African American Slave Culture

African American Slave Culture
Anthropology findings continue to educate people on how human beings before our time used to live and run their societies in the past. While
searching online for an article, I was able to find a recent anthropology related article on slave findings at the Magnolia Plantation in Louisiana. The
name of the article that I found was called Slave Culture Research Showcased at New Smithsonian Museum written by Katelyn Kenny. This article
interested me the most because I am very interested in African American culture and thehistory of African Americans and how they were treated as
slaves, which is why I choose to write about this particular article for my extra credit assignment. The article states "artifacts discovered during an
excavation at the Magnolia Plantation in Louisiana at Washington D.C.'s Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture".
These archeological findings were found by Kenneth Brown and some of his students by digging on the plantation, which would be considered an
field site in archeological terms. During their search, Professor Brown and his students were able to find materials such as artifacts as well as cabins
that former slaves once lived in. They were able to identify the type of people who lived in these particular cabins based on the materials that were left
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The article also states where these slaves would place their cemeteries and how much they attempted to hold on to their culture, while it was constantly
trying to be wiped away from them. In the findings we can understand the social status of slaves in America and their relationship with plantation
owners. It is also important to anthropology because it points out how slave communities were set up during these oppressive
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Importance Of Time, Context And Material
ARC1 Supervision (Monday, 20 October)
Daniel Orvomaa
Discuss the importance of time, context and material culture in archaeology. Which of these three, based on your analysis of their use in archaeology,
is most important to the distinctiveness of archaeology as an anthropological discipline?
Introduction
If we were to imagine all the humanities, and especially the anthropological disciplines at the centre of them, together with the natural sciences trying to
form some sort of grand narrative – a full picture of humanity that would include answers to all the thousands of questions we ask about our origins and
history, our societies, our place in the universe, politics, economics etc. – then we would definitely see archaeology contributing in some manner.
Gosden (2009) examines this concept as expressed by Whallon: " 'we ultimately may see the development of a systematic and rigorous understanding,
on both short–term and long–term timescales, of human cultural organization and evolution' (Whallon 1982: 1)". He then rejects this view when he
says: "The second justification for looking at the relationship between archaeology and anthropology is that they are part of the same endeavour. This
is not to say that archaeology and anthropology are part of a grand generalising discipline of anthropology which can make statements about all of
human life, past and present, as was said by the new archaeologists." (Gosden, 2009) He does, however, admit that the disciplines are on a

Linguistic Anthropology: American Sign Language
Evolution is "the idea that species change over time and have a common ancestry"(Parks, 2014). According to Charles Darwin theory of evolution,
"is that all species came from one single source and over time, we have adapted to our environment for survival during the history of the Earth." It's
a fact that since human kind entered the world, up until this day we have evolved to suit a different kind of world. As to say we went from a
simple kind of form and progressed into a more complex form in other words, we are still evolving to this day. "The idea that biological species,
including humans, have changed over time and have given rise to other species can be traced all the way back to the ancient Greek philosophers. Our
present–day understanding... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the biggest factor is that both study evolution just like the other subfields and are quite similar. Language connects with our biological aspect
and nature. Culture has much to do with both as well. Physical anthropology study human evolution just like forensics do, which is a subfield within
linguistics. How they differ from each other is simple. Physical anthropologist has much more to do with our biological aspect; how we are male,
female and so forth. It's into how we became humans and how we learned to adapt to our every changing environment. Linguistic has more to do with
language and how our language differ from one another also the connection it has with our

Analysis Of Using An Anthropological Perspective
According to Merriam–Webster, sociology is defined as, "the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships." While sociology offers a
perspective usually about the United States, anthropology offers a new perspective. According to Merriam–Webster, anthropology is defined as, "the
study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture."
Anthropology holds a comparative analysis component in study that sociology lacks. It is the comparative analysis component that makes anthropology
an important lens to use when looking at human reproduction. Human reproduction is not a universal event, it varies from person to person, culture to
culture. Using anthropology as a lens for the study of human reproduction allows people to understand a biological process in a social context
comparatively. Understanding the past, helps people make advancements and modifications for the future. An anthropological perspective would
suggest that "understanding something about our historical and evolutionary past can help us understand several contemporary health issues, including
childbirth" (Trevathan 1996, 287). Using this lens to look at human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using an anthropological lens to examine human reproduction is useful for both those who are scholars and those who are not. Understanding another
culture's way of childbirth, may make someone appreciative of the support available in the United States. It may make someone in another country like
Central Brazil appreciate that they do not have as medicalized of a childbirth process. Trevthan, Jordan, and Han all argue that anthropology is a useful
lens to use when examining human reproduction. Comparing a biological process, human reproduction and childbirth, in a social context creates a
greater understanding of human

Historical Transformation in American Anthropology
The main purpose of Fox's work appears to be trace the historical development of what he refers to as "historical transformation" in American
Anthropology. Fox argues that this method differs from the comparative method used by nineteenth–century evolutionists to study anthropology. The
"historical transformation" method used by American anthropologists instead focuses on the histories of cultures in terms of their development from
earlier times. In other words, the study focuses on how historical events interact with existing cultural structures to lead to a variety of outcomes for the
culture being studied. In other words, the author, and indeed American anthropologists, is concerned with the dynamic process involved in the
development of cultures rather than comparing cultures in a supposedly static way, which is the aim of the comparative method. Fox supports his point
with a study of the way in which the historical transformation method has developed in American anthropology. He starts his discussion with Franz
Boas and his critique of the comparative method. The main argument in this critique is that there is a basic flaw in the assumption that comparable
cultural phenomena existing in the present must have a common historical origin. According to Boaz, this assumption is proven incorrect by empirical
study. Fox bases his argument upon similar findings, one of which found that comparable totemic clans do not have a common origin; some of them
originated from a

Anthropology and Gender Essay
Though women have played an integral part in the history of the discipline of anthropology, it was not until the early 1970's that the field of
anthropology and gender, or feminist anthropology emerged. Sex and gender roles have always been a vital part of any ethnographic study, but the
contributors of this theory began to address the androcentric nature of anthropology itself. The substantial gap in information concerning the study of
women was perceived as a male bias, a prejudice made more apparent because what little women–centered fieldwork was done received insufficient
attention from the academic community. While anthropology was considered one of the more egalitarian fields of study, it was dominated by white,
Western males who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of Slocum's contemporaries, Eleanor Leacock (1922–1987) chose to differently analyze gender research, focusing on distinctions in power as it
relates to society, the economy, and politics (2011: 397). She concentrated on North American natives and aboriginal Australians and their changing
gender roles as the result of Western influence. Another feminist trend gave emphasis to gender identities, analyzing the ways in which race, class and
gender converge. David Valentine, born in 1966, illustrates such an emphasis in his work which concerns the cross–cultural variations on the
westernized concepts of gender identity and sexuality, by which we categorize sexual desire (2011:398). As evidenced by the variety of emphases
within the theory, feminist anthropologists were fully committed to assessing all previously ignored facets of the subjugated female within numerous
cultures worldwide.
Several decades ago the idea of women as subordinate was considered to be a universality by the aforementioned white, Western male anthropologists
who lead the field. Despite an anthropologist's endeavor to be unbiased, the fact is these traditional anthropologists came from a culture where many
aspects of human life were male dominant. Though many studied

American Dream Vs Urban Anthropology
I interviewed my older brother, Brandon Mathura. As a 21 year old, he is new to the "real world." Similarly to my previous interviewee, Brandon
was born into the American Dream. Overall, his definition of the American Dream is having a lot of success and having opportunities. However, he
believes that you can receive similar opportunities in other parts of the world. According to Brandon, the American Dream "is a standard in society."
In his American Dream, he is willing to work hard in order to become successful, retire and live down South or live in the city. His experiences such
as working and taking an urban anthropology class has shaped his views on society and the American Dream. Brandon believes that he is slowly
transitioning into a rugged individual. Something that stood out to me the most was how his thinking changed over time and his connection to
anthropology. His point about "achieving the American Dream elsewhere such as the United Kingdom," pushed me to think beyond the American
Dream. Bri: What have you been taught about the American Dream by mom and dad? When you were younger. Brandon: Well for one , I don't know
if my view of the American Dream.. The change that I had to deal with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well right now I am studying about what had happened in Harlem. I guess the definition of poverty for me... before it was just about being poor,
but as I started to indulge myself into the actual subject I started to realize that poverty is not just about being poor. I think that more or less, it is
more of the culture of poverty that we focus on rather than the actual definition. And I think poverty to me is not just being poor, but it's living in a
condition that is not middle class or being below middle class, not holding a "white collared job." In some places you can argue that minimum wage is
a form of

Holism In The Anthropology 303 Class
During my time in the Anthropology 303 class, I have been exposed to many different ideas, theories, and concepts that shaped the academic
discipline of anthropology into the version we see today. Prior to this class, I did not recognized most of the theorists from any of my previous
anthropology classes. However, I wanted to learn the reason why these theorists are considered important to the development of anthropology.
When I started my sophomore year in community college, I decided to switch my major from history to anthropology. One of the main ideas I have
learned when I started taking my anthropology classes is the idea of holism. Holism is the idea that one must study the whole of something in order to
better understand the individual parts that make it up. The holistic approach is in important in anthropology because anthropologists study human
cultures and societies by examine all aspects of humanity. An example of holism in anthropology is Franz Boas' four–field approach of American
anthropology which divided the academic discipline into four sub–fields of physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology and
archaeology. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft class, I learned about Edward Tylor's interpretation of religion by using the evolutionary
approach of unilineal evolution. Tylor used his theory of unilineal evolution to explain that all religions had a belief in spiritual beings but that the
religions of "civilized" peoples included beliefs in gods and souls, whereas the religions of "primitive" peoples focused on the belief in spirits and
ghosts. This idea is known in anthropology as

The Anthropology Of Welfare And Social Protection
During my current position as a Teaching Associate (and Affiliated Lecturer) I wrote and delivered the core second
–year course of eight lectures, and
facilitated eight MPhil seminars, in Economic Anthropology. I also wrote and delivered two lectures concerning the anthropology of welfare and
social protection, supervised over forty students for the papers SAN1, SAN2, S5 and SAN8, and supervised an undergraduate dissertation. My
effectiveness as a lecturer is attested by a quantitative evaluation, in which I received 88% for how interesting the material was, and 90% for how
clearly this material was presented. One part IIA student provided the following in their feedback form at the end of the SAN2 economic anthropology
lecture course: "My favourite lectures of the year. I thought I didn't like economic anthropology because I didn't understand it. These lectures clearly
explained concepts with a diverse range of ethnographies. I am now doing my dissertation in economic anthropology! Thank you!". This quote
encapsulates my approach to lecturing in which I clearly explain theoretical approaches using ethnographic examples. In some lectures I aim to provide
a coherent overview of a particular topic, while in others I explicate particular concepts and theories using a more circumscribed set of literature. Aside
from teaching economic anthropology and supervising students, I would also welcome the opportunity to teach research methods. I recently
co–facilitated a five–day

The Origns of The Species by Charles Darwin Essay
The Merriam–Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines cultural anthropology as the anthropology that deals with "human culture [especially] with respect
to social structure, language, law, politics, religion, magic, art, and technology" (1998:282). Anthropology, when broken down, simply means the study
of man (anthropos: man and ology: study). The word culture comes from the Latin word "colere," which means to cultivate, or to worship. When you
understand the meaning of the word, it provides you with a better understanding of what the word represents. Culture is something people create and
then "worship" as a way to feel like a part of something. Cultural anthropology aims to study cultures and how they came to form.
WHAT IS CULTURE AND WHERE... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because many anthropologists at the time were also religious, degradation theory fit well because it coincided with the Bible and the story of the
Tower of Babel.
Anthropologists also liked to use phrenology, which was "the study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental
faculties and character" (Merriam–Webster 1998:876), as one of the "scientific methods" to support racism. An anthropologist would use phrenology to
say that certain groups of people were, because of the shape of their head, primitive and lacking intelligence. Surprisingly, phrenology is still used
today. In a study published at the University of California, Riverside, researchers "identified leaders' facial structure as a specific physical trait that
correlates with organizational performance" (Haselhuhn, Ormiston, and Wong 2011). Whether it is a nineteenth century anthropologist or a group of
researchers at the University of California in 2011, it is still phrenology. Anthropologists credit Lewis Henry Morgan as being the founder of American
cultural anthropology or more broadly as the father of "American anthropology." Many anthropologists at the time were known as "arm chair"
academics, meaning that they studied anthropology from a distance while sitting in chairs, reading, and thinking; Morgan was not an "arm chair"
anthropologist; He went out into the field to learn

Compare And Contrast The Four Careers In Anthropology
Archaeologists are those who study past human cultures and behaviors. They examine material remains of previous human societies, which include
human fossils, food remains, ruins, and also things like tools, pottery, and jewelry. Archaeologists try to reconstruct the past from their studies.
Anthropology is the comparative study of human societies and cultures and their development. Anthropology looks for the basis of behavior that applies
to the entire populace. There are four primary fields of anthropology which are biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology,
and archaeology. Archaeologists are anthropologists who specialize in ancient societies. The evidence found in archaeology is used to understand past
human culture. Archaeologists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can be found in almost any work environment or setting. There are ten main fields of anthropological study. These fields include Sociocultural
anthropology , archaeology, physical anthropology , linguistic anthropology , medial anthropology, forensic anthropology, business anthropology,
visual anthropology, environmental anthropology, and museum anthropology. A degree in anthropology opens the door for excellent jobs in many
different career paths. Many applicants for positions in archaeology have a masters degree. Bachelor's degrees are required for entry level positions
such as field assistants and surveyors. A graduate degree is required for upper level positions for museums and archaeology firms. A PhD is s
typically required for teaching. Just having a master's degree in Anthropology is rare because most programs require students to pursue a doctorate
while completing coursework for their master's degree. Most anthropology fields require a graduate degree. Careers in anthropology can range from
opportunities in human rights advocacy or social services to opportunities in criminal justice or historic

Contributions Of Pierre Boourdieu
The contributions of Pierre Bourdieu to anthropology:
Pierre Bourdieu made many contributions to the field of anthropology over the course of his academic career. His contributions have shaped the
anthropological landscape in the analysis of the maintence of societal structures. Bourdieu's theoretical approaches of 'practice theory', 'habitus' and
'cultural capital' play a central role in his continuing influence in the field of anthropology. Bourdieu's 'practice theory' is one of his most influential
overarching comments on made on the maintainence of a particular society. Created as an answer to a critique he made on social sciences it is a new
frame work to explain the dialectical relationship between individuals with different ideas and behaviours which create the overall structure of society
(reference). Bourdieu uses the internalisations of the theories of 'habitus' and 'cultural capital' to further explain why the use of practice theory is a
good anthropological method of inquirery when exmining other societies, these theories will be discussed below.The fore mentioned theories
culminate into the theory of practice to create the invidual person who inhabits a particular societal space. For example the essay will draw on one of
Bourdieu's most famous ethnographic pieces of writing surrounding Kabyle peoples of the Berbers. Bourdieu produced a chapter entitled 'The Kabyle
House or the World Reversed' (1979). This chapter discussed the inticate layout of the

Culture and Race Essay
Culture and Race Anthropologists have always had their discrepancies with the word culture and its background significance. There have been
numerous definitions that have filtered through the field, yet not one that everyone can accept or agree with. Franz Boas, an anthropologist in the early
20th Century, and his students, had a difficult time figuring out the objective of what culture is. Culture is about learning and shared ideas about
behaviour. Although Boas and his students had a slightly different idea in mind. They ultimately reached a conclusion, a definition of culture in their
view that is a contradiction in terms. Boas sates that, " culture was expressed through the medium of language but was not reducible to it;... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
143). She illustrates how essential culture is to anthropology and how anthropology helps to balance culture, as well as its ties with race. She considers
culture and race as opposites. "Culture is learned and can change," (Abu–Lughod, p. 144), and race is something inborn. Although she can only depict
and explain the concept of culture, and how it has become necessary and not the reasons behind it. Lila Abu–Lughod also writes about feminism in
regard to culture. " It has been important for most feminists to locate sex differences in culture, not biology or nature," (Abu–Lughod, p. 144). There
have been many cultural differences between women and men, " a different voice" perhaps from Anglo–American feminist Gilligan and her followers,
(Abu–Lughod, p. 145), as well as an explanation of the differences, " whether through a socially informed psychoanalytic theory, a Marxist–derived
theory of the effects of the division of labour and women's role in social reproduction, an analysis of maternal practice or even a theory of sexual
exploitation," (Abu–Lughod, p. 145). With that there has been an increasingly large demand for more women oriented culture, a place where they can
express themselves and learn about their gender culture, and not that of men. "That is to say, if women share something in common, it is not the result
of a universal bodily maturational process but of mutually experienced interpolations of race, class, and sexual

Modern American Anthropology By Franz Boas
Known as the founder of modern American anthropology, Franz Boaz who was originally born in Germany developed and furthered his understanding
of anthropology in America through his journey from Arctic Canada to the northwestern part of America in the early 1880s. His ethnographic study
was aimed at understanding the life the Eskimo community. Boas talks about how the Eskimo community lived in ways they only knew about from
their ancestors even in the most challenging times despite the conditions of their environment. He was trying to reveal the concept of how people were
not tied down to the environment they lived in as the misconception follows rather the culture that influences the way they go by their life. This
concept was conceived by a question he asked at the beginning of the film which was "What determines the behavior of human beings?" which
therefore can be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He further explains that human behavior is not dependant on racial characteristics nor is it a factor. As a scientist, his vision was that derived from
reasoning and that this was a self–conscious characteristic that should be over–looked since it gives no scientific value. The second film we watched
regarded a social anthropologist by the name of Sir Edward Evans–Pritchard who was English and taught at the University of Oxford. As a man who
wanted to translate the thought behind culture as we have described before in Boas, both anthropologists conducted observation and participant
methodology of field work to get the best and most intimate understanding of the people they were studying. I believe this was the best way to know
and understand the culture since this does really apply to the view of Boas in terms of Cultural

Native American Anthropology Research Paper
Archaeologists destroy the sites they excavate. This has been one of the major criticisms that has been lobbed at archaeologists for years. When
archaeologists excavate a site, the common practice of digging and removing artifacts is sometimes frowned upon by the communities in the
surrounding area. In the 1800's people's views of indigenous communities where reprehensible to say the lest "American Indians were held to be
inferior to civilized men in order to rationalize the seizure of Indian lands, and that eventually, racial myths grew to supplant any other myths about
Indians as a justification for waging war on Indians and violating their treaties." (Watkins 2000: 6) This trend continued into the 1900's, but the
degradation that indigenous and to some extant non–indigenous communities have experienced is still present to this day, but it is not as prevalent as
it was in the past. The things that were decimated where Indigenous graves, sacred places, and cultural materials. The practice of looting grave goods
has been a problem since Europeans first came to the Americas "The looting of the Native American past began with the very earliest European
presence in North America, starting earlier than many would think."... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Randall H. McGuire asked the question in his paper Archaeology and the First Americas, "Why are scholars (archaeologists, historians, and
anthropologists) the stewards of Indian pasts." (McGuire 1992: 817) There is no good answer, to answer one would have to look at the relationships
between white and Indigenous communities, which in itself is a difficult. Indigenous communities have been given the short end of the stick in the
past, but that has begun to change in

Applied Anthropology Vs. American Anthropological Association
People taking anthropology may be under the impression that it is the mere study of humans despite knowing that it is a universal and holistic field
that can be applied in many different ways. Two types of anthropology identified by the American Anthropological Association are applied and
academic anthropology and while both are similar by working together to answer questions about humankind, they differ in their methods of
anthropology.
Both applied and academic anthropology are similar because they are fields that analyze, interpret and connect with their collected information. Their
research is based on answering questions such as: "Why is this culture this way?" and "How does this issue affect others?" In fact, these questions
allow for both dimensions of anthropology to work together. For instance, applied anthropology can be practiced academically by teaching others and
sharing knowledge about some field work experienced first–hand in another country. In addition, academic anthropology can be applied by addressing a
studied issue in the community and interviewing people affected by it to find solutions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It involves first–hand experience to understand real life issues that leads to effective change. In an interview from "Doing Anthropology,"
anthropologist Heather Paxson talks about her study of the culture of artisan cheese making in America. She engages in every day practices including
sterilizing milk cans and processing cheese so that she can anthropologically analyze that cheese making is not just a simple or useless task, but a part
of that society's culture and way of living. Therefore, with the knowledge that applied anthropologists collect from ethnographic research they are able
to ask more informed questions and handle an issue directly if

The Importance Of Kinship In Cultural Anthropology
Kingsborough Community College
Importance of Kinship in cultural anthropology
Student: Amulang Mantsynov
Professor: Igor Pashkovskiy
Kinship has traditionally been one of the key topics in social and cultural anthropology. There are two primary reasons for this. First, although not all
communities are constituted on the basis of kinship, all humans have a kinship as individuals and are related to other individuals through it. Second, for
the sorts of "tribal," classless, economically unspecialized societies that anthropologists have mostly – though no longer exclusively – studied, kinship
has appeared to be the main or even sole form of social organization. These observations led various theoretical approaches, especially the schools of
functionalism and structuralism within social anthropology, to focusing on how social groups are formed. They got interested in studying of how
individuals are related to one another through kinship, and what kinds of mutual rights and duties they have as a result. (R. Parkin. Kinship)
Parkin (2012) also points out that unlike the functionalists and structuralists, cultural anthropologists, elected to focus more greatly on the symbolic
rather than socio–practical aspects of kinship. They are interested in the meanings attached to being a particular sort of relative. They also study how
symbols of and perspectives on an individual, the body, and gender tell kinship ideas and practices. In broad terms, a study of kingship from the
symbolic standpoint has prevailed in America since the beginning of the twentieth century and periodically has been reinvented and by the 1970s
become more influential in world anthropology, especially in its poststructuralist phase. The field of study of a kinship can be divided into three major
categories: descent (that is, relations between generations); affinity (marriage); and siblingship. However, the siblingship hasn't been studied as widely
as the first two categories. (R. Parkin. Kinship).
By the definition provided in the New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, kinship is "a relation between two or more persons that is based on common
ancestry (descent) or marriage (affinity)." In his work

In Quest Of A Political-Economic Critical Anthropology.
In Quest of a Political–Economic Critical Anthropology
Many social scientists questioned the world systems and its histories because of observing the world uneven development, unequal powers,
inequalities, hierarchies, wars, and poverty. The world systems produce and reproduce the injustice and social inequalities. Jeff Maskovsky and Ida
Susser, in their chapter "A CriticalAnthropology for the Present" in After the Crisis (2016), argued that we need to understand the history of political
economy in order to understand how neoliberalism operates in the present time. I would add that in a world where its people suffer from inequalities
and lack of social justice, there is a continuous necessity to understand those structures of inequalities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anthropology in the United States:
Sydel Silverman, in One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology, clarified how Franz Boas (1858– 1942), the
founder of anthropology in the United States, trained the major figures of anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century (Silverman: 2005,
258). Boas started a critique to evolutionary theory and a move to the institutionalization of cultural anthropology in universities and museums. Boas
and his students started to layout American anthropological landscape with questions about culture and meaning. He established culture as a core
concept in anthropology challenging the social–structural emphasis of the British Social Anthropology (258). Interestingly enough, how Silverman
suggested that the understanding of American anthropology trajectory should not be in terms of Boas's school of thought, but more like an arena of
"debate, conflict, and differences in many kinds – theoretical, social, political, cultural, and institutional" (258).
In order to understand this arena of debate, we need to highlight the political historical context which influenced the world and its disciplines. American
Anthropological Association (AAA), founded in 1902, was reorganized after the war, with a larger agreement that the association should continue for
the four fields of archaeology, linguistic anthropology,

Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered...
Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered Anthropology as a Career
Anthropologists have reasons for entering a field of work just like any other person has reasons for Choosing science over music or medicine over
business. The reason a person may enter a particular career can be from stumbling upon a field that they knew little. Once discovering it they have
ambitions of being the best they can be. It could also stem from a desire as a child to know more about a specific subject. Reasons may be distinct or
similar to another person's in the same field. I will compare various anthropologists to how they started in anthropology and how they are different from
one another.
Anthropologists have stumbled upon or discovered the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her focus then went towards archaeology and studying the Bronze Age metals (64). Mary Leakey's interest in anthropology also came from viewing
art (www.primate). Her father had taken her to visit cave paintings of the Dordogne, which led to her desire to study anthropology (www.primate). As
a child viewing such paintings, Leakey probably wanted to know all the reasoning behind the paintings and what each meant. It could have been
perceived as viewing a storybook to discover the meaning of the pictures.
Ruth Benedict, Alfred Kroeber and Hortense Powdermaker all discovered anthropology through a college lecture. Benedict had become a high school
English teacher, social worker, writer and poet (Mead, 7). After attending a lecture by Alexander Goldenweiser and Elsie Clews Parsons, Benedict
knew that this career would keep her interested and she would enjoy it (7). Alfred Kroeber majored in English, like Benedict, but after hearing Franz
Boas in a seminar on American Indian Languages he switched to studying anthropology (Steward, 4). Hortense Powdermaker was not happy with her
desk&SHY;job after graduating from college so she went back for more schooling (Hortense, 293). She took a course in social anthropology and knew
that was the career for her (293). All three of these anthropologists started in careers not related to anthropology but for unknown reasons had attended a
lecture focusing on anthropology. The effects of attending one lecture

Ruth Fulton Benedict Essay
Considered a pioneer in her time, Ruth Fulton Benedict was an American anthropologist who helped to popularize anthropology while introducing such
terms as culture and racism into common place language. As an advocate against discriminatory attitudes, Benedict advocated for tolerance and
individuality within social norms and expectations and sought to determine that each culture has its own moral imperatives. Considered her most
famous written work, Patterns of Culture, Benedict explores the differences between rituals, beliefs, and personal preferences and how within that
culture, personality within the individual exists. While Benedict advocated for tolerance within individual choice and society, she also recognized the
struggle within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perhaps the isolation that Benedict experienced as a young girl can be considered a stepping stone to the future. Using a pen name of Anne
Singleton, Benedict wrote poetry and graduated from high school at St. Margaret's Academy. Continuing to have aspirations of personal success,
Benedict enrolled at Vassar College where she majored in English and later became a teacher after moving to Los Angeles with her sister. Benedict
was yearning for something and yet at this time could not find what was beckoning to emerge when she married and returned to New York City. It
was during this time, that Benedict experienced her internal conflicts and began to seek fulfillment. Coupled with a desire for personal growth and
seeking refuge from an empty and childless marriage she began pursuing her education. This conflict was seen in Benedict's candor in her mid to late
thirties as she pursued graduate work. As written in personal journals, Benedict says, "I gambled on having the strength to live two lives, one for
myself and one for the world" (Mead, p.3).
Unsatisfied with her life, Benedict married a biochemist named Stanley Benedict in 1914 hoping to find meaning. Benedict and her husband were
unable to have children which caused strain in the marriage during an era where women were valued as homemakers and mothers. Benedict yearned
for something more in her life, and it was then that she discovered

Arab American Cultural Anthropology
This research paper will explore American of Arab descent, an overview of Arab culture, and their psychological and social factors (i.e discrimination
and prejudice). The two main objectives that will be discuss throughout my research paper are (a) discuss the appropriate culturally counseling for the
following topics: religion, gender relations, communication, family, stereotypes and behavior issues (b) recommendations and implications for
culturally appropriate considerations working with Arab Americans with multicultural counseling issues, mental health issues, and disabilities within
their families. Literature Review In Khateeb et al.'s (2014) summary article reviewed up until recently; first, the U.S. Census does not use an

American Anthropological Association Anthropology
According to the American Anthropological Association (AAA), anthropology is the study of humankind. In order for anthropologists, to comprehend
each aspect of the human race she or he does so in a broad matter. They tend to view archaeology as being related to the past to determine how human
beings existed as well as what they considered to be significant from their perspective. They reflect on what created our physical structure including our
bones, flesh, and organs. Anthropologists tend to also observe human beings and animals at the same time to determine their similarity and
dissimilarity. Despite the fact that, humans obtain the same necessities in order to survive; how they meet these needs are often different. According

Essay on The Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Anthropology
Anthropological researchers have considerable moral and ethical standards by which their work must be conducted in order to preserve the accuracy
and the posterity of the information gathered during the study and also to the persons or cultures of which they study. These two important parts of
anthropology – the research and those being researched – can be conflicting. The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association presents
itself as a body of guidelines for discussing these ethical and moral conflicts. This allows for researchers in the field of anthropology to have a
foundation for understanding what decisions must be made regarding these ethical and moral conflicts and to whom the disclosures of those decisions ...
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The researcher must also be forward and honest with the participants that despite the due diligence put forth by the researcher, the information gained
and shared through the study may lead to the unintentional disclosure of some of the participants' personal information. Ensuring that this is shared
with the participant allows a partnership to form between the researcher and those who are part of the research. The case of anthropologist Becky Ross
as documented by Elizabeth Colson of the University of California, details the ethical dilemma reached when the projected status of the researcher
crosses from field research into a daily contributor to the study group. Colson suggests that by creating these relationships, researchers are "creating
obligations and they ought to learn what these may entail." (Colson, 2006)
Partnerships, or relationships, are another aspect of social research that must be negotiated with an ethical and moral perspective. Anthropologists have
more than just the responsibility to report their studies and results with accuracy but must also complete their research with propriety of moral respect
for those being studied, sometimes more than for the study itself. "In conducting and publishing their research, or otherwise disseminating their
research results, anthropological

Culture And Lack Of Understanding Between Hmong And Hmong...
Throughout this ethnography about the cultural group known as the Hmong, there are several anthropological concepts that can be found due to
differences in culture and lack of understanding between the Hmong and the Americans. Two concepts that are prevalent throughout are medical
anthropology and ethnomedcine. For example, Lia's mother, Foua, was restricted to specific foods because of her culture, which were criticized by the
medical staff which shows the dissonance between American and Hmong culture. This is a perfect example of ethnomedicine, in that the medical staff
at Merced Community Medical Center expressed a completely different way of administering medicine with vastly different medications than that of
the Hmong. This idea of ethnomedicine is explained later on and is constantly seen throughout the novel.
Later on the Lee's took Lia home in order to have her "hu plig" which is a cultural birth ritual that "includes a sacrifice for ancestral soul to invite a
soul into Lia's body." (Fadiman, 21) After some time, Lia becomes diagnosed with severe epilepsy by the doctors at Merced, where the Hmong call it
"qaug dab peg" (aka the title of the book!) (Fadiman, 21). This is an example of medical anthropology because the Hmong see illness as something
that is physical where the soul and the body are tangled or conflicted. Whereas the doctors (whom are classified as agreeing with the cultural views of
American culture) see illness as biological, with viruses, bacteria,

Essay about Father Franz Boas--Father of American...
Father Franz Boas––Father of American Anthropology
Franz Boas is often referred to as the father of
American anthropology because of the great influence he had in the lives and the careers of the next great generation of anthropologists in America.
He came at a time when anthropology was not considered a true science or even a meaningful discipline and brought an air of respectability to the
profession, giving those who followed a passion and an example of how to approach anthropology. Boas directed the field studies and trained such
prominent anthropologists as Alfred Louis Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Margaret Mead, as well as others. Although he did not leave as his legacy any
specific line of thought, he left a pattern that was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boas' rejection of data that was not collected in the field is well–documented and presents a nature that was very specific in its analysis of the subject.
His determination to go out into the field and collect the data for the project ushered in a new respectability to the field in that he was not merely
regurgitating data that had been collected for another study but rather he was analyzing a specific set of information that was pertinent to the study at
hand. He introduced the concept of empirical observation. This initial use of fieldwork set Boas ahead of the rest of the anthropologists. He was not
content to take old data and make it suit his theories. Rather, he embraced the scientific method and collected data and then reworked his thesis to fit the
information dictated by the data set found. Boas lived what he preached, and this can be seen in his numerous trips to live among the natives of the
land. He put in stints in the Arctic, with the Kwakitul of the
Pacific Northwest.
Boas also felt that learning a language was a significant part of understanding a culture, something that was a new concept. Along these lines, Boas
recognized the importance of reaching into the past to create and preserve the present, again setting himself ahead of the rest of his contemporaries.
The idea of cultural whole is that every culture was a complete system. He felt

Franz Boas : The Father Of American Anthropology Essay
There are many anthropologists out there who each have their own findings and thoughts. The one anthropologist who I felt I really connected with
and was very interesting in his findings and thoughts, was anthropologist Franz Boas. Boas was a white, Jewish male. He was known as the Father of
American Anthropology. Franz Boas has demonstrated major work in physical anthropology, linguistics, Cultural anthropology, and the famous four
field approach. Additionally, through learning about Boas' findings and thoughts, I was able to engage with his work, evaluate it, think about the
works limitations, ramifications, and its lasting import. Boas' has made a difference in many peoples lives and has been very involved. Boas had a
very interesting life growing up leading him to the person he was. As biography.com stated "Franz Boas was a German–born anthropologist who
founded the relativistic, culture–centered school of American anthropology that dominated 20th century thought." He was born 1850 on July 9th, in
Minden which was in the Westphalia area of Germany. Growing up, being the son of a merchant, Boas was very protective about his health, which
lead him to spend a lot of his time with books. Although Boas was completely Jewish jr grew up feeling as if he was not Jewish, rather he felt as if
he was German. Ever since Boas was five years old he was interested in natural sciences such as, botany, zoology, geography, astronomy and geology.
Boas' interest in the history of

Big Family Archaeology Research Paper
Archaeology is the scientific study of humans from the origin through the present. It encompasses the investigating, analyzing, and interpreting of
culture, behavior and the material remains of previous human societies. Material remains, or artifacts, might include structures, garbage–heaps, tools,
metals, ceramics, or food. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the study of human culture. Archaeologists concentrate on past
societies and cultures and study their changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time. Before this search I didn't realize what a big
family archaeology belonged to. I thought archaeology was just about digging up artifacts from the past because people wanted their findings to be put

Forensic Anthropology
Not many people realize that bones can talk, if you listen close enough and have the right education. Forensic Anthropology is the study of "talking"
bones or more properly as told by Burns (2013), "the discipline that applies the scientific knowledge of physical anthropology (and often archeology)
to the collection and analysis of legal evidence" (p.3). This discipline brings together the fields of physical anthropology, biology, and many other
physical sciences to allow for the proper identification of mostly human remains. The basis of forensic anthropology is to help solve cases using the
extensive knowledge of bones that has been built up over the years and is still being shaped today. The first recorded use of skeletal information on...
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Also, the vertebrae and pubic symphysis can help discover the estimated age. If the forensic anthropologist is using the vertebrae, they would have
to look at the epiphyseal to see if it is either absent, in the process of fusing, fully fused, or completely destroyed. They can also check if
osteoarthritis is becoming present, if the line of fusion is visible or no longer noticeable and if the bone has become porous. Lastly, the pubic
symphysis can be used. There are ten phases that the bone endures from the age of 18 to 50 and upward. The changes of the pubic symphysis are
similar to the vertebrae with looking for the fusion or ossification of certain parts of the bone. However, depending on the sex of the decedent, there are
variations of testing for age because of childbirth within women causing destructive trauma to the bone. Nonetheless, anthropologists do not have to go
that far to check the sex of the

Cultural Anthropology And The American Society
Lucas Mochal
General Education Task Assignment 1
10/3/2014
Cultural Anthropology
Feminist Approach to the American Society
One theoretical approach in the field of cultural anthropology is the Feminist Approach. The feminist approach is an approach that helped females
from all diverse cultures to band together for equal rights or more freedom for themselves. Afeminist theory can be described as an approach to move
towards empowering women worldwide. Feminism has been a problem in any culture from any time in history, and feminist worldwide are all banding
together for one reason: to become independent and highly powered women. The main goals of feminism are to discuss the importance of women,
break the gender inequality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the later centuries in school girls were depicted to be in home economic classes to learn how to be a homemaker, whereas boys were sought out
to be in math and science classes. As the centuries progressed society has changed immensely in how men have treated their women and how
women have overcome their typical roles in society. People have always had the impression that society is driven by males. One big feministic
move that women fought for was the right to be able to vote. Women had never been able to vote because it was thought that men should only have
the right to choose who would be serving us locally and nationally. Liberal feminists thought that this idea was unfair and that both genders should be
able to vote, so they fought for the right for some women to vote in 1918 and then in 1928 their appeal was approved and all women got the right to
be able to vote.
Another area that feminists fought to change was the view of women in the workplace. Many career areas have always been depicted as a "men
only" career such as Political, law enforcement, military and construction. Feminist have taken the challenge to prove that this is a gender equal
nation where women are able to do the same amount of work that men can do if not better than men. In the earlier centuries when it came to serving in
the military you would never find a women serving because they were known to be very weak and physically unfit to serve in the

Economic Behavior And Its Effects On Society
Katelyn Cathcart
ECON 100–01
Hamilton
December 11, 2014
Economies According to Anthropology
Humans have been evolving the way they live for centuries. With the billions of people that live on the planet today, it would be no surprise that
people across the globe have varied ways in which they live. These lifestyles can be as old as those our ancestors thousands of years ago had
practiced, to the mechanized practices we see in 21st century Western societies. Communities can be categorized into one of four 'types' of societies
(hunting and gathering, pastorial, horticultural, and industrial). The different 'types' of societies are organized by how the economies each community
has functions using three fundamental elements of economic behavior. The first behavior of an economy is production, or how a society comes to
have resources. Economies usually come to be by modeling the practices a community uses to produce its food. This means that the economic
behaviors exhibited by a community are based off the way that community produces food. The other two economic behaviors are how a society
distributes and consumes their resources. These two behaviors reveal who (if anyone) is in charge of distribution, and who is able to consume goods
(Cultural Anthropology).
Hunting and gathering societies are just that: societies that get food by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants (Ember). Common examples of
horticultural societies are some of the Native American communities that

Fieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay
Cultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many
theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established
based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs aboutculture during a time period and
are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. As schools of thought develop, ethnographic methods have changed and developed as well.
Fieldwork is an ethnographic method that has been implemented in all anthropological schools of thought. It involves gathering data and information
about a specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, scholars, like Lewis Henry Morgan, did their own fieldwork to study and understand societies. However, scientific methods for
collecting data were not developed until decades later. As a result, Morgan's studies have been criticized for being too vast and superficial, as well as
having fundamental errors in the interpretation of the data (Tooker, 1992). Ethnographic methods during this time were basic at best and were of little
concern to the cultural evolutionists. Franz Boas was one of the first anthropologists to reject the theories of the cultural evolutionists in the beginning
of the twentieth century (History World International, 2001). Although he recognized the role of evolution in ancestry, he found the theories of the
cultural evolutionists to be scientifically unfounded. Instead, he pioneered historical particularism, the first American–born anthropological school.
This school emphasized the individuality of a society and, therefore, to examine it one must look at the cultures environmental, psychological, and,
most importantly, historical circumstances (McGee & Warms, 2008). With the creation of a new school and his background in physical science, Boas
stressed the importance of ethnographic fieldwork for the first time. McGee and Warms (2008) state that "Boas advocated a four–field perspective that
included studying prehistory, linguistics, and physical

The American Museum Of Natural History: Anthropology Essay
The American Museum of Natural History has many exhibits that demonstrate many aspects of anthropology. The Museum is located on Central Park
West between W81st and W77nd streets. The museum is an excellent place to open oneself to many new ideas and cultures. When looking through the
museum the exhibits that are anthropological could enhance ones understanding of a culture.
The museum is very big and a lot of time is needed to get the most out of it.
The following exhibits that demonstrate many aspects of anthropology are located on the first, second and third floors. The first floor has American
Northwest
Coast Peoples, Eskimos, Human Biology and Evolution. The second floor had
African Peoples, Asian Peoples, Mexico and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way the Chinese get married is very unusual to our western culture. This exhibit expresses to me that people are very different all over the world
and their is much to explore about other cultures even an event such as a wedding.
One other exhibit seen in the Asian Peoples were an exhibit about dance.
It was called the personality in Dance. The junkai people perform a special dance called the whirling dance. Dance in these peoples culture express a
lot of different things. It evokes many moods, inspiration of belief, the hope and energy of young people, and the power of fear that could kill you.
Society is very important to these people. Dance also by itself can express the values that a society should have that keep it binded together.
One educational exhibit is the Human Biology and Evolution Hall. This exhibit introduces the common biology of humans, and how we evolutionized.
The biology of the humans were shown though holographic pictures. These pictures did show the whole body including the muscles and the bones.
The evolution part of this exhibit was very interesting. " We humans often think of ourselvess as the culmination of a steady history of a evolutonary
improvement. But this idea is wrong, for evolution is neither goal–oriented nor merely a matter of species gradual improving their adaptation to their

Pros And Cons Of Ethnology
AN6123
Latif Oksuz
Fall 2015
2th summary assignment
Chapter 8, The Methods of Ethnology The ways of ethnology have modified significantly over the years. Throughout the second part of the previous
century, there was a unilinear evolution of society where it included all human beings. Anthropologists, for example, Spencer, Morgan, Tyler, and
Lubbock supported this idea. However, Boas argues the techniques of analysis into the historical improvement of society. More current advancement as
for the surprising changes moves back to some extent to the impact of Ratzel whose geological activity inspired him with the significance of spreading
and migrations. Hence, through this time ethnological study, especially in England and Germany, is based upon the notion of migration and spread
instead of evolution (Boas: 117). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
American anthropologists are more related to how and why that culture changed with a specific end goal to reproduce the history. The entire problem
of cultural history comes out of us as a historical problem. According to the Boas '' In order to understand history, it is necessary to know not only
how things are, but how they have come to be'' (Boas: 120). As far as the field of ethnology in the majority parts of the world, historical data were
not available, but there were only the archaeological proofs. I may draw a conclusion from this article;. We fairly notice that every society has its own
particular one of a kind history; thusly, no society remains completely the same for hundreds and many years. In the creation of ethnology, all ways of
a culture should be thought in order to have an absolute consciousness of the past and the

Franz Boas : Cultural Anthropology Essay
Born and brought up Jewish in Germany during a very antisemitic time, Franz Boas was a successful student, earning his doctorate at a fairly young
age and holding an academic position in Berlin. However, in 1886 Boas found himself in New York after having participated in several ethnographic
studies in Canada. He decided to remain in New York for several reasons, the main one being that it kept him close to the North American Indians and
Inuit who were the peoples most fascinating to him. In 1899 he became a professor of Anthropology at Columbia university and went on to teach and
mentor some of the most important people in Anthropology today. Boaz received much of his schooling from scholars in Germany, who like many
others, were skeptical of evolutionism. Boaz became convinced that the task of an anthropologist wasn 't simply to study peoples and their culture but to
also carefully and systematically collect detailed data and material on these particular cultures and only then would one be able to be cognizant of them.
In the USA, this became known as cultural anthropology. It consisted of everything humans have created from society, symbolism, to materialism. It
quite literally encompassed everything human and because of this reason Boas, advocated for subfields to be created in Anthropology. These fields
became known as linguistics, cultural anthropology, physical or biological anthropology, and archaeology. Students were then trained in a specific field
rather then the

The Father Of American Anthropology
"If we were to select the most intelligent, imaginative, energetic, and emotionally stable third of mankind, all races would be present." – Franz Boas
Franz Boas has been called the "Father of American Anthropology." Dr. Boas did not obtain his degree in anthropology, but went on to help create the
four fields of anthropology and teach many of the most well–known anthropologists of today. His contributions to the field of cultural anthropology
alone are magnificent, Dr. Boas and his students had managed to completely alter how we as a society viewed race and culture. On July 9, 1859 in
Minden, Westphalia, Germany Franz Boas was born. Boaz was from a Jewish family his grandparents were conservative, and his parents were very
liberal. However, Boaz did not view himself as Jewish, but rather German instead. At a young age Boaz had spent his time reading due to poor health,
he would later be engrossed with natural science and the history of culture. When Boaz attended Heidelberg his main focus of study was mathematics
and physics, then in 1881 he graduated Kiel University with his Ph. D in physics and a minor in geography. In 1883 Boas had went to Baffin Island in
the artic to conduct geographical research. Once there he became fascinated with non–Western cultures, and upon his subsequent return home Boaz had
decided to devote his time to anthropology. Later in 1885 Boas had gone to work with Rudolph Virchow, and Adolf Bastian. Boas had worked more
closely with Bastian who

The American Museum of Natural History: Anthropology
The American Museum of Natural History: Anthropology
The American Museum of Natural History has many exhibits that demonstrate many aspects of anthropology. The Museum is located on Central Park
West between W81st and W77nd streets. The museum is an excellent place to open oneself to many new ideas and cultures. When looking through the
museum the exhibits that are anthropological could enhance ones understanding of a culture.
The museum is very big and a lot of time is needed to get the most out of it.
The following exhibits that demonstrate many aspects of anthropology are located on the first, second and third floors. The first floor has American
Northwest
Coast Peoples, Eskimos, Human Biology and Evolution. The second floor had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aztecs our very popular for their monuments and stone sculptures.
Their most popular monument is this stone of the sun known as the calender stone. It includes allthe elements of a calendrical system, but it is not a
calender.
All the symbols on this calender stone relate to the sun and accent. It also expains the role of the sun in the aztecs belief and culture. The aztec preform
many rituals that have been drawn on the stone. In the museum they colored in parts of the stone to explain what the deseigns meant. Look at the
picture in the back to fully understand this. The orange part of the stone, which is the face in the middle, is the sun god ( Tonatiuh ). The yellow
orange, which surrounds the sun god, is cosmogonic myths of the Aztecs. The blue, which is just outside the myths, is emblems referring to the four
cardinal directions.
The pink, which is outside the cardinal directions, is the 20 day signs of the
260 day ritual calender. The yellow, which is located after the ritaul calender, is the disc of the sun. The red, which is the end of the stone, is 2 fire
serpents. The green, the last design on the stone, is the date " 13 need " which is supposed to be the birth of the sun. This stone expresses the great
beliefs the aztecs had for the sun. They were a people of great design and expression for their culture. Also in the same exhibit of the aztec stone was
the Colossal Olmer Head.
This looked like

Essay about Cultural Studies 1st Exam
Cultural Studies
First Examination
Due September 28th by Midnight
Name ___________________________________________________________
Part One: Identifications (Write the correct terminology or name in the space provided by each statement. Some terms may not be used.
AnthropologyHuman RaceOrthopraxy
ArbitrarinessInformantsParalanguage
ChristianityLanguagePhonology
Cultural HybridizationLanguage FamilyPidgin
CultureLanguage IdeologyPriests
DiachronicLanguePrimatologists
DogmaLinguistic CompetenceRevitalization
EnculturationLinguistic PerformanceSecularism
FieldworkMonographShaman
FundamentalistMultisited FieldworkSociolinguistics
HolisticNew Religious Movement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
_____________________________22. Term meaning sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society.
_____________________________23. The idea of mixing and reconfiguring of elements from different cultural traditions is acknowledged and even
celebrated.
_____________________________24. Individuals who people believed have the power to contact powerful cosmic beings directly on behalf of others,
sometimes traveling to the cosmic realm to communicate with them.

_____________________________25. The beliefs and practices about language that are linked to struggles between social groups with different
interests and that are regularly revealed in what people say and how they say it.
Part Two: Multiple Choices
___1. Anthropologists who study the factors that contribute to human disease or illness as well as the ways in which human groups respond to them.
a. Biological Anthropologists
b. Medical Anthropologists
c. Cultural Anthropologists
d.

Anthropology : Anthropology And Cultural Anthropology
What is anthropology? This is a question that can be answered in numerous ways, but we are going to define it as simple as possible. If we break the
word down into its two components it means the study of human beings. "Anthropo" means human beings or human kind and "logy" or "logia" is
Greek for the study or knowledge of something. When we put it all together, it is the study of human beings which can be very broad. Anthropology can
be broken down into four subfields: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.
Physical anthropology is all of the physical aspects of being human like human evolution and human variation. People come in different heights,
weights, and etc. The next subfield is archaeology which is the human cultures in the past. Examples of these are artifacts and architecture like
pyramids and buildings. The third subfield of anthropology is called linguistic anthropology is the study of language. The last subfield is called cultural
anthropology and it is focused on the study of cultural variation throughout the world. Cultural anthropology can also be called ethnology. Two of the
subfields that I thought were evident in most of the movies we watched were cultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology.
One of my favorite examples of cultural anthropology was from the beginning of the semester in the movie The Gods Must be Crazy. When Xi was
venturing to the end of the earth to drop off the Evil Thing, he has

Anthropology And What Are The Four Main Guidelines Used In...
What is anthropology, and what are the four main subdisciplines used in the study of mankind; and how to they contribute to the study of human
relations today. So, what is anthropology, "It stems from the Greek words anthropo, meaning "human beings" or "humankind", and logia, translated as
"knowledge of" or the "study of" (Scupin, 2012, p. 4). Therefore, anthropology is a term used to better understand how us humans function, and to
where we came from (our existence); as well as what shapes our customs and beliefs into what is known as race and ethnicity. The field of
anthropology surfaced many years ago, during the mid–western period when Christopher Columbus sailed the open sea's; while discovering the
different cultures during his voyages. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While there are many factors and bridges that make up who we've become, and how our societies differ from one culture to another, one thing is for
sure we were put on this earth by one individual our Creator; and Father from the heavens above. However, shortly after Christopher's return
anthropologists came together to use his findings from his research, and developed a well–organized, and customary technical approach as to what they
claimed made up our existence in society; known as the four–field approach. Soon this approach stimulated into the four main subdisciplines in the
study of those non–Western societies in the United States, which are as follows: Physical Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistic Anthropology; and
Cultural

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