method is very useful
when working with small drainage area basins. It is limited to areas with less than 600 acres and
with times of concentrations less or equal to 15 minutes (FDOT, 2012).
Q=CiA (Newman, 2017)
Q=Peak Discharge

Water Contaminants Are Bad For The Marine Life And The...
Salmon populations have been declining for years, especially very drastically in the last few years.
This issue has been going on for years with very little awareness of the public living in the
Northwest, especially around the Puget Sound area in Washington State. From Seattle Times I quote,
"There used to be coho salmon runs all through Puget Sound and creeks. There haven't been for
decades," said Julann Spromberg, a toxicologist working for NOAA Fisheries. "They're coming
back, and they're dying. We need to figure out what's going on."
One of the main causes of the declining number of salmon is water runoff. Water runoff is an over
flow of water from rain, snow melt, and other sources of water that goes into the stream and
eventually into the ocean. Unfortunately, the water runoff will pick up anything that it went through
such as oil, pesticides, fertilizers, and other water contaminants. These water contaminants are bad
for the marine life and the environment, especially in our case the salmon in the Puget Sound area.
With the increasing population in the Puget Sound area, there will be more and more land being
developed to provide more space for more people. More population in the Puget Sound area will
also increase the water pollution in the Puget Sound waters, which is not a good case for the
salmons. In my opinion, salmons of the Puget Sound are almost in the verge of extinction.
First of all, let us talk about Puget Sound as a body of water. Puget Sound is a

The Epidemic Of Stormwater Pollution
A new epidemic is sweeping our country. This epidemic affects Men, Women, And Children, no one
is immune and the worst part about it is... it can be prevented.The problem I am talking about is, The
rivers in our communities are polluted and the reason for that is storm drain runoff.
The way this happens is best put by the Erie County, NY Environment & Planning Department,
They say "Rain and snowmelt wash pollutants from streets, construction sites, and land into storm
sewers and ditches. Eventually, these empty the polluted stormwater directly into streams and rivers
with no treatment. This is known as stormwater pollution" ("How Can YOU Prevent Stormwater
Pollution?") This problem may seem insignificant to humans, yet it isn't according to the American
Journal of Public Health "Drinking water outbreaks have been linked to runoff; more than half of the
documented waterborne disease outbreaks since 1948 have followed extreme rainfalls." (Gaffield et
al.) When the stormwater is in the drainage system of a city it sits there in no sunlight and which lets
bacteria die off but that creates a cloud of bacteria in the water that can still be dangerous to human,
animals, and other wildlife. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Lynnhaven River Now "Last year, volunteers picked up over 4,800lbs of trash!"
("2016 River Cleanups."). The problem with this solution is that it's not enough, picking up trash
from our rivers and bays does help with curbing bacteria in the waterways yet, stormwater that is
dumped into the river untreated also significantly contributes to bacteria growth in our

The Solstice Flood Of Duluth
On July 19–20 2012, Duluth, MN experienced 10 inches of rain which led to one of the worst inland
flood events in American history. The St. Louis River rose over 10 feet and caused significant
damage to roads, bridges, and private property (Czuba et al. 2012). Erosion carried massive
sediment loads into Lake Superior, posing a risk to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the
process. The flash flood shook the community and negatively impacted the environment to such a
degree that recovery is still a work in progress. The Solstice Flood, as it is known, forced the
community to evaluate its outlook and preparations surrounding natural disasters. As global climate
change continues, the frequency and magnitude of events like this are going to increase (IPCC,
2014). Unfortunately, the 2012 Solstice Flood in Duluth is symptomatic of how poorly we as a
country, and perhaps as a species, have prepared for disasters that will only be magnified going
forward.
Anatomy of the Flood As described above, the flash flood was caused by intense rainfall over
several days during June 2012. The torrential rains led to record–breaking discharges in the Knife
and St. Louis Rivers. The discharges from the Knife River and St. Louis River peaked at 25,000
ft3/s and 45,300 ft3/s respectively (Czuba et al., 2012). The Mississippi River and other nearby
streams and rivers also experienced unusually high flow volumes. As rain rushed into and through
these systems, flood mitigation and

Storm Water Pollution In The Chesapeake Bay
One of the recurring problems at Howard County is the large quantities of stormwater runoff that
flow into nearby streams. This is due to meteorological factors and physical characteristics
including: land use changes. The more impervious surfaces there are the more surface runoff there
will be; thus, placing adverse effects upon the environment. To be exact, these stormwater runoffs
carry car oils, fertilizers, pet waste, litter, and sediment to the Chesapeake bay. Hence, 20% of the
chesapeake bay's pollution is due to stormwater runoff. However, not only does storm water
contribute to pollution, but it also harms wildlife and its environment, as well as cause floods,
erosion, and property damage. To address such issue, Howard Community College ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, these rain gardens are composed of "50% sand,
25% topsoil, and 25% of compost" (Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay) and contain small amount of
clay. As the impermeable soil is replaced with a more permeable soil this facilitates water
absorption. Moreover, due to their "deeper roots" and low maintainence, majority of plants placed
are native plants such as, buffalo grass, common ninebark, prairie dropseed, etc. In the event of a
rain, these gardens obtain water that flows from impervious surfaces. Once this occurs, the "slight
depression" of the garden sustains the water, permitting it to penetrate slowly into the mulch, plants,
and soil all while removing pollutants from the runoff. At HCC, there are plenty amounts of green
spaces that aid in the reduction of stormwater runoff. However, rain gardens have proven to be one
of the many effective measures placed by HCC to reduce stormwater runoff and the effect of its
pollutants. As of April 2016, there has been over 20 rain gardens planted throughout HCC campus;
however, after the SET building was complete, more rain gardens have been added since

Water Polution : Agricultural Water Pollution
Agricultural Water Pollution
Water and food to life and civilization is an essential resource. Agriculture has been prosperous in
producing high quantities of food. Although, agricultural production is a hazard to the quality of
water. Agricultural chemicals have boosted the productivity of agriculture drastically. The chemicals
used in fertilizers are rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Runoff
of these chemicals into surface waters or from infiltration into groundwater results in water
pollution. Agricultural run–off contributes to poor water quality.
Land and water systems are closely linked. The hydrologic cycle accounts for this linkage and water
is the carrier of materials between systems. Agriculture, as a land based industry, therefore is
coupled directly to water systems both affecting and being affected by them. Chemicals applied to
land may enter surface waters by overland flow or interflow. All pathways should be recognized,
and control methods should consider transport mechanisms relevant to pollutants of concern. For
example, soil erosion control will probably not reduce fertilizer nitrate entry to surface waters
effectively, but could substantially limit total phosphorus loading to streams and lakes (Mateo–
Sagasta). Land management practices that control the pathways and rates of flow of snowmelt,
rainfall and irrigation water are integral to control of pollution from agricultural runoff.
Sediments, nutrients and pesticides are nonpoint source pollutants of concern in relation to
agriculture. Sediment is both a carrier of other pollutants and a water pollutant. In streams it can
degrade fish spawning gravels, reduce light penetration, increase biological productivity, reduce
recreational values, increase water costs for industrial and domestic uses, and cause abrasion to
pumping equipment. A primary pathway of phosphorus from land to water frequently has been
shown to be overland transport in association with eroding. Pesticides and pathogens also can be
carried to receiving waters attached to eroding sediments.
The accelerated eutrophication effects of nutrient runoff to receiving water hardly needs mentioning.
Foul tastes and odors in drinking waters,

Scope Of Work For The Four Mile Run Watershed Management...
Scope of Work for the Four Mile Run Watershed Management Program Support
Background
The Four Mile Run watershed is one of the most heavily urbanized drainage basins in the Northern
Virginia region. The 20 square mile watershed includes areas that lie in Arlington and Fairfax
Counties and the cities of Alexandria and Falls Church. A significant part of the watershed is
covered with impervious surface, which prevents the natural process of infiltration and causes a
greatly increased surface water runoff. Also, urbanization has replaced most of the watershed 's
natural stream channels with an elaborate network of storm sewers. These sewers carry the increased
volume of surface runoff quicker than it would in natural channels causing ... Show more content on
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In addition to the development and maintenance of the Four Mile Run Watershed Model, NVRC
staff supported local jurisdictions with many hydrologic and hydraulic analyses related to flood
control and drainage issues. These analyses include different flood frequency analyses, submission
of flood frequency analysis results to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
enhancement and maintenance of the Lower Four Mile Run HEC–RAS model, evaluation of
hydraulic impacts of the proposed pedestrian/cyclist bridge on the water surface elevation in the
lower Four Mile Run, hydraulic assessment of the Four Mile Run Restoration Project conditions,
coordination with USGS regarding the maintenance of the two flow gages on Four Mile Run and the
development of Long Branch HEC–RAS model.
Four Mile Run Computer Model
The Watershed Management Program relies upon the Four Mile Run Computer Model to simulate
the watershed 's complex hydrology and the impacts of stormwater runoff from local land use
changes and drainage modifications. The impacts of a proposed project are reviewed and corrective
measures are recommended if the model predicts flooding problems in the lower Four Mile Run.
The watershed model is used to develop projections of peak stream flows and water surface (flood)

Rain Water Runoff Research Paper
Collecting Rain Water Runoff Legal or Not Currently Colorado prohibits the collection of water
runoff, except for certain cases where permission is granted, and how you get permission is still a
mystery. Otherwise you cannot collect rain water runoff even in small amounts for personal use.
Nevada has some very vague language in their regulations that leads many, if not most, to believe it
is illegal. A spokesperson for the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources states
that water collection is subject to existing water rights per NRS 533.030. The interpretation is that
you cannot collect water in rain barrels without the benefit of a "water right". However, the
spokesperson goes on to say that the Division of Water Resources does not police nor will they
police rain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Again you have to decide how this affects you. {See Minnesota Statutes, Section 103A.201, and
Section 103G.271, subd. 1, and Minnesota Rules, Part 6115.0600.}" As for the rest of the country no
state specifically prohibits the collection of water runoff from your roof, but the wording is again
vague in some cases, and there are certain regulations in place. You can collect in barrels in most
instances for your own use, and in some states people are encouraged to do so. What is prohibited in
most cases is diverting the flow of streams and rivers, collecting water in a pond that may overflow
into public lands or contaminate public use waterways. The headlines came out and the hue and cry
went out as well, people being jailed and fined for water collection on their own property. In one
particular case a landowner diverted flowing surface water and created a containment problem. He
was in clear violation and was given numerous warnings to cease without penalty but he

Paediatric Analysis Case
Location of pits The pits are placed at the lowest point or corners of intersection of every sub–
catchment area in order to collect runoff water. Runoff water would flow to the pits due to
gravitational force. Also wales and gutters are connected to those pits accordingly. The runoff water
would travel from high contour profile to low contour profile through swales and gutters. Runoff
coefficient estimation The runoff coefficient is the coefficient that represents the ratio of runoff
against rainfall amount. In the design of an urban area, proportion of impervious area needs to be
taken into account. Rainfall could not infiltration into impervious area and rainfall would
immediately become runoff if rainfall water fall on those area. Therefore, ... Show more content on
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After that, the velocity of gutter flow is calculated from the cross–section area found and, then is
used to determine the gutter flow time for each sub–catchment. Equations used in calculation are
shown as below: Depth of gutter flow, d= ((Q n)/(0.375 F S_o^(1/2) Z))^(3/8) Velocity of gutter
flow, v=Q/A (m2/s) Time of gutter flow, T_g=L_g/v (s) The cross section of the gutter is illustrated
in Figure 5.1 below. In the design, an assumption on reciprocal cross slope is made which the value
of for reciprocal of cross slope is set to be 4 for all gutters in all sub–catchments. Time of swale
flow, t_s Manning's equation is applied for the design of vegetated swales. Q=(AR^(2/3) S^(1/2))/n
Where A=area of the sub catchment area (m^2), R=(Cross section of swale)/(Wet perimeter of
swale), S=longitudinal slope of swale and n=roughness coefficient of swale The following fixed
design perimeters are set in order to facilitate the calculation. Manning's Roughness Coefficient 0.3
Design Width of swale (m) 2.5 m Design Depth of swale (m) 0.3 m Slop of trapezoid

Essay On Calibration
Figure 4 3. The extent and location of streams, model IDs, and watershed and Planning Area
boundaries.
4.8 Model Calibration
Model calibration ensures the accuracy of the outputs under a given set of conditions by comparing
model results with observed data and adjusting parameter values. The parameters that control
different flow components, such as surface runoff, interflow and base flow, are adjusted during
calibration to improve the accuracy of the model based on real–world observations.
The water level data measured at the monitoring gages located on the Congo Valley River (upstream
of Congo Cross Bridge) and George Brook (upstream of the Pike Street Bridge) were used to
calibrate the hydrologic component of the XPSWMM model. ... Show more content on
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Hydrologic calibration results at the gage located upstream of the Pike Street Bridge in George
Brook
Figure 4 7. Stage duration curves for the gage near the Pike Street Bridge
Table 4 3. Hydrologic calibration statistics at gage near the Pike Street Bridge on George Brook.
Description Simulated Value Observed Value
Average Water Depth (m) 0.10 0.11
Maximum Water Depth (m) 1.45 2.52
Minimum Water Depth (m) 0.02 0.04
10% lowest water depth (m) 0.04 0.04
5% highest water depth (m) 0.20 0.20
4.9 Runoff Analysis
Runoff analysis is a prerequisite for the evaluation and design of a stormwater drainage system in
any urban area. For the Freetown Municipality an extensive analysis on rainfall generated runoff
was carried out to understand the stormwater characteristics throughout the entire study area. A
watershed–based stormwater model was developed for each individual watershed using XPSWMM
software. Critical model inputs were calculated based on spatial characteristics of each

subwatershed. ESRI's ArcGIS software and a number of other GIS data–processing tools were used
to prepare and process the required data for simulation

The Effects Of Pesticide Use On Australia
Pesticide uses in Australia A number of herbicide types are available and used in Western Australia
(Table 1). In addition to individual use of them, herbicide mixtures are used in Western
Australia(Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia, [2016]) Table
1.Herbicide types utilised in Western Australia Type Example Translocated herbicides Glyphosate
Contact Paraquat, Oxyfluorfen , Bromoxynil, Diquat Selective 2,4–D Non–selective (Knockdown
herbicides) Paraquat, Glyphosate Residual Simazine Non–residual Glyphosate (Department of
Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia, [2016]). Study area Safeguarding
groundwater is the main concern in Western Australia as groundwater provides 70% of Perth 's fresh
water requirement(Appleyard et al., 2004)and it is used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and
municipal purposes. Perth, the capital city of Western Australia is a rapidly developing and
expanding city which is located over a shallow aquifer (Appleyard, 1993). Currently, Perth is
encountering substantial water scarcity as a result of increasing population (i.e. 2.3% population
growth rate) and effects of climate change and escalating groundwater demand. Therefore, the need
for Perth's groundwater system to be monitored and protected is of greater importance(Sarukkalige,
2011). Acording to recent investigations, elevated quantities of disseminated pollutants, as well as a
remarkable number of restricted contamination plumes, were

How Pesticides Enter Our Water
There are many things that enter our waterways that we have to clean out. One of the worst things is
pesticides. They not only contaminate our water, but they are harmful to animals. It enters our water
sources by seeping through the soil to groundwater or entering streams as surface run–off. Farmers
and other workers try to keep our water safe from pesticides, but it is a very hard and stressful job.
Let's take a look at the ways that pesticides enter our water and also some possible solutions for this
problem. What exactly is a pesticide? "A pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, destroy, or repel
pests" (EPA). There are many different pests. Some examples are the termites that cause damage to
our homes, dandelions in our yards, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the practices are: over fertilization, which is combining the use of fertilizer and manure.
May I remind you, that pesticides are in fertilizer? Another practice is crop specialization, which is
the use of large quantities of pesticides to maintain the productivity of a single type of crop. Even
another practice that contributes to drinking water contamination is the lack of crop rotation. Crop
rotation is where farmers alternate the type of crop planted each year, which helps the soil quality,
allowing them to use less fertilizer, which would also use fewer pesticides. If some farmers fail to do
this each year, it would contribute to drinking water contamination because of the use of too many
pesticides (ExtoxNet). "The United States has more than 330 million acres of agricultural land that
produce an abundant supply of food and other products. American agriculture is noted worldwide
for its high productivity, quality, and efficiency in delivering goods to the consumer. When
improperly managed, however, activities from working farms and ranches can affect water quality"
(EPA). There are many government programs available to aid farmers and ranchers in designing and
paying for management practices that would prevent and control NPS pollution. There are also
programs funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Even local organizations and individuals
have come

A Brief Note On Concentration And Surface Water
Estimating Bifenthrin Concentration in Surface water in Urban Sacramento.
Introduction
Pyrethroid insecticides have replaced organophosphates (OP) insecticides, such as, diazinon and
chlorpyrifos for structural pest control and landscape maintenance in most urban environments in
the United States in recent times. Pyrethroids are manufactured derivatives of pyrethrins, which are
natural insecticides that are produced by certain species of chrysanthemum. These insecticides are
neurotoxins and focus on the central nervous system of insects', thereby, making it exceptionally
viable in pest control. These chemicals are broadly utilized by professional applicators to keep pests
out of structures either as landscape application, or as perimeter treatments. Other than professional
applications which are documented, pyrethroids are also incorporated in many pest control products
that are designed for homeowners and available at retail stores, however the utilization of these
items are not all around reported documented (Moran, 2006). The combination of these uses
(professionals and homeowners) aids in the increase presence of pyrethroids on urban landscape and
structures which are later washed–off to urban creeks. The most commonly suspected modes of
transport of pesticide residues from urban application sites to downstream pesticide contamination is
by means of irrigation (dry) or runoff (rain).
In spite of the fact that pyrethroid insecticides are present in a wide variety of

Effects Of Turbiridity Due On Land Use
1)Effects of turbiridity due to land use changes–
Turbidity measures the amount of light scattered from a sample and more suspended particles causes
more scattering results in high turbidity.
Turbidity measurements are often used as indicator of water quality based on clarity and total
suspended solid particles. Turbidity doesn't include the dissolved solids which reduces the
scattering.
In agricultural lands the receiving water is contaminated by nonpoint pollution due to different
agricultural activities like crop production, cattle operations, crop pattern and rangelands.
High rates of surface runoff and erosion of land covered by annual crops have high levels of
turbidity in receiving water specially in spring when vegetation cover is minimal.
Wetlands used in removal of bacterial contamination in rivers , act as biofilter which increases the
turbidity.
Turbidity is negatively related with the forested areas and positively with the annual crops and urban
land use.
Annual crops have more turbidity than the perennial crops.so the when annual crops are converted
into the forested areas perennial crops & pastures cause 16.4% of turbidity.
It is studied that stabilization of urban land through reforestation practices increases in water quality
due to the high turbidity. Protection of water resources through land use policy is essential.
2)forest soils have high rate of infiltration–
Infiltration is known as the movement of water in soil profile occure in

Environmental Technology : Stormwater Pollution Prevention...
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY ENGY 601 – F01
STORMWATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLAN
By:
Piyush Bishnoi
NYIT ID # 1075620
What is stormwater?
Stormwater runoff is the rain water or snowmelt, which does not percolate into the soil and flow
over the land. Rapid urbanization and development of building, roads, parking lots and impervious
surface has resulted in increase in velocity, volume and temperature of stormwater runoff and
decrease in infiltration into the soil. Uncontrolled stormwater runoff is responsible for severe
environmental damage i.e. soil erosion, flooding, biological habitat degradation etc. The stormwater
runoff also picks up oil, grease, pollutant, trash, and other toxic substances, which are threat to
aquatic life, human health, and wildlife habitat. Reduction in stormwater infiltration can lower
groundwater recharge and affect supplies of drinking water. Soil erosion due to construction
activities can contribute more sediments to stream compared to naturally deposited soil over several
years. Excess sediments in the steam make the water murky affecting the aquatic plants, and aquatic
wildlife.
The soil erosion is depended on rainfall, topography of the area, type of soil and vegetated area in
the region.
Stormwater Prevention Pollution Plan (SWPPP)
Construction activities can discharge several pollutant and can also lead to soil erosion during
stormwater runoff. To protect the environmental damage it is important to develop and

The Devastating Power Of Pollution
The Devastating Power of Pollution Think about all the bodies of water on our planet. Every river,
lake, stream, and is essential to the way our world functions. Unfortunately, our society has done
very little to preserve these water sources and as a result, our rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans are
suffering from many forms of pollution. Every oil spill, discarded water bottle, and obstructive dam
continually add to our already–polluted waters, and very little is being done to reverse this problem.
The most prominent issue being studied today is stormwater runoff. The collection of fine
sediments, chemicals, and debris, are a serious pollution concern. Many solutions and technologies
have already been developed, but the number one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can range from anything such as grassed waterways and rooftops to rain gardens strategically
placed in areas of heavy storm water runoff. They can be simple, like choosing a paint color that
blends machinery into an environment, or they can be complex like monitoring and production
technologies. One of the most effective BMPs used today are pervious surfaces. This can be applied
to parking lots, cul–de–sacs, and turf pavers. When a surface is porous, it reduces the amount of
stormwater runoff by absorbing the excess water into the pavement. It also doesn't allow for the
collection of sediments or other hazardous materials because the water does not run along the
asphalt.
The field of sediment pollution has many innovative solutions and techniques that help reduce or
eliminate the harmful effects of stormwater runoff. Some examples include constructing porous
asphalt, grass rooftops, riparian forest buffers (a grove of trees and shrubs), bio–retention lakes,
storm water wetlands, and dry ponds (Metro Council, nd). Each of those practices can make a
dramatic change in amount of pollution in urban and rural areas, but it is important to make sure
BMPs are properly constructed and maintained. If not, then there could be serious damage to the
environment and require great costs to the community. BMPs like to take advantage of abundant
energy sources, such as sunlight. By using a renewable

Investigating The Model Of The System On The University Of...
In 2010, a study conducted by David Conway and Samsung Lim found that for 1147.6 mm of
annual rainfall around the University of New South Wales, approximately 79 ML could be collected
from rainfall runoff per annum; this meant 30% of campus water use could be replenished by roof
water collection. However, no measures have since been implemented or thoroughly examined in
terms of feasibility. This report aims to address these issues by define the parameters of the study to
investigate the model of the system which helps to suggest feasible rainwater collection solutions for
the university. Problem Definition This will be treated as a grey box problem as the absence of a
functional system indicates the current primitive state of UNSW ... Show more content on
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By extracting water from the water table, it can result in a cone of depression that may extend
beyond the system boundary; hence the water table is excluded from the analysis. Subsystems The
campus can be divided roughly into three areas: Upper Campus  Botany Street to Central Lecture
Block Middle Campus  Electrical Engineering Building to Red Centre East Wing Lower Campus
 UNSW Business School to Anzac Parade Each area can be divided into three subsystems: Paved
areas (walkways and roads) Buildings (rooftops) Vegetation (lawns, ovals, flora) The manner in
which the subsystems relate to each other is governed by the direction of water flow and surface
properties of the subsystem. Generally, rainfall onto hard surfaces (buildings and paved areas) either
results in runoff into gutters and vegetation or water detention; the opposite is not true, as vegetative
areas are generally much more permeable, meaning more water detention. Figure 2 Subsystem
interaction based on direction of water flow Input The input of this system is the precipitation fallen
within the catchment area defined for the system. Furthermore, rainfall intensity distribution,
sequence and duration of a particular rainstorm event would be treated as part of the system input as
it has a direct impact on the amount of runoff to be generated. However, public gutters and drains
will

A Brief Note On Pollution And Water Pollution
The Mississippi River is the most polluted river in America, many chemicals such as phosphate and
chlorine can be polluted in the water. Precipitation can cause runoff water and can sweep trash and
chemicals into the rivers or any nearest water source. This project is concerned about if precipitation
has an effect on pollution in the Spoon river. Anybody of water that is contaminated with pollutants,
is called Water Pollution. There are two types of water pollution, Nonpoint and Point specific
pollution. Nonpoint pollution cannot be found by a specific location and can be caused by runoff
water, an example of this pollution is pesticides (Flinn Scientific, 2009). Chemicals and fertilizers
can run off into the water supply(Mary Beth Abel Hughes, James Sammons, Scott Eddleman,
Pamela J. W. Gore, Daniel P. Murray, Patsy Eldridge, 2007). Water moves over the ground and picks
up chemicals and other waste into a body of water (Flinn Scientific, 2009). Pollution that can be
pinpointed at a specific place and can be found and reduce the problem of pollution, an example of
this pollution is factories, is known as Point Specific Pollution. (Flinn Scientific, 2009). Since Earth
is becoming industrialized, water is being used and more waste is thrown into usable water (Flinn
Scientific, 2009) About 70% of factories and industries dump waste into usable
water(40factsaboutwaterpollution, 2013). Waste is produced by Industries and is dump it into the
nearest water source (Mary Beth

The Great Lakes And The Forests
The Great Lakes and the forests in Canada are both in severe states. Deforestation and pollution
have caused short and long term effects that not only impact human health, but ecosystems as well.
In order to mitigate these issues there needs to be action plans and individuals dedicated, and willing
to help.
The great lakes are 5 interconnected lakes throughout Canada and the USA, which flood out to the
Atlantic Ocean. "Over the last 30 years there has been a decrease in point–source depollution, due to
the government's recognition of the need to regulate emissions into the Great Lakes." (Jason
Boshern., 2010.) Regardless of the increasing lake conditions, there is much that still has to be done
to ensure no detrimental long term or short term effect on ecosystems or human health. (Jason
Boshern., 2010.)
The quality of water in the Great Lakes not only effects the different species living in the lakes, but
human health, all over Canada as well. "The five lakes occupy an area greater than half a billion
square kilometers, have a shoreline of 17,000 kilometers, and are surrounded by a population of
over 33 million." (Sproule–Jones, Mark., 2002.) With the lakes being so massive there are plenty of
different species living in them and people surrounding the lakes, living off the water. These factors
make poor water quality an even bigger issue. Pollution can be seen in many forms; such as fecal
contamination, toxic contamination from metals, nitrates and pesticides,

The Best Cost Effective Stormwater Management
The easiest and most cost effective stormwater management has already been happening here in the
metro area, which is rain barrels and rain cisterns. The Polk Soil and Water Conservation District,
has fully indorsed the rain barrels and provides forms to order the rain barrels. They are the easiest
and most cost efficient way for property owners to divert their stormwater runoff.
The ease of Rain Barrels are that the rooftop downspouts are directed to a 55 gallon (usually) barrel
that collects rainwater and stores it until needed for a specific use, such as watering plants. While
Cisterns are normally an underground container or tank with a larger storage capacity than a rain
barrel, and that is used to supplement greywater needs (i.e. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This does make cisterns more expensive, however, these cost would allow the house to use less
water, and would be able to pull in thousands of gallons of water away from the stormwater sewers.
In Chicago in 2009, there were over 2,220 rain barrels/downspout disconnections. This the
calculated would lead to over 8,281,000 gallons of stormwater were diverted from combined system
annually. This means that the city of Chicago was able to use these very simple and inexpensive
stormwater mitigation methods to greatly reduce the amount of stormwater that the city was
producing. Rain barrels and cisterns are a stormwater prevention system that the property owners in
the metro can and already have started to incorporate into their properties.
Green Roofs are primarily installed to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and to protect water
quality. There are two main types of green roofs based on the plant material, extensive or intensive.
Extensive green roofs are characterized by lower weight, lower installation cost, lower plant
diversity, and minimal maintenance. Intensive green roofs are characterized by deeper soil and
greater weight, higher installation costs, increased plant diversity, and greater maintenance,
however, they are accessible to the public and provide green space for activities in an urban setting.
Green roofs provide many benefits for the urban landscape. They help reduce noise that is created in
the cities, filter out air pollutants

Agricultural Runoff From Barnyards
Agricultural runoff is another big factor in water pollution and it is similar to the storm water
process but only with more dangerous pollutants. Agricultural waste runoff from the barnyards finds
its way into the drainage emerging with the water bodies. The runoff from the barnyard being
polluted by the multiple fertilizers used in the crops, pesticides, and livestock waste. Then the
polluted water from the runoff makes contact with the water bodies such as lakes and rivers
polluting them. There are two essential chemicals for the growth of crops and livestock: nitrogen
and phosphorus. However, nitrogen and phosphorous are very dangerous chemicals when they make
contact with water or soil. High concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in

Urban Watershed
oduction Watershed are a very important part of any environment. They collect any water that drains
off the surrounding land and transports it into a larger body of water, such as a lake or stream. In
simpler terms, a watershed is a drainage basin where all water, within its boundaries, collects
(Perlman, 2016). Those boundaries are defined by their elevation. There are many factors that can
change as a result from a shift in an urban watershed. The degradation of a watershed can be
devastating to the surrounding ecosystems or cities through flooding. It is extremely important to
consider what would happen and where the water would go if that watershed was disturbed in any
way. They can also greatly affect the human population, and the cities they inhabit, as well as their
ecosystems. Such disturbances can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Management systems are put in place in order to maintain and protect the watersheds and the
communities that reside in them (Smucker, 2016). One way that was thought to help watersheds was
through community–based watershed management. This not only allows for the public to have a say
on local development, but it also allows for further education on their importance (Rhoads, 1999). A
study done at the Virginia Commonwealth University showed that the people would be more apt to
get involved in the care and preservation of their local water systems if they were educated and
aware of the state of degradation to their watershed (Forsythe et al., 2004). They go on to explain
that people find it hard to care for an environment that they know nothing about (Forsyth et al.,
2004). Working together to reach a common goal of preserving and protecting their local watershed
may give them a sense of community (Platt, 2006). It seems that the majority of studies show that
communities who are educated on the matters of watershed protection feel closer to the issue and are
more likely to

Water Pollution Act ( Clean Water Act )
Iowa has been working for decades to protect and improve water quality; however, more can be
done. Our suggested strategy is to direct efforts to reduce nutrients in surface water from both point
and nonpoint sources in a scientific, reasonable, and cost–effective manner. Our proposal is
prompted by the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Act (Clean Water Act) as well as the 2008 Gulf
Hypoxia Action Plan. Both of these plan's objectives are to restore and maintain the chemical,
physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution
sources and seek to provide assistance to publicly owned water treatment facilities. The 2008 Gulf
Hypoxia Action Plan takes these goals one step further by calling Iowa and other states along the
Mississippi River to develop strategies to reduce nutrient loadings to the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover,
establishing that there needs to be at least a 45% reduction in total nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sediment loads in order for waters to be fishable and swimmable. Our proposal seeks to apply the
guidelines in these bills to the Fourmile Creek watershed in Central Iowa in order to make the
waters in 'our backyard' fishable and swimmable once again.
Floods are a natural part of Fourmile Creek's ecology and have been occurring for thousands of
years. Although floods periodically occur, in recent year's flooding has been extensive and has
affected many people living and working in the watershed. The floods of 2008

Stormwater Contaminants
The road's surface will generate stormwater that will contain contaminants such as hydrocarbons
and heavy metals. The stormwater will be treated and directed into 6 wetlands, where the
contaminants will be diluted and discharged directly into the Marine environment. Although the
contaminants will be diluted, the concentrations of them in the receiving environments will
gradually increase. There is likely to be adverse effects on the affected environments due to the new
source of contaminants. The amount of contaminants has not been evaluated and the effects will be
determined by how effective the treatment of the stormwater is. The contaminants could potentially
result in the loss of some susceptible macroinvertebrates (Boffa Miskell, 2014).

Water Pollution And Its Impacts On Water Body
1.1 Back Ground
Among all natural resource, water is one of the most important to sustain the living planet, earth and
every form of life on its face, including human being. It is an integral part of human's activities
including domestic, agriculture, transport, industry, power generation and recreation. Moreover, the
normal uses of human body depends entirely on adequate quantity and quality of water. But pure
water does not exist by default in its quality due to natural interaction among the earth's subsystems,
especially anthropogenic activity around urban area .
Water pollution is the state of change in the natural physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological
and radiological properties of water that causes in an impairment of its inherent (Susan & Joy 1998)
.Many investigation were carried out by many researchers and organization over past year to assess
the source of pollution and its impacts on water body. Among the source of pollution the major
pollution from Nonpoint source (NPS) was urban runoff and it has been established as a major cause
of receiving water degradation ( VASSILIOS A. TSIHRINTZIS and RIZWAN TSIHRINTZIS ,
1997)) and additionally USEPA stated that urban storm water runoff in the U.S.A. is the fourth most
extensive cause of water quality impairment of rivers, and the third most extensive source of water
quality impairment of lakes regardless of 1988 report to the Congress, (EPAUS, 1999)
Storm water runoff is water that runs off impervious

Effects Of Urban Areas On The Environment Essay
Introduction
We live in a time where most environments on earth have been impacted by anthropogenic
activities. According to Napton et al (2010), "Human activities have become the dominant force
shaping the surface of the earth, increasingly overriding natural changes by altering the topography,
modifying the quality and quantity of surface water and groundwater, reducing biodiversity, and
changing biogeochemical systems" (para. 1). These anthropogenic activities can have detrimental
effects on the environment: mass amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, deforestation,
groundwater pollution and depletion, draining of wetlands, increased stormwater runoff, surface
runoff, and so forth. Anthropogenic activities indeed influence most environments on earth, but it is
still possible to identify healthy, natural characteristics to encourage restoration, remediation, and
mitigation efforts.
Although beneficial in many ways, urban areas can have negative impacts on the environment
because of the spatial concentration of anthropogenic processes, among other things. Indeed, there
are many anthropogenic factors associated with urban areas that could detrimentally impact the local
environment: impervious surfaces, lack of vegetation, rerouting of stormwater runoff, and so forth.
An increase in urban development and anthropogenic activities correlates with a growing global
population. Simply put, as the global population increases, so does the proportion of people in cities
(Davis

Water Is An Important Factor That Affects Sorption
Water is an important factor that affects sorption because when there is excess water or when water
drains through soil from sources at the surface, adsorbed pesticide molecules can become
unattached, or desorbed, and wash away to a new location (Rao, 1999). Just as degradation has a
measure in the half–life of a compound, sorption also has a measure in the partition coefficient
(Koc), which is a ratio of pesticide concentration in a soil bound state versus dissolved in soil–water
(Rao, 1999). In fact, "the solubility of a pesticide and its sorption on soil are inversely related; [in
other words], increased solubility results in less sorption" (Rao, 1999). Both sorption and
degradation are effected by soil type and pH, both of which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Volatilization is a means of major pesticide loss and its rate of loss can often exceeds that of
degradation, runoff, or leaching (van der Werf, 1996). For example, in an Oregon study, soil samples
64km from any agriculture were found to have DDT residues, and in Saskatchewan, Canada, 20% of
2, 4–D iso–octyl ester volatilized in 24 hours (Pimentel, 1995). Once in the atmosphere, pesticide
residues can spread anywhere, even Antarctica (Pimentel, 1995). Large amounts of pesticides and
organic compounds can be transported around the globe in the atmosphere, for example, "in the
atmosphere of the Netherlands, the amounts of
BHC, DDT, and heptachlor were reported to be 4600, 1064, and 190 pg/m 3, respectively"
(Pimentel, 1995).
Topography and Geology Topography and geology affect pesticide movement in as much as
directing or transporting pesticides. Topography is very obvious, for example, if a field is right next
to a river, it is much more likely for runoff to get into the river system, or if a field is in a low area
not very far above the water table, pesticides are very likely to leach into the groundwater. On the
other hand, a field could be high and dry and very far from any river or groundwater, but if it is hilly
that can pose its own problems. As T. Y. Tong and Chen point out, surface runoff is an important
source of non–point pollution (Tong and Chen, 2002). Though it was pointed out by van der Werf
that volatilization is the biggest source of

Duck Creek Watershed Essay
Background (1 ¶): What is the Duck Creek Watershed? What problems is it facing? What is being
done so far to remedy these problems? Who is working on this problem?
The Duck Creek watershed in Scott County, IA is currently facing high levels of Escherichia coli (E.
coli) bacteria contamination. This pollution has put the watershed on the impaired waters list for the
state of Iowa. The impaired waters list is a comprehensive list of every waterway in a state that has a
contamination problem according to EPA regulations (insert source for impaired waters explanation
& EPA regulations). Much of the pollution that can be found in the Duck Creek watershed is coming
from nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Nonpoint source pollution significantly contributes to the
deterioration of water quality due to the difficulty in identifying, assessing and controlling the
sources of this type of pollution (citation Wang). This pollution is caused by runoff moving over the
land. It picks up and carries away natural and human–made pollutants, finally depositing them into
lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands and even our underground sources of drinking water (citation
SCSWCD). Examples of nonpoint sources in the watershed could include failing septic systems,
livestock access to streams, pastures full of manure, fertilizers applied to crops, miscellaneous urban
sources such as gasoline or oil, pet waste, and wildlife (citation SCSWCD). Another source of NPS
pollution is that conventional urban storm

Is Leaching Hydrocarbons If It's Not Bituminous Asphalt?
As populations increase worldwide, the shift from rural communities into city centers has presented
a new set of problems to the environment. Originally, I hypothesized that bituminous asphalt was
the main contributor to the pollution of urban water, but I realised that asphalt isn't what's leaching
hydrocarbons. So my initial research questions are: What is leaching hydrocarbons if it's not
bituminous asphalt? In addition, what other elements contribute to watershed degradation and
pollution? Are there any solutions to urbanization's problems? Bituminous asphalt and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) The most widespread medium used for pavement is asphalt. Hot mix
asphalt's most important component is the binder agent, bitumen, which is a byproduct of processing
crude petroleum and binds the different aggregates together. However, not all asphalt is created
equally; there are major chemical differences between virgin and reclaimed asphalt pavement. For
instance, virgin asphalt only consists of aggregates and the binder agent. On the other hand,
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is riddled with pollutants that had accumulated on the surface
before it was reused. In addition, sometimes certain rejuvenating agents, that are meant to add
viscosity and restore the binder compounds that are leached over time, are added. Samples that
reflected realistic conditions were compared to laboratory made samples of virgin and reclaimed
asphalt pavement. The realistic samples

Municipal Mechanisms For Stormwater Management
Municipal Mechanisms for Stormwater Management:
How Vermont Towns can better manage stormwater runoff for development that falls below
statewide regulatory thresholds.
Photo from http://www.crwc.org/programs/stormwater–ed/
Joshua Benes
Final Term Paper
John Adams
Land Use Policy and Economics
December 2, 2014
Introduction
Stormwater is an issue not only in urban areas nearby waterways, but also in rural regions. Within
rural communities of Vermont, stormwater management is usually not considered because many fear
it may deter development. Excessive regulations are believed to cause undue harm on the economy,
property rights, and town development. However, failure to act on managing stormwater can pose
even more threatening consequences. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When stormwater carries pollution into aquatic ecosystems it continues to place additional stresses
on them. Communities will bear the burden of paying for the cumulative "interest" through treating
the problem after these systems deteriorate. States are required by the Clean Water Act to clean up
polluted waterways, and that money will come from taxpayers if action is not taken any sooner.
In addition, water pollution harms the state's economy by impairing recreation and tourism of Lake
Champlain. The Lake Champlain Basin Program (2004) estimated in a study that 2.7 billion dollars
was put into Vermont's economy through tourism related to Lake
Champlain between 1998 and 1999. Stormwater runoff has the potential to reduce the quantity of
fish, cause beach closings due to algae blooms, and decrease water quality. All of these
consequences will hinder Vermont's economy.
It is in the interest of all of Vermont's municipalities to strengthen their regulations on stormwater
within Vermont to ensure community resilience, strong ecosystems, and a vibrant economy. The
state of Vermont has created regulations of its own, mostly pertaining to large projects, leaving
municipalities the option to regulate projects beneath this threshold. Many of these small
developments end up having a substantial cumulative impact on stormwater within the state. It is the
responsibility of Vermont towns to take action on stormwater for the interest of the future of their

Drake College Campus Environment
Drake's campus is located on a 150–acre property in Polk County and is approximately 5 miles from
the center of Des Moines, Iowa. The campus has 84 buildings, 35 associated parking lots and is
interspersed with sidewalks, multiple green spaces and commons that are consistently maintained by
the grounds team. The campus has impermeable and permeable surfaces as Table 1 demonstrates.
Drake currently has two new buildings under construction that will further increase the number of
impermeable surfaces on campus, and it is expected the number of impermeable surfaces will
continue to grow as the campus grows. Topographically, the campus is slightly sloped, with the
north end of campus at a lower elevation than the south. Often during large or sustained
precipitation events runoff tends to pool near the campus's reflecting pool, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Natural habitat is limited on campus to a small tallgrass prairie plot that was established in the mid–
2000s. That area is used as a teaching space for many environmental science classes and is
maintained through yearly burnings. Otherwise, the campus commons are dominated by lawn
grasses that receive routine mowing and aeration. The campus has the most concentrated greenspace
in the surrounding neighborhood, which is dominated my roads, residential and commercial areas
that are principally impermeable. Thus, the precipitations that does fall on the green spaces of
campus percolates into the ground or runoffs into either a Drake or city of Des Moines owned
drainage pipe. Moreover, precipitation that falls onto one of the campus's roofs or parking lots
typically flows directly into drainage pipes. Some of these drainage pipes flow directly into a ravine
that has a stream. The stream is approximately two blocks north of the campus behind the Tennis
Center Field between 27th and 24th Street and eventually joins with the Des Moines

Global Urbanization Of China And The 21st Century
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Global urbanization background 1
China urbanization background 1
Urbanization Issues 2
Literature review 2
Challenges of urbanisation in China 2
Diffuse pollution 2
Sustainable drainage systems 3
Sponge city: 4
Methodology 6
Routes 6
Discussion 7
Conclusions 7
Introduction
Global urbanization background
Urbanisation of the planet is the most concrete phenomenon of the changes in global human
settlements patterns. The increase of migration flows in the time of globalisation in the 20th and 21st
century helps us to understand the dynamics of urbanisation (Zhang, 2015). The movement of
people from rural areas to cities is so widespread and having tremendous impacts on the way we live
and work. From the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China urbanization background
In the past decades, China has observed rapid urbanization, the nation 's urban population reached
50% in 2000, and is still in steady increase (Xu, 2015). Urbanization has an adverse impact on the
urban hydrological processes, such as accelerating runoff flow velocity and enlarging peak flow (Li
and Wang, 2009; Weng, 2001), thus increasing the urban flood risks. In the rapidly urbanized China
cities, the increase of urban flood risks is obvious, and caused serious urban flood losses. Beside, as
urban flooding causes sewer water over flow, flushes pollutant sand foul water to public area, it also
causes health risks for the people who live there, such as causing epidemic disease breakout,
polluting drinking water and damaging the living environment (Chen, 2014).

Urbanization Issues
Urbanisation has led to degradation of environmental quality especially the quality of water, air and
noise. The domestic waste, industrial effluents and other waste that were dumped directly to the
river have affected the water quality (Zhang, 2015). The environmental impacts of urban expansion
reach far beyond urban areas themselves. In rapidly urbanising areas, agriculture intensifies on
remaining undeveloped land and is likely to expand to new areas, putting pressure on land
resources. Furthermore, urban areas change precipitation patterns at scales of hundreds of square

Comparing Floods.
Compare Floods in LEDC and MEDC I am going to discuss two case studies regarding floods. One
of my case studies is of Cocker mouth, this is a town in England exposed to floods this is my case
study of an MEDC. My other case study is the LEDC in which I talk about Bangladesh. Cocker
mouth is situated in the Lake District in England. England is an MEDC and this area experienced
vast ranges of flooding during late November. The town lies among the confluence of two rivers that
leave it prone to flooding. The two rivers are the Derwent and Cocker. 320mm of rainfall fell in
under 24 hours and this was a predicted fall which took the town by surprise. The River Cocker
burst its banks after a 2.5 metre rise in the river water level; this was a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main economic problem in Carlisle was that the shops and local businesses on the area had to
shut down as they had to evacuate, in Bangladesh many areas would have become redundant with
major business corporations such as TNCs having to be shut down as many factories were
destroyed. The main environmental problem in Carlisle was that the sewage overflowed therefore
the streets would have been effected and the surrounding area also, in Bangladesh the Rivers
became poisoned by sewage and majority of water supplies in the area became undrinkable. In
conclusion Carlisle in an MEDC had a less severe flood and because of its more affluent built up
area people were affected in less of a tragic manner. Bangladesh LEDC was affected more and the
and the outcome was more disastrous. In conclusion, it is apparent that both the MEDC and the
LEDC experienced a variety of impacts producing a multiple chain of cost however impact severity
was clearly more drastic in the case Bangladesh as it is an LEDC and its emergency plans and
general infrastructure is less developed compared to England

Effects of Agriculture on the Environment Essay
Effects of Agriculture on the Environment
Introduction: Agriculture has changed dramatically, especially since the end of World War II. Food
and fibre productivity rose due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use,
specialization and government policies that favoured maximizing production. These changes
allowed fewer farmers with reduced labour demands to produce the majority of the food and fibre.
Humans, like all other species, exploit their surroundings for the resources they need to survive. Our
current exploitation of the world, however, is greater than those of most species. There are many
reasons for this exploitation but we will focus on one and that is our technology, which is used for
various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It takes up to three hundred years for one inch of agricultural topsoil to form so soil that is lost is
essentially irreplaceable. The consequences for long–term crop yields have not been sufficiently
measured. The amount of erosion varies from one field to another. This depends on the type of soil,
the slope of the field, the drainage patterns and the crop management practices. The effects of the
erosion vary also. The areas that are better able to sustain erosion without loss of productivity are
areas with deep organic loams. This is more sustainable than the areas where topsoil's are shallower.
Erosion removes the surface soils, containing most of the organic matter, plant nutrients, and fine
soil particles, which help to retain water and nutrients in the root zone where they are available to
plants. Thus it affects the productivity of plants. The remaining, the subsoil, tends to be less fertile,
less absorbent and less able to retain pesticides, fertilizers, and other plant nutrients. There are over
17,000 soil types recognized worldwide. They vary widely in structure, erodibility, fertility, and
ability to produce crops. A generalized soil profile for a humid, temperate climate is showed. When
the natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture, soils become exposed to erosion and loss of soil
fertility. The removal of the above–ground natural

America 's Impact On The Planet Essay
As a species that continues to evolve and expand on this planet, humans have made many lasting
impacts to their home. Some of these changes often go generally unnoticed, such as the shift in
popular music, or fashion trends. Even transitions from job to job, or relocating to a new city seem
to weigh lightly on the general public. However, unbeknownst to us, we as a species have a far
greater impact on this planet than we would like to admit. Throughout our day–to–day lives we tend
to unknowingly impact and mold or future. It can be something as simple as forgetting to recycle
that jug of milk, or neglecting to clean up a spill after a self–done oil change. Even the foods we eat
and the way we manufacture them have a lasting effect on the planet. Perhaps one of the more
noticeable ways we as a society affect the Earth though is how we build upon it. With much of the
global population centralized in urban areas, and there continued growth. It is interesting to observe
the way in which this urbanized land reacts to human interference. One of the more interesting
aspects of urbanization is the use and management of water. With the continued expansion of cities,
and the modification of the land in which these concrete jungles cover, changes to land are
inevitable. In his book "Urban Storm Water Management," Hormoz Pazwash briefly summarizes
some of the impacts urbanization has to land, and water quality stating. "Urban development alters
the natural process of storm water runoff.

Causes Of Water Pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of bodies of water when waste is discharged into them. Any
change in the physical, chemical and biological parts of water that will have a harmful effect on
living things, is considered water pollution. People have contributed to the problem in numerous
ways. To start off, we cause many types of runoff. The first type we cause is industrial runoff. When
factories, agricultural centers, and construction sites produce toxic materials, or use them in
manufacturing, those materials are often exposed to rain water. As it rains in these areas, the
chemicals are then washed from these sites and into the soil, or into nearby streams, lakes, or ponds.
Along with industrial runoff, humans produce agricultural runoff. Farms that don't dispose properly
of animal waste often contribute to the buildup of ammonia and nitrates in local water sources, as
well as the potential for illness to spread through animal feces. Next, we cause construction runoff.
Construction sites make use of harsh chemicals as well as metals that can cause too much of certain
minerals to build up in the water supply. Finally, we cause chemical runoff. Frequent use of
chemicals to treat your lawn for pests or to encourage grass to grow may seep into the soil in your
yard and spread to groundwater sources. Even if you avoid these types of chemicals, you still might
be contributing to this problem with the chemicals you use to wash your home or car. Disposing
incorrectly of detergents, soaps, and cleaners by dumping them out in your yard can also cause a
similar runoff issue. Also, humans contribute to the problem because we dump garbage in the
woods, near streams, or in ditches, which quickly causes pollution in both groundwater and surface
water. Landfills are also a major part in water pollution. Landfills that aren't up to modern–day
standards let garbage sit for a long time and allow it to seep into the ground around it. This can lead
to runoff, groundwater pollution, and even surface water pollution if the dump is located too close to
sources of surface water. In some instances, wind and heavy rain may even wash pieces of garbage
into water supplies from large landfills. China is the country that creates the

A Comparison Between Current And Newly Emerging Essay
1
Storm water treatment systems:
A comparison between current and newly emerging
techniques.
Sahithi Donepudi
2
Contents Abstract??????????????????????????????????????????????????..3
Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????.3
Literature Review?????????????????????????????????????????????.4
CURRENT TECHNIQUES FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT?????????????????????5
Dry Ponds?????????????????????????????????????????????????..5
Wet Ponds?????????????????????????????????????????????????.5
Infiltration Basin??????????????????????????????????????????????6
Necessity of new emerging techniques???..?????????????????????????????.7
New treatment technologies??????????????????????????????????????..7
Jellyfish Filter???????????????????????????????????????????????..7
How the Jellyfish Filter Treats Storm water
............................................................................................... 7

Jellyfish Filter Performance Testing Results
............................................................................................... 8
Jellyfish Filter Features and Benefits

Where Does San Jose California Get Its Water? Essay
Where does San Jose, California get its Water?
Introduction
The Earth is a huge planet this is covered by 70 percent water. Astonishingly from this 70 percent
the human population can only use 1 percent of the world's water the rest of it is salt water, frozen,
or in some way unattainable (Santa Clara Valley Water District, 2016). Humans have found many
different ways to obtain this 1 percent of fresh water they need, but the techniques vary depending
on location. In San Jose, California we obtain our water from 3 major sources: groundwater,
imported surface water, and local mountain surface water. These 3 sources contribute different
amounts of water to the San Jose community. Imported surface water composes about 50 percent of
our water supply, while ground water composes roughly 40 percent, and local mountain surface
water composes approximately 10 percent (Santa Jose Water Company, 2016). However, these
percentages can change due to factors such as weather and global warming.
Groundwater
Groundwater is water that seeps through the ground and gets stored in aquifers. The supply of
groundwater is always changing because it is constantly used and replenished. The groundwater
supply replenishes and grows due to rain and snow melt and can decrease due to things like
droughts and heavy usage. Depending on the type of surface of the ground as much as 20 percent of
the rain and snow melt can seep into the ground or as little as 5 percent (Raymond, 1988). Areas
where as much as

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