Whaling In Japan Research Paper

Whaling In Japan Research Paper
Japan is one of the few countries that support the practice whaling. For decades, the country has
continued to maintain its right to whale and shown aggressively lobbying with the International
Whaling Commission (IWC) for reconsideration of commercial whaling. Commercial whaling is a
practice that involves the hunting and killing whales for their oil meat, or whalebone. With their
pro–stance on whaling, Japan has faced strong international criticism especially from
environmentalists and Western governments, which view Japan as obstructing international efforts
to protect these mammals. This paper will argue that Japan should not be forced to remove the
practice of commercial whaling in order to satisfy the international views. This is because ... Show
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Even with the court–ruled decision by the IWC, the opponents felt that it was not as decisive as they
would have hoped for. The IWC has defended most of Japan's whaling insisting to those that oppose
that the research is solely for research implying that the majority of whales killed by Japan are taken
in an internationally designated haven, which Japan has chosen to ignore (MacKenzie). The idea of
the "Whale Wars" is likely to continue by animal rights activist and anti–whaling governments. The
United Nation's International Court of Justice (ICJ) later ruled that Japan's scientific research
program JARPA II was not what it was suppose to be. This ruling has also barred Japan from
whaling in the Antarctic (MacKenzie). This ruling momentarily stopped Japan vessels from
whaling. In June of 2014, the Prime Minister in Japan Shinzo Abe, showed defiance of the
International Courts' ruling as he was quoted in say "to aim for resumption of commercial whaling
by conducting whaling research in order to obtain scientific date indispensable for the management
of whale," which is essentially saying Japan will continue to kill whales until it is proven that it is
okay to kill whales (Hays). The statements made by the Prime Minister were viewed as
disappointment. Greenpeace
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A Look at Today's Whaling Essay
A Look at Today's Whaling
" The story of the whale is so remarkable, that were there not so many witnesses, I would not
venture to tell it, lest I be accused of exaggeration."
–J.D.B Stillman, aboard the ship Plymouth, November 1850 (Stewart, 1995)
There is no doubt that humans have always been intrigued with the majestic beauty of the large
giants found in all of the world's oceans. Whales and people have had a long history together,
marked by many turns of events.
Long ago, native tribes, from many places in the world, depended largely on whales for protein in
their diets. They were also able to use much of the whale for oil, thus began a tradition of whaling.
The first documented whaling expedition occurred in South Korea ... Show more content on
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The Change in Whaling
What exactly happened in the whaling industry that had such a detrimental effect on the whale
populations?
In the nineteenth century, commercial whalers began using whole fleets to hunt whales, with each
ship given a specific role. The largest ship, found at the center of the fleet, was the factory ship. At
the heart of these ships are many tanks. Christopher Ash worked as chief chemist on the factory ship
Balaena, and in his book Whaler's Eye, comments on the massive tanks found in these ships.
"Balaena really is a tanker, and almost all of her hull...is subdivided into thirty–six tanks. It is rather
like an egg crate with nine rows, each of four tanks extending across the ship, and each tank able to
take some five hundred tons of fuel or Diesel oil, which will be replaced–after cleaning–by whale or
sperm oil, or perhaps meat meal; sometimes they must be filled with sea water as ballast. These
tanks are impressively large, being well over thirty feet deep; so that when standing on the bottom
and looking up to the one small square of light far above, it is difficult to believe that we can
produce enough oil to fill the whole of that volume in twenty hours (Ash, 1962, p.19)." Underneath
the tanks is the bottom of the boat. Above the tanks is the tank deck. This holds the centrifuges used
to separate oil and glue water, as well as driers and bagging machines

Argumentative Essay On Whaling
An Exemption For Whaling
For this week's written assignment, I have chosen to address the Norwegian and Japanese positions
on permitting whale hunting as a cultural exemption. As someone who was born in Norway, and has
visited several whaling towns, I feel that I have some idea of the importance of whaling to
Norwegian cultures and national identity. Although Japan is culturally and geographically a very
different place to Norway, I feel that the importance of whaling to both cultures provides some
similarities between the two nations.
1. Do you agree with the Norwegian and Japanese position on permitting the hunting of non–
endangered species of whales as a cultural exemption?
I find this particular question a difficult one to answer. Whaling is a notoriously cruel method of
hunting – "there is no humane way to kill a whale at sea. Many die a slow, painful death" (Whale
and Dolphin Conservation, n.d.). There is also concern from whale scientists about the effect of the
hunting of whales on whale communities and populations (Whale and Dolphin Conservation, n.d.).
It cannot be denied that whaling is an inhumane process, with serious repercussions for the whale
species.
However, I do feel that Norway and Japan should be able to exercise their right to self–
determination (as expressed in the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Both countries
argue that whaling is crucial to several of their local communities. The North Atlantic Marine
Mammal Commission states

Why Whaling Should Be Banned
Whaling is a practice that has been going on for a long time. Whales have provided many different
products over the years. Whale fat broken down for oil to light lamps. Whale bones were used at
one point to make the hoops in skirts for fancy dresses. Whale meat used for well, meat. Many
activists say that whaling is inhumane practice that should be stopped. In fact, commercial whaling
is illegal under international law and the only whaling that is allowed for, is scientific research
whaling. So, there is a grey area here that is under some controversy. Japan is in the center of this
controversy, for they are whaling in the name of scientific research, however they have a thriving
domestic whale meat market. Is Japanese whaling 'scientific research' or an illegal meat packing
business? Japan being an island nation has a long history of maritime industry, so that also includes
small time whaling. Japan started to do this industrial scale whaling operation right after World War
2 ended in 1945. I can see why Japan has been fighting against the international community on this
issue. After World War 2, Japan was devastated and meat or any source of protein was in short
supply. The Japanese people turned to whaling to make up for the shortages of meat. Whales are the
biggest animals on the planet thus they have a lot of meat on them. Whale meat has been entrenched
into a staple of their diet and culture. Buying whale meat to the Japanese is like an American buying
a steak.

Ethical Issues Of Whaling Essay
Protecting Cultures from the Impacts of Globalization
For this assignment, I chose to write about the exemption for whaling issue. Whaling has existed in
Norway dating back to the 9th century, and in Japan it has existed since the 12th century. Today,
although much of the whaling industry is centric around non–endangered species of whales, the
practice raises an ethical debate worldwide. This practice is regulated by the International Whaling
Commission (IWC).
Do you agree with the Norwegian and Japanese position on permitting the hunting of non–
endangered species of whales as a cultural exemption?
Reading about this issue was particularly difficult for me from an ethical perspective. It is equally
difficult deciding my position on the permitting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Does the economic impact of whaling on the small fishing villages weigh into your decision?
Not at all. In my opinion, ethical or moral issues cannot be justified by considering economic
consequences. Throughout the history of the world, people and communities have had to adapt to
changing demands of people, circumstances, needs, threats and opportunities, and I think that
ethical issues that result from growth of our global culture should be no different.
How should these claims be balanced against world opinion – which is generally very supportive of
the protection of

Conservation And Management Of Wildlife
Executive summary
"The Greatness of nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated" –
Mahatma Gandhi
Unfortunately, we often hear the news about the illicit wildlife trafficking or illegal wildlife trade.
Wildlife seems to be traded all around us. It is used not only as pets and trophies but also for food,
leather, home decorations and medical purposes.
Wildlife is an important part of ecological community as it plays an important role in the
environment. I know that conservation and management of wildlife is a very complex issue, but to
save wildlife, we should take some positive actions, which requires changes in our life style and
changes in our general way of thinking so that the future generations of both wildlife and human can
enjoy it.
Any actions threatening wildlife and its habitat must be banned right now.
Introduction
Today more and more wildlife is becoming extinct or in danger of extinction for various reasons.
There are different types of wildlife exploitation, with varying effects on the welfare of the animals
involved< worldanimal.net, n.d>. However, we should notice that wildlife is killed and exploited by
us. In other words, Human beings are destroying the planet.
Recently, I saw an article on the New Zealand herald, which was about whaling carried out by
Japan. Despite the global ban of commercial whaling, Japan has insisted it decided to kill 333
whales a year in order to find out how the marine ecosystem is

The Unknown Slaughter : Animal Slaughter
Xandria Minnitt Eng. 132 Sec. 1 Dr. Deal Spring 2015 The Unknown Slaughter Many people in the
United States view dolphins as something more than just another aquatic creature. There is
something very human like about them; their intelligence, curiosity, and kindness are all
characteristics that people can appreciate. To many people across the world dolphins are the fun and
loveable mammals of the sea; and most of all, humans are fascinated by their intellect. However, all
across the globe dolphins are being slaughtered at a mass rate. Not only are they being killed, but
they are being tortured as well, dying slow and painful deaths at the hands of various hunters. This
is because many people in other countries are unaware of the truth ... Show more content on
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Governments in countries such as Japan and Denmark are covering up the mass killings of the
innocent creatures. People are convinced that dolphins are being killed in a peaceful calm manner.
The dolphins are being brutally murdered from September till March in areas such as Taiji, Japan.
The dolphins are being first captured by dive fisheries. According to, "Dolphin Meat Obtained In
Japan Drive Fisheries", a dive fishery is capturing fish (dolphins) by luring them to a cove or a
harbor such in Tajii or Denmark. After they are lured into a secured area the dolphins are brutally
hacked, stabbed and attacked with spears. Often childlike screams come from the dolphins as they
are being brutally murdered. The people need to be educated that dolphins are in fact being killed a
ferocious death at the hands of greedy hunters. Researchers at Save Japans' Dolphins report that,
upon being stabbed they do not die instantly, they instead choke on their own blood or suffocate
because their blow holes are filled with their own bloody water because they are not strong enough
to resurface to dive. Often it takes minutes for them die. The slaughter of dolphins is also known as
"pest control". According to, Facts about the Dolphin Slaughter, people have been manipulated into
believing that dolphins are eating all of the native fish. The dolphins are not

Whaling Needs to Stop
While you could argue that practically everyone who has gone through the American education
system has at least heard of Moby Dick, the whaling industry, a main element of the topic, is not so
well known. Since the 12th century, hunting large mammals has been a very active sport. They
would fish foe whales, looking for the fat to make oil for lamps, candles, and soap.
Hunting whales was not on an industrial scale until the 1890's, and continued until the International
Whaling Commission took effect in 1986. The article refers to the unsustainability of whaling
commercially. The number of whales in our oceans has been rapidly reducing in the years that
humans have had access to commercial whaling ships. Hunting an endangered species is highly
unethical, because we could, within a generation or two, see the fall of the largest beings alive today.
The whales in our oceans belong to the whole world and not just to Japan and Norway. Even with
the restrictions by the IWC, Japan still continues for "Scientific Research". Scientific Research has
recently been deemed illegal in the Arctic water, but they have completely disregarded all sanctions
put against them to try and stop the unethical whaling. Not only that they were importing whale
meat from Norway because of its lower prices there, the whale ban was executed to make all
whaling illegal which Japan failed to recognise. 400 whales were killed a year and most of the meat
ending up in fish markets and restaurants. The

Commercial Whaling and its Controversy
Many countries have been killing whales calling it "research". Many believe that commercial
whaling is not okay and is killing whales off. The international community has to make the choice
whether we want to risk killing them. We should continue killing the whales at certain guidelines as
to how many each year. It is a part of some cultures and we should not harm that. There are a few
positives that come from the whaling. There is different cultures that influence eating different kinds
of foods. Some cultures do not understand the importance of whaling, many countries do not whale.
Many cultures think that whaling is part of their countries way of life (Skare). People in many U.S
states hunt for many different animals, how is hunting any worse than killing whales. Media plays a
big role in making whaling out to be a very evil practice. Whale Wars sabotage the Japanese ships
that are whaling. Whale Wars throws stuff onto the ships deck. Whale meat consists of very high
amounts of nutrients. For many countries that eat a lot of whale it is easy access to nutrients. Whale
is very high in protein. It is also very low in saturated fats which is really good to not have(Nutrition
Facts). They do not just kill whales they also do research on the whales and the populations. They
evaluate the deep sea roles of whales and the food chains (Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs). On
the flip side there are a lot of very bad things that come from whaling as much as some countries do.

Negative Impact of Whaling in Japan
Biodiversity often appears as an under the radar issue that is put on the backburner to other
environmental problems such as: climate change, ocean acidification, or ozone depletion. When in
reality, it should really be a frontrunner as it explicitly involves all living things that dwell within
our shared biosphere. While the human population did not really start making waves to remedy the
endangerment or extinction of plants and animals until the 1970s with laws that included, the
Marine
Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act; we have proved that our part in
biodiversity is crucial now that we live in the anthropogenic age. A hot and debated topic on the
subject of biodiversity arose with the International Whaling Commission
(IWC), an international body that is set on goals to preserve whale stocks and regulate whaling as to
help various species recover from near endangerment. Most all practices of hunting whales were
banned along the globe but, exceptions were made in cases such as Japan; for alleged "scientific"
purposes. The focus issues of this paper will stem from the controversy involving whaling,
specifically in Japan, because while they justify their reasons for continued whale hunting, they still
walk a fine line in the eyes of anti– whalers and whale–watchers alike.
Commercial whaling was banned by the IWC around 1986 but the hunting still continued under
certain expectations. "...Japan, or at least the country's Fisheries
Agency, says it has the

The International Whaling Regime Essay
The International Whaling Regime
In his article, "Whale Mining, Whale Saving," Sidney Holt states, "saving the whales is for millions
of people a crucial test of their political ability to halt environmental destruction"(Holt 1985). In a
world where environmental issues are often so vast that solving them seems impossible, it is rare to
encounter a regime which successfully addresses these problems. If we judge a regime's
effectiveness by its ability to change the behavior of its members and possibly even encourage
others to join, then the whaling regime was in fact quite effective. The significant decrease in
commercial whaling brought about by the International Whaling Commission (IWC)'s 1982
moratorium is proof in itself of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This stipulation proved important in the evolution of the IWC over time because as non–whaling
nations began to join in the 1960s and 1970s, they increased the pressure on the IWC to turn its
focus from that of market regulation to a preservationist or conservationist standpoint (Andressen in
Implementation and effectiveness... 1998). But why would nations who did not participate in the
whaling industry want to join the IWC? One reason might be that IWC membership was an easy
(and cheap) way to improve their reputation as "green–minded" without having to make any
significant changes in policy. Furthermore, the decades between the 1960s and 1980s saw an
increase in the number of NGO's taking on the cause of whale conservation which also drove the
IWC to re–evaluate its goals and objectives. As a result, the IWC agreed upon a 10–year
moratorium on commercial whaling in1982 and put it into effect in 1986. The moratorium
prohibited all commercial whaling, and granted certain quotas to indigenous peoples who needed
the whales for subsistence, and to scientific research efforts. After the10 year period, it was decided
that a Comprehensive Assessment would be conducted and enough data would be collected in order
to reconsider the moratorium.
The moratorium proved largely successful in that many stocks of larger whales such as the Bowhead
whale began

Plastic Pollution And Its Effects
There are many forms of pollution that occur from oil spills, radioactive wastes, urban air pollution,
the release of greenhouse gases, or agricultural pollution, and one of the most preventable, plastic
pollution. Plastic pollution is an accumulation in the environment of man–made plastic products to
the point that they become problematic and harmful to wildlife, wildlife habitats, or human
populations. This accumulation is due to the excessive use of plastics, which has become a
worldwide issue, and is accountable for approximately 10% of discarded waste. It has been
calculated that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was produced in 192 coastal countries
in 2010, with as much as 12.7 million MT entering the ocean (Jambeck et al., 2015). Plastic
pollution can be classified based on the overall size and thickness, as microdebris (2 µm),
mesodebris (1–5 mm), or macrodebris (>20 mm). Plastic can be very harmful to the land,
waterways, and the ocean due to its extremely slow biodegrading process, which can exceed
hundreds of years. Plastic debris can also be harmful to marine life causing, entanglement, ingestion
of plastic waste, and exposure to the chemicals within plastics, which ultimately affect humans as
well.
There are many types of plastics that exist. These varieties are classified based on the method of
their polymerization. Some of these classifications are as follows: polyethylene terephthalate (PET
or PETE), high–density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl

Anthropogenic Impact on Marine Environment and Consequent...
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Impact of Anthropogenic activities on marine environment
3. Degradation of marine environment
4. Pollution of the Marine Environment
5. Classification of marine pollution
6. Effects of Marine pollution
7. International Instruments designed for the protection and preservation of marine environment
8. Possible Mitigative Measures
9. Conclusion
10. References
Introduction
An extreme range of environmental problems is now the subject of serious international concern.
These include atmospheric pollution, marine pollution, global warming and ozone depletion, the
dangers of nuclear and other extra hazardous substances and threatened wild life species. Some of
the major objectives of International ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pollution of the Marine Environment
As per Article 1(4) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , 1982 (UNCLOS),
"pollution of marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of
substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to
result in such a deleterious effect as to harm living resources and marine life, hazardous to human
health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea,
impairment of quality for use of seawater and reduction of amenities.
Marine pollution is a serious ocean water resource challenge that can affect human and animal food
resources. Unfortunately human activities are the largest contributor and cause of problems resulting
from the oceans being polluted. Furthermore, as the human population continues to grow and extend
the range of its activities, as well as increase its demands for marine goods and services, the world's
oceans and coasts will be increasingly stressed. In fact, growing coastal populations and overuse of
marine resources are the main source of the problem. The pollution linked with rising coastal
populations, availability of inadequate treatment infrastructure of sewage and other waste handling
facilities is putting at risk human health and

Seafish Pros And Cons
Since the Blackfish documentary viewed on CNN and Netflix, SeaWorld has been facing the
criticisms highlighted in the film. They contend they are the world's most respected zoological
institution and the global leader in marine mammal veterinary care, husbandry, training, and
welfare" (Burford). SeaWorld rehabilitates and returns hundred of wild animals back to their homes
each year along with donating millions of dollars to conservation and scientific research. Though
this in itself is not a good argument for being allowed to keep their orcas, it shows the prestige the
organization carries and the weight it puts on the welfare of marine animals. In regards to the
handling of the orcas by trainers, SeaWorld is continually refining and improving ... Show more
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Animals are not here for our entertainment. They are living, breathing, beings that deserve a certain
level of respect from a civilized society that is aware and understands the behaviors of these
creatures. It seems barbaric to me that we continue to imprison wild animals that are never going to
be domesticated––a fact that we are well aware of. The educational benefits that society receives
from organizations such as SeaWorld is an invaluable experience, but I believe there are more
humane ways to engage communities in the education and welfare of animals that are not native to
us. I think it is a hard argument to make that I would not care about the wellbeing of an animal just
because I had not seen it up close and personal. There are a variety of other ways to achieve the
same

Southern Ocean Sanctuary
In an ever–expanding world where resource scarcity is discussed in side conversations and
overpopulation is being combatted by concerned nations, worldwide struggle of equal allocation of
vital resources persist. Biological resources and biodiversity in general are at the forefront of these
concerns. Decreasing biodiversity does not just pose a problem for the plants and animals that are
becoming increasingly endangered; individuals who have constructed their livelihood around the
availability of such resources face dire circumstances as scarcity arises. The greater the variety of
abundant plant and animal species present in the world, the greater the potential opportunity,
opportunities such as medical discoveries and newfound scientific knowledge that increase the
sustainability of life on Earth. However, tragedy of the commons, has led to overuse of biological
resources across the globe, throwing the issue of sustainability into question. While species
extinction is a natural process in the world ecosystem, the rate at which it has increased is not. In the
past 65 million years the rate of extinction has gone from one to five species per year to roughly
1,000 to 10,000 times that rate (Diversity, 2013, pg. 1). This is no longer a matter of natural
selection; this is a matter of ineffective resource regulation worldwide. Despite extensive amounts
of environmental legislation actively in place, specie scarcity will continue to grow. The greatest
challenge now

Difference Between Deep Ecology And Western Worldview
Every person has a different way of viewing the world that is based on what a our simple beliefs are
and with our basic beliefs and values. We are able to make sense of the world and to gain an
understanding of knowing where our place and purpose in the world, through this we are able to
choose between the behaviours of right and wrong. This is called the western worldview, where we
have an understanding of being placed in the world that is based on human dominance over nature,
the restricted use of natual resources, and increased economic growth to manage an expanding
industrial base (Linda R. Berg, 2008 ).
Western Worldviews on the Environment
When it comes to the environmental beliefs there two main worldviews, the Western worldview and
the deep ecology worldview. Although both of these worldviews are broad generalizations (Linda R.
Berg, 2008 ) they are at opposite ends of a range of different worldviews that are related to the the
issues of global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Together, along with philospher George Sessions they discuss how deep ecology is an understanding
of knowing where we stand as humans in the world alongside nature and spiritual respect for life. It
is also knowing that both humans and other species are of equal earth (Linda R. Berg, 2008 , p. 32).
Unlike the Westen worldview, the deep ecology worldview constitutes an extreme shift in how
humankind can relate themselves to the environment (Linda R. Berg, 2008 , p. 32). Deep ecology
expressess that humans are no different to other species on the earth and that everything that breaths
life have the right to exist. It challenges individuals and cultures to share the same inner spirituality
that is connected to the natural world, but many people in this day–in–age have not embraced the
Western worldview or the deep ecology

Cetacean Research: Whaling In Japan
Since the 1986 Whaling moratorium, scientific whaling is the only whaling that the IWC
(International Whaling Commission) using the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling (ICRW) which allows a country's government to issue permits to use lethal methods as
long as the whaling is for science. Iceland and Norway were originally signatories of this ruling and
stopped commercial whaling for a short period and only had scientific whaling however they have
since broken apart from the IWC and continue to whale commercially around their waters. Other
countries such as Canada and the United states are granted aboriginal rights for whaling in small
numbers for tradition and ceremonies of certain communities (Côté & Farvaro, 2016). Japan's
scientific whaling program is the most active of all countries within the IWC. Since the 1986
moratorium Japan's Institute for Cetacean Research has been granted 5 whaling permits. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the 1986 whaling moratorium Japan had one of the largest commercial whaling fleets
although they also had a small scientific program. From 1954 to 1986 Japans scientific whaling
programs killed 840 whales globally for scientific research however after 1986 Japan's new larger
Scientific whaling program killed over 8321 for research in 18 years 1986–2004, almost a tenfold
increase in half the amount of time. All other nations undergoing scientific whaling research killed
around 2100 whales between 1952–2005 (Gales, et al.,

The Pros And Cons Of The Whaling Ban
Despite the whaling ban in 1986 by the International Whaling Commission, some countries are
refusing to stop doing this practice especially Japan. After the 1986 ban, Japan launched their
supposed scientific whaling program which is widely known as their cover for their commercial
whaling practice. Supporters of the whaling ban claim that reversing the ban will cause whale
populations to become endangered or even extinct. Also, supporters of the IWC whaling ban say
that the IWC should maintain the ban and establish stricter rules regarding the ban. Proponents also
claim that the whale populations have yet to return to its former population before the excessive
hunting happened. "Anti–whaling groups such as Greenpeace point to species such as the West
Pacific gray whale, of which, according to some estimates, there are only about 100 left. According
to Palumbi and Roman's whale population study, the North Atlantic humpback whale population
before commercial whaling was more than 20 times what it is now.( )" Even with IWC whaling ban
Japan, Iceland, and Norway continue to hunt illegally.
Additionally, supporters of ban suggest that it is completely idiotic to risk lifting the ban for
countries who claim that whaling is a part of their culture. And that banning whaling, a practice that
whale hunters were doing for centuries is cultural imperialism and is totally unacceptable. In
response to the accusations of cultural imperialism, advocates of the whaling ban countered the

Whale Persuasive Speech
To many, the thought of eating whale meat might seem strange, as they are not accustomed to
consuming this kind of meat, while to others eating cow (beef) is a strange and cruel thing to do.
Around the globe, there are different ways that individuals support themselves financially, and
different foods that are consumed. Cultural practices are what sets each group of people apart and
make us unique, neighboring counties should not be allowed to change century–long practices as
they see fit. Per the WDC "Whaling is cruel and unnecessary and must stop. Commercial whaling is
effectively banned. Trade in whale products is forbidden. Yet, every year, Japan, Norway and
Iceland kill around 1,500 whales between them. They defy international bans and global opinion
and they hunt whales even though there is little demand for the meat." (WDC, Whale and Dolphin
Conservation, 2017) Since the WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, was founded in the US and
eating whale is not a part of its culture, it comes across as cruel. The question that one needs to ask
is what difference is there in catching a whale for food versus catching mackerel or consuming
beef? A mackerel is a non–endangered species, but yet it is allowed. Japan and Norway should be
allowed to continue their practices on a cultural exemption. Sovereignty can be defined as supreme
and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community
(Dictionary.com, 2017). With the

Why Whaling Should Be Banned
In 2015, a program states 333 minke whales need to be killed for 12 years started. That's about
4,000 whales that will be killed. Originally, whaling was used as a way to collect resources. The
meat from whales were considered delicacies. Oil from whale blubber can be used as oil lamps or
candles. Whales that are killed today are needed for scientific purposes like information on how to
manage and conserve whales in captivity. However it isn't necessary to kill so many whales to
obtain information like management and conservation. Whaling should be banned because whales
are no longer needed for their resources and aren't used for scientific reasons.
One reason why whaling should be banned is the resources from whales are no longer needed in ...
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For example, Japan has killed whales for a program supporting scientific research in the Southern
Ocean. However, "A new program, NEWREP–A, started in 2014, is aiming to kill 333 minke
whales, planning to kill 4,000 whales in twelve years. The International Fund for Animal Welfare
(IFAW) reports that Japan is failing in the whaling industry by millions of dollars every year"
("Experts Agree Japan's Scientific Whaling is not Justified"). By the end of 2026, 4,000 whales will
be killed for "scientific research". It isn't necessary to kill 4,000 whales for "research". Adding on to
killing 4,000 whales, Japan is also losing millions of dollars every year because of whaling. Patrick
Ramage, the director for International Fund of Animal Welfare, doesn't like the idea of killing
whales for "research". He says, "... there is no need to to kill anymore whales in the Southern Ocean
for research. He also says that if they need to do research on whales, do it ethically instead of killing
the whales for the research" ("Independent Experts Slam Japan's New Whaling Plan and Declare
no..."). Clearly, Patrick doesn't support Japan killing whales. The main reason for killing whales is
to collect resources, not for research. Furthermore, Japan has killed whales for years now. They have
killed whales for many reasons but, "What has never made sense, however,

Commercial Whaling Research Paper
Introduction According to researchers there have been over 15.000 whales killed in Japan and
Norway since the 1900's. Not to mention the amount of minke whales killed for research by the
Japanese whaling fleets. In this assignment I will give my opinion on Japan's continued killing of
whales despite the ban on commercial whaling. Do you agree with the Norwegian and Japanese
position on permitting the hunting of non –endangered species of whales as a culture exemption? I
believe that the Japanese and Norwegian people should have standardized limits just as does any
other country when it comes to hunting and/or fishing regulations. I do agree with the Japanese and
the Norwegians position on being permitted to hunt "non–endangered" whales as a cultured
exemption for food purposes regulations exist, without them cultural exemptions allow them to kill
whales at a more alarming rate. I believe that there needs to be better enforcement of the regulations
which already exist. Although I agree that some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one hand I completely agree with Japan, and Norway expressing their views on the exemption
on cultural grounds from an international whaling ban, simply because of their sovereignty rights.
There are a number of villagers that are dependent on whaling to provide food, and other necessity
for their families. On the other hand, there are a host of negatives factors involved with mass
killings of whales, for one it is inhumane to kill so many whales in such a short time period. Second,
the slaughtering of an endangered and intelligent species for something as unnecessary as
overpriced delicacies including whale oils. With that said, I believe that the economic impact has a
big influence on my decision to agree with such a heinous crime to continue to allow whaling as
long as it is properly regulated and that those regulations are

A Case Of Nuturant Care : Adoption Of A Presumed Delphinus...
SHORT COMMUNICATION
A novel case of nuturant care: Adoption of a presumed Delphinus calf by bottlenose dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus) in Far North waters, New Zealand.
CH Petersa* and KA Stockina aCoastal–Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and
Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
Worldwide inter–specific behavioural interactions in the order Cetacea are diverse and often
complex. Epimelatic care can be described as nurturant or Succorant in nature. Adoption can be
classified as nuturant behaviour, however very few examples of nuturant adoption have been
reported among wild cetaceans and even less between species. During routine dedicated transect
surveys, an adult female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found in the presence of a
young common dolphin calf that did not appear to be her own. This mother–calf–like relationship
lasted 9 months until the mother was sighted on multiple occasions without the calf. This paper
describes repeated behavioural observations of apparent inter–specific association, and discusses the
"type" and potential function of this interaction.
Key Words: adoption, epimeletic care, nurturant behaviour, succorant behaviour, allomaternal care,
allomother, alloparental, inter–species, bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, common dolphin,
Delphinus spp., Bay of Islands, New Zealand Introduction
Inter–specific behavioural interactions in the order Cetacea are varied and often complex, including

Essay on Characteristics of Dolphins
Characteristics of Dolphins
The majority of small tooth whales are called dolphins. "Dolphins are mammals of the order
Cetacean and the families Plantanistidae and Delphinidae and include about 50 species" (Internet 1).
Most dolphin species are about 6 feet in length, the males averaging 4 to 8 inches longer than
females. The longest dolphin, the bottle–nose dolphin, can reach over nine–feet in length and weight
up to 440 pounds. The smallest dolphin species is the buffalo which is found in the Amazon River.
The Buffalo dolphin rarely grows over 3.9 feet or weighs more than 66 pounds. A dolphin's diet
consists mainly of herring, mackerel, and sardines. "Some species however, prefer squid, shrimp
and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A dolphin's normal "cruising speed" is about 23 to 25 mph, and if they are bow riding, they have
been known to get up to 30mph. Because dolphins are mammals (warm blooded) their internal
temperature is between 97.9o to 99of. They normally come to the surface to breathe about every two
minutes. Each breath consists of a short, almost explosive exhalation, followed by a slightly longer
inhalation. Dolphins can hold their breath for up to several minutes and are capable of rapid and
deep dives of more then 1,000 ft. Dolphins once were hunted commercially, for the small quantity
of valuable oil extracted from parts of the head and used to lubricated delicate watch mechanisms.
Since cheaper oils have now been found from other sources, dolphins are no longer hunted for this
reason. Many dolphins, however, become accidentally trapped and drowned in tuna nets. "Between
the years 1959 and 1972 an estimated 4.8 million dolphins died this way"
(www.thedolphinplace.com/facts.html). Because of the pressure from animal rights activists and
United States consumers, both domestic and international tuna canners have refused to accept
shipments from fishing fleets that do not protect dolphins. "The Marine Mammal Protection Act of
1972, amended in 1988 and 1992, was passed to prevent

Essay on Is Whaling Humane?
Introduction
Whaling has become a global environmental issue as vast numbers of whales are killed
commercially and scientifically every year. Intense debate on the necessity of whaling has been
stirred but failed to be resolved due to the lacking of pragmatic measures employed by the
responsible parties. Whaling nations continue to defend their whaling right for cultural and research
purposes. Yet, ethical and humanity issues are among the controversial disputes raised by concerned
public. In February 2010, International Whaling Commission (IWC) proposed a plan of lifting
whaling ban by limiting scientific whaling activities with the intention of reducing overall number
of whales killed besides solving the current impasse between pro ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1.0 Background
To provide an overview of the whaling dispute, definition of whaling activities and moratorium will
be explained in details, complementary with the overall history of whaling activities in various
nations.
1.1 Definition of whaling
Whaling is defined as hunting and killing of whales by humans for resources, mainly meat, blubber
and baleen (whalebone) obtained from whales. These resources are then sold for commercial
purposes and thus, whaling has become economical important for centuries (Joanne 2007; The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2007). Scientific whaling is conducted by hunting whales for
research purposes and further analysis to study on whale's behaviour, characteristics and distribution
(Joanne 2007). Commercial whaling is a controversial whaling practice that exploits whale products
for trade and profit. Recently, Japan, Norway and Iceland are the major contributors of commercial
whaling and deeply support any other whaling activities (Joanne 2007). Moratorium on commercial
whaling 1986 is a global ban of hunting whales for commercial purposes, implemented by
International Whaling Commission (IWC). Under Article VIII, unlimited scientific research is
permitted but sufficient data and analysis are required by Science Committee set up by IWC
(Papastavrou 2006).
1.2 History of whaling ban Before moratorium of whaling, there was a high demand of whale oil
from blubber. In 1946, International

The Cruelty Of Animals And Animals
Tons of people in the world that love animals and enjoy having their company. This is why most
people have pets around their household. With these pets we often train them to do special tricks for
example with dogs, the classic 'shake' or 'rollover' is something owners love seeing. With every new
trick that they learn, we give them treats and lots of love. With the treat and love that we give our
pets, they feel loved and happy, maintaining their health and happiness and that also makes the
owners happy. Unfortunately for other animals across the world, they are abused constantly to be fit
enough to do special tricks to entertain people. Many people enjoy seeing animals doing tricks and
stunts, especially animals that are rare to be seen by the human population. But what they don 't
know is how harmful it is to the animals. From the constant abuse, these animals' life span are
shortened and more are getting hurt daily. These animals aren 't actors yet thousands of these
animals are forced to perform meaningless tricks under physical punishment. With places like
SeaWorld and circuses, human trainers and performers choose to be there and entertain people while
the animals that are used in their facility have no choice and are forced to perform. While there are
some laws and organizations that help prevent animal use for entertainment, lack of awareness
surrounding the issue has allowed the use of these animals to continue and remained unchecked.
Marine parks, where captive

Persuasive Essay On Animal Rights
The issues regarding animal rights have been highly debated and have sparked controversy in
American politics for quite some time. Animal exploitation is happening among a majority of
animal groups, including but not limited to farm animals, laboratory animals, companion animals
and wildlife. The Animal Legal Defense Fund is sponsoring a petition to expand animal rights, and
hopefully draft an "Animal Bill of Rights" in the future. An Animal Bill of Rights would help ensure
all animals are guaranteed freedom, liberty, and the legal and social protection they have been
denied for too long. A few of these injustices include, fur trapping and fur farming, animal captivity,
and the mistreatment of farm and laboratory animals.
Annually, over one billion rabbits, foxes, minks, seals and many other animal types are captured
from their habitats and taken to fur farms, and killed for their pelts. The number of federal laws
protecting these animals and their fur is extremely low. Many of these federal laws are biased, like
the Dog and Cat Fur Protection Act, and were created due to the alleged slaughtering of dogs and
cats in China for their fur. Most animals captured for fur endure harsh conditions. Minks and foxes
are kept in cramped outdoor cages, and allowed short periods of exercise. This is detrimental as
foxes and especially minks are very active animals. They are also exposed to the harsh weather
conditions year round. According to Last Chance for Animals, farmers "selectively

Should Whaling Be A Whaling?
The topic I'm going to be talking about it whaling, the question you may be asking is what is
whaling? Whaling is the process that is mainly done by Japanese ships where they hunt and kill
whales for their meat, oil and bones. Here is a little background on why the Japanese killed the
whales. The Japanese has been killing whales for hundred and hundreds of years, so much so that it
is part of their history. Whaling was a very important part of Japan before and during the WWII,
when whale meat made up for one–quarter of Japan diets because it was so easy to get and it was
very cheap. Now they didn't really use the whale meat as much, they mainly use the whale oil for
everyday products, ingredient for different foods, lubrication for motor parts. This may be great for
the Japanese, but they are not serving the common good for the animal. They are killing an innocent
animal for their parts, which is not good. People don't realise this because yes it's an animal but it's
not a pet. Ok put your hand up if this was a household pet would you fight a little more to stop
whaling from happening. I think this is the problem people would have more of a problem if it was a
dog or a cat because they are a part of family homes and they have the emotion behind it, but whales
also have the same right to be free and to be given the same dignity as a family pet or a person. The
Japanese ship is doing the opposite of the common good, not just in killing the whales, but in how
they are

Anti Whaling Research Paper
I totally disagree with the Norwegian and Japanese position on permitting the hunting of non–
endangered species of whales as a cultural exemption, because first of whaling or hunting is cruelty,
we should not have to kill animals, which can get disappeared after a while. Even though they call it
a research, hundreds of whales per year could not be hunted. In Japan, they say that, they had a
tradition of whaling, but not all traditions are good, I mean killing whales could not be a good
tradition. There are many bad traditions in the world people were doing without knowledge, but the
governments or some organizations are working to prevent it. I believe that, this is one of the bad
traditions of our world.
No, I do not think the whaling ban constitutes a violation of these nation's sovereignty, because it
only provides prevention to some species, so that they will not be in danger. It restricts the number
of whales which may be hunted per year, and commands on which seasons of the year will whaling
be open or closed. In addition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there should be some rules to guide all the people and bring them in common understanding.
There need to be an international panel or board, which can decide and give some decisions if they
did not obey the rules. The most important thing is that people should not have fear to the rules,
instead of fearing to losing the species of whales, all people should believe that, these whales are the
beauty of the sea and it is the responsibility of everyone to protect them from disappearing. Today
because it is their culture, they are whaling, what about tomorrow when all the species are in danger,
what will they do for their culture, the people of these countries need to think this. So if everybody
could understand this and knows his responsibility, I am sure this will be solved in a short

Commercial Whaling
Make the case for the resumption of commercial whaling as an international policy. Commercial
whaling has an abundant amount of utilizations. The main utilizations include food use, commercial
use (whale–watching), animal feed and fertilizer use, cosmetic use, and pharmaceutical use. While
not popular in most countries, countries like Alaska, Iceland, Norway, and Japan have whale meat
on their menus. There are also other indigenous people and people in Inuit tribes who depend on
whale meat as their main source of food. Within the pharmaceutical field, Russia, Norway, and
Japan are counties that take on studies for the medical uses of whale. Some of these uses are whale
oil (omega 3s acid) and whale cartilage (chondroitin 4 sulfate and proteoglycan). ... Show more
In my opinion, every species, including humans, is a part of the food chain. Whether or not humans
are at the top of the food chain isn't what is important when it comes to the relationship between us
and whales. We have the technology and intelligence to kill whales and use them at important
resources, including food, wax (for candles and cosmetics), and pharmaceuticals. We should be
taking every advantage we get to further develop our knowledge of whale oil, meat, and cartilage. I
believe that we should use every opportunity to better our lives, but that does not include kill whales
recreationally. There is no excuse for that, just like there is no excuse for kills of dogs, zebras, or
pandas. Unless it is for survival, no one should be killing an animal for "fun." That saying, there is a
point when we will have to stop commercial whaling. The whale population has been an interesting
trend to research. Whale population has been very high and very low in the past couple centuries.
My opinion is that we should have a set number of whales that we can take out of the ocean each
year. If that number starts to cause a decline in the population, it should be set lower. If the
population becomes endangered, I believe that whaling should stop immediately. I could imagine
having to describe to the next generation what a whale looks like because there aren't any to show

Whaling Persuasive Essay
Whaling is an old and inhumane practice that should be stopped. In fact the act of commercial
whaling is illegal under international law. Japan still continues this practice today, despite orders to
stop given to the Japanese government by the UN's International Court of Justice in March of 2014
(WDC). Even before that ruling Japan has been asked by the international community to stop
whaling, but they continued to do so through a loop hole in the International Whaling Commission
or IWC. That hole about the size of a loop, says that whaling for scientific research is legal. The
Japanese government should stop illegal practice of whaling because it is inhumane, these whales
will go extinct if this continues, and we the international community have already asked for this to
stop. The act of commercial whaling is inhumane. Japan says that they are doing 'scientific
research,' right. Does the researched include all the economic data of how well whale meat sells
domestically in Japan, along with all the other projects they make out of the whale carcasses. There
can be some understanding that people need to eat and humans have been eating animals since we
have been on this planet. People have domesticated some animals for this exact purpose. Cattle,
pigs, and chickens being the main animals for this in the world. There is some argument of this
matter about how humane current slaughtering practices are, but I see as how much pain the animal
must go through. With these domesticated food sources, like with cattle they have this bolt pistol or
some other conventional firearm, that they put up to the head of the animal and fire it. This kills the
animal instantly or renders it unconscious before the animal is bled. How does this relate to
whaling; the time of death. In whaling the whalers go into the ocean a shoot these harpoons with
rope attached to it out of a cannon at the whales. At the tip of these harpoons there is a grenade that
detonates right after the impact inside the whale (WDCSUK). This would probably kill anything
else instantly, but since whales are so huge they have to wait a couple of minutes for the poor thing
to bleed out. If whaling continues, the affected whale species will go extinct. Here the

Jap A Dominant Country Conducting Whaling Practices
I. Introduction:
For many decades, Japan is well–known as a dominant country conducting whaling practices for
many purposes such as obtaining whale meat and oil (Facts–about–Japan, n.d.). Whaling has been
one of the most important industry in Japan since the WW II post–war that provides huge amount of
protein and helps fed Japanese citizens (Animal Planet, n.d.). It is believed that the coastal villages
were where hunting whales was first claimed to take place in–shore with hand–thrown harpoons,
but it was not the main interest of many people (Whalingmuseum, n.d.). It was not until the 17th
century that whaling industry had a dramatic development due to an invention of hunting in groups
of boats using net technique (Facts–about–Japan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Social:
It is evident that whaling practices can lead to a reduction in the population of whales, ecosystem
degradation, and even cause the species to the brink of extinction (International Whaling
Commission, n.d.). The main factors causing the problem are over–exploitation, disturbance from
whaling vessels, entanglement in fishing gears, and environmental factors (International Whaling
Commission, n.d.). According to the WDC (n.d.), more than 36,700 whales were killed after the
1986 moratorium in which Japan accounted for nearly 20,000 whales. The International Whaling
Commission (n.d.) reported that the common whales hunted by Japanese, which are Minke, Fin, Sei,
Sperm, Bryde's and Humpback whales, were severely exploited and depleting in terms of population
in the Japanese whaling grounds before the 1986 moratorium. In addition, the operation of whaling
fleets apparently causing noise pollution affecting the communication process of whales and other
marine species as well (Lian & Lu, n.d.). Whales are one of the top–level animals in the marine food
chain, therefore, a decline in whale population definitely have an impact on the marine ecosystem.
Lian and Lu (n.d.), have said that whale's dead body is a great source of food for the marine animals
in a lower depth of the ocean. Thus, the more whales killed by whaling practices, the less food for
others sea creatures and organisms (Lian & Lu, n.d.). Also, nutrients in

The Interesting Industry of Japanese Whaling Essay
If I had one year to learn more about a topic of my choice, I would study about the Japanese
whaling industry. Although whale hunting in Japan began in the 12th century, Japan's involvement
in the whaling industry began in the 1890s. The international whaling industry functioned normally
until 1925 when the League of Nations called for conservation measures in 1925. This eventually
led to the Geneva Convention for the Regulation of Whaling in 1931, which was ignored by Japan
and Germany. Instead, as whale catches diminished in coastal waters, Japanese whale hunters
looked to Antarctica. This started with the Japanese company Toyo Hogei K.K. purchasing the
Norwegian ship Antarctic, renaming it the Tonan Maru.
However, World War II soon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Japan joined the International Whaling Commission in 1951; however, Japan would later be
criticized by environmental organizations and anti–whaling nations for making heavy use of Article
VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling which states that
"Notwithstanding anything contained in this Convention any Contracting Government may grant to
any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take and treat whales for
purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to number and subject to such other
conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales
in accordance with the provisions of this Article shall be exempt from the operation of this
Convention."
As the commercial viability of large competing whaling fleets was diminished due to restrictions,
six Japanese whaling companies agreed to merge into one in July 1975. The government declared
support for the new company, with Prime Minister Shintaro Abe saying, "We ask that the flame of
the whaling industry will not be put out and that you do your best to secure Japan's food supplies.
The government will be doing all it can to actively support your efforts." Eventually, the company
merged with the Japan Whaling Association and Institute of Cetacean Research to create the
Institute of Cetacean Research in 1987.

Problems with the Japanese Whaling Industry
The Japanese whaling industry has thrived and flourished since its origin. The Japanese have
depended on whales such as the blue, fin, sei, and humpback whales. The issue at hand is that the
demand for whale products and byproducts is so large that the numbers of these types of whales has
declined to near extinction levels. Without any care to the harm being done, the Japanese whaling
industry has not shown any sign of remorse towards this actions little has been done by the
international community's to put an end to the elimination of these large and peaceful creatures.
There have been small groups of anti– whaling conservation. The groups have had many victories
along the way by using their non– traditional methods and sometimes generating violent tension
between them and the whaling ships while in international waters.
Summary
This topic has generated research and observation in order to understand both sides of the whaling
industry in Japan. First must take a look to the history and background of the topic. The oldest
Japanese book in existence, called the Kojiki, chronicled that the Emperor Jimmu, the first emperor
of Japan, ate whale meat (History of Japanese Whaling, 2013). Due to over 1,000 years of whaling
in Japan, It has not been an easy task for the Japanese people to ease up on this addiction to whale
products. For centuries this industry has remained strong until recently attacks by conservation
groups. The international community has created the

Environmental Impacts Of The Marine Environment
Introduction
Problem Statement / Definition of Research Area
This research will look into the problems caused by fishing. Human impact has proved to threaten
the bio diversity of the marine environment. The environmental impact of fishing can be divided
into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught, such as overfishing, sustainable
fisheries, and fisheries management; and issues that involve the impact of fishing on other elements
of the environment, such as by–catch. This research is connected to sustainability, and will look into
the living and non–living things that menace the fish in the sea, along with the care resolution that
will foster the marine environments feasible future.
Rationale
The indicated matter was selected for the sake of the marine environment and its beautiful
importance. A great deal of leisure time is devoted to fishing both on land and sea. I love the bio
diversity of the ocean and regard it as something that needs to be safeguarded.
This topic is also significant for my local community. The oceans species are all unique and many
people fish illegally and without caution, therefore we have an environmental responsibility in
maintaining sustainable practices. Thus, significantly exploring the living and nonliving factors
alarming the ocean including the current policies enforced toward safeguarding the ocean is
important.
Research Questions
1) What is overfishing?
2) What are the causes of overfishing?
3) How effective have the

Is the Captivity of Killer Whales for Entertainment...
Is the captivity of Killer Whales for the entertainment of humans inhume?
Suppose you were kidnapped from your family as a child by an alien species while your family
watched in despair, crying out helplessly for your kidnappers to not rip you away from them. Now
imagine then being strapped down and transported to a place unknown and once you arrive, you see
that some of the other children that were also kidnapped have died. You then witness something that
will forever remain engraved into your mind; you witness those monsters that took you hostage cut
the children open, fill their bodies up with rocks, tie an anchor onto their feet and throw them into
the ocean. The monsters then throw you into a tiny cage; you learn that you will not ... Show more
They are removed from their natural habitats and deprived of the ability to take advantage of their
intelligence as well as freely engage in behaviors that come natural to them such as choosing when
and what to hunt, their social groupings, when to mate etc. which consequentially leads to both
physical and psychological damage. These showcases of whales desensitize both children and adults
to animal mistreatment and inhumanity (Born Free USA). The exploitation of Orcinus Whales is an
act motivated solely by greed and carelessness. These animals are being held captive and taken
advantage of so that humans can be entertained for a short time and so that organizations can
continue to feed off of their publicity and make millions of dollars a year off of their pain and
suffering. Although Orcinus Orca Whales are commonly referred to as Killer Whales because they
are known as powerful predators who "relentlessly [batter] their prey for hours at a time" (Robert L.
Pitman), Orcinus Orcas are actually the largest members of the dolphin family. According to the
MarineBio Conservation Society, Orcinus Orcas can "reach a maximum length of over 9m and can
weigh up to 7,257kg" (MarineBio.org) , which is equivalent to a weight of 15998.9 lbs and about
29.5ft in length. Killer whales can be found in all parts of the ocean and in most seas from the Arctic
to the Antarctic (NMFS: NOAA Fisheries). Considering the physical size of Orcas and the size of
their natural habitat

Whaling In Japan Research Paper

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