Post Bureaucracy And The Politics

Post Bureaucracy and the Politics
Post bureaucracy and the politics of forgetting
The management of change at the BBC,
1991–2002
Martin Harris
University of Essex, Colchester, UK, and
Victoria Wegg–Prosser
Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the imputed "fall" and subsequent
"reinvention" of the BBC during the 1990s, relating a managerialist "politics of forgetting" to the
broader ideological narratives of "the post bureaucratic turn".
Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a wide range of primary and secondary
sources, combining case study analysis with long–term historical perspectives on organisational
change.
Findings – The paper shows the ways in which public sector professionals ... Show more content on
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Some scholars working in the
Foucauldian tradition of organisational analysis have argued that market–oriented policies and
managerial discourses may act to "capture" and fix the ways in which the world is seen by public
sector professionals (for a full review see Trowler, 2001;
Doolin, 2002). But there is now a very substantial body of work which shows the ways in which
these discourses have been contested and "displaced" by public sector professionals (Kirkpatrick
and Lucio, 1995; Kitchener, 2000; Trowler, 2001; Doolin,
2002; Farrell and Morris, 2003; Kirkpatrick et al., 2005). A recurrent theme in these critiques is that
the new forms reflect not the "end" of bureaucracy but a complex, and often highly unstable,
bifurcation of the bureaucratic form which devolves operational responsibility whilst attempting to
extend the controls exercised by senior management (Farrel and Morris, 2003, p. 134). A growing
number of scholars have argued that the "epochalism" promulgated by the anti–bureaucratic turn has
produced a highly restricted, caricatured and an historical view which detaches analysis from the
relevant organisational contexts, interests and social choices (Reed
and
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Felias: A Short Story
There are only a couple hundred people in the town of Felias. The nutrient rich soil, and the
sunlight, gives us an abundance of fruits and vegetables. I work with my friend Aidin gathering
precious stones, and rare herbs from the mountains. "So, how have you been?" I ask, picking up
another stone to put in the bag that hung loosely around my waist. "I can't complain, but these
stones sure are heavy," he says, shaking the bag up and down around his waist with annoyance.
"How come you aren't struggling like I am?" I stare into his brown eyes, "I don't know," I say
awkwardly, "I never really thought about it." I turn my attention to grabbing another stone, and
place it into my bag. It seemed Aidin wasn't going to give up. In an attempt to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"Long ago, their was an attack on this city. Many nobles, and townspeople lost their lives, defending
their king. The city itself was greatly damaged in the battle. Some thought it was beyond repair. but
just when we were about to lose hope, we received help from another kingdom we never even knew
existed. They rode on great winged horses, and they wore glowing armor, that shined like the sun.
They repaired our city in return for a promise. That we hide the castle using their implanted
cloaking device, and never speak a word of it's existence to anyone, except someone by the name of
Adenine." A million questions raced through my head. How did the strange visitors know my name?
Why was I the only person aloud to know the truth? Ok not a million questions, but they bothered
me nonetheless. I know It's allot to take in, Eliade says, sensing my distress. I'm the only one in the
kingdom, except for my father, who knows about the cloaking device. Eliade lifts his hand onto his
forehead, and gazes over the violet ocean. "I should go, the Suns almost set." Eliade put two fingers
in his mouth and loudly whistles. What is that? a dark blue flying bird–like creature suddenly lands
in front of us, shaking the ground. It's talons must have been three feet long, and it's wingspan of at
least 60

Loch Ness Monster Research Paper
In the midst at the lake in Scotland, appeared a monster. They called her the Loch Ness Monster
(Nessie). The mystery of the Loch Ness Monster, although supposedly seen by people, is still
unproven. The legend of Nessie started in the year 1933. Facts about the monster is the surgeon's
photo was a hoax.
The legend of the Loch Ness monster all started on May 2, 1933. When the story of the monster first
appeared in the paper. The first photo evidence of the monster was also taken in the year of 1933.
Scientist have considered that the Loch Ness monster was a myth and a hoax. The Loch Ness
monster is founded in the lake called the Loch Ness located in Scotland. According to Legend of
Nessie "Early 1930's a new road was built around the Loch Ness ... Show more content on
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Before the people found out that the footprints were fake it was known as the most greatest piece of
evidence that the monster was real. William Fraser wrote a letter to the government about the Loch
Ness monster. Fraser noted that a man named Peter Kent stated he was having a special harpoon gun
made for the beast to kill or to capture it for the prize money. According to Radford Benjamin "Kent
says he will have twenty hunters on August twenty second for hunting the beast" (2015). Fraser also
added in his letter that he did not want Kent and his men to hunt the beast especially if it is the only
one alive. Fraser suggested that some type of government protection plan might be established for
the Loch Ness monster. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) took took the longest and most
comprehensive search for the Loch Ness monster. Their is a strong incentive to protect the Loch
Ness monster and other large animals from being hunted and captured. Locals and other people
from the area and around the area speak of the Loch Ness monster as a solitary animal. Solitary
means done or existing alone, this is well said because their has only been one monster found and
seen. Also people not from the area have said if the monster is real then their should be more of
them not just one there should be dozens or even hundreds. There must be a breeding system for the

Censorship Of Television And Television
Restrictions were also placed against foreign news outlets following the election. Reporters from the
Italian public television broadcaster Radiotelevisione Italiana claimed that one of its interpreters was
beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers confiscated the cameraman's tapes. The Al Arabiya's
offices in Tehran were closed for a week by Iranian authorities on June 14 and no explanation was
given for the decision. Additionally, the director of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) World
Service, the world 's largest international broadcaster of news, speech and discussions, made claims
that the Iranian Government jammed its broadcasts to the country. Peter Horrocks, director of BBC
World Service, stated that audiences in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During interrogations, he was tortured and questioned about his associations with other journalists
during his incarceration. In July, a televised confession was aired by Press TV in which Bahari told
the interviewer that Western journalists worked as spies and he had covered illegal demonstratinos
and gather that helped promote a color revolution. He was released on bail set at $300,000 on
October 17 after Secretary of State Hillary Clinton pushed the Iranian government for his release.
The Iranian government released him on the condition that he would report to the Iranian
Revolutionary Guard weekly on any anti–revolutionary movements he saw in Britain, where he
lived.
Judiciary Action
Before discussing the actions taken by judiciary officials in Iran, the history of the system must be
understood. The Iranian revolution of 1979 essentially erased six decades of modernization of Iran's
judicial system. The revolution overthrew the Pahlavi Dynasty, which had ruled Iran from 1926 to
1979, under Muhammad Reza Shah. Similar to his father who had ruled before him, Muhammad
Reza Shah eliminated dissent through repression; banning the independent political parties and
repressing minority groups. By the 1960s, these policies began to spark resistance in the form of
armed groups fighting with guerilla warfare, similar to the methods used Algeria and Palestine
resistance

Bbc Worldwide Case Essay
BBC Worldwide: Global Strategy Case
Company Overview
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1922 by a group of radio manufacturers
in order to popularize the new medium and create content for customers to listen to on their new
devises. The organization grew as it developed a radio transmitter network and started looking at
other media types. However, due to an issue of license fee collection, the BBC experienced heavy
financial losses which caused the original radio manufacturers to pull out of the entity. To enable the
entity to continue operating, a Royal Charter was created to fund the entity moving forward. BBC
still operates under that charter which is reviewed every 10 years and the funding comes from a
License ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strengths
Based on the questionnaire administered to BBC users, we can see that BBC is seen very favorably
by its users. BBC as a brand is very strong, which is something the CEO of BBC WW will need to
use effectively. BBC WW is also in a very strong financial position. Based on the financial data
provided, the profits generated by BBC WW nearly tripled over the previous three years, and were
on track to meet the £100M target for the FY2006–2007. Lastly, BBC WW has a very well
diversified portfolio of media to meet any demand.
Weaknesses
Due to the fact that BBC operates under a Royal Charter, it tends to be more conservative and it's
very focused in its programing on British culture. This can make it more difficult for BBC WW to
see programing in cultures that are not fans of the British culture. BBC WW is also significantly
under–staffed in its international offices, which could make it difficult to implement major strategy
changes. Finally, there seems to be a communication gap between BBC WW and BBC when it
comes to suggestions for innovations, and that could hinder progress in new markets.
Opportunities
BBC WW is well positioned to grow due to its significant web presence. The company has done a
great job of embracing new media and distribution mediums. BBC WW is also poised to take
advantage of growth in some global markets. These markets were identified as

Print Media Press
46. Print Media (Press). The Government of India Act of 1935, gave a large measure of self–
government to Indians but none of the major newspapers were owned or edited by Muslims .
However, when Indian Muslims began to organize and rally to the political platform of the All–India
Muslim League, concerted efforts were made to develop a strong press to support the Muslim
national cause. A number of Muslim owned newspapers were established. Two English–language
newspapers, Morning News in Calcutta and Dawn in Delhi, began publishing in 1942. In the late
1930s, the first Indian Muslim news agency, the Orient Press of India, was founded. Important
events unfolded as under: –
a. On the eve of independence, however, only four major Muslim owned newspapers existed namely
Pakistan times, Zamindar, Nawa–I–Waqt, and Civil and Military Gazette, all located in Lahore. A
number of Muslim newspapers moved to Pakistan, Dawn began publication as a daily in Karachi on
the day of independence in 1947. Other publications were also shifted to Pakistan including the
Morning News and the Urdu–language dailies Jang and Anjam .
b. The National Press Trust, a nonprofit organization that is a major newspaper publisher, was
established by businessmen in 1964 and taken over by the government in 1972. The two major news
agencies in Pakistan are the Associated Press of Pakistan and Pakistan Press International. The
Associated Press of Pakistan was taken over by the government in 1960.
c. In the

A Brief History of the Development of Advertising
NAME – KUNTAL BOSE
DEPARTMENT – PGDM
ROLL – PGDM/10/013
ASSIGNMENT – A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING
DEFINITION – Advertising is a process, not a medium in its own right, although it uses different
media forms to communicate. Advertising, in its simplest form, is the way in which the vendor or
manufacturer of a product communicates with consumers via a medium, or many different media.
HISTORY
Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and
political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and
found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap
product. Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message
"The skin you love to touch".
Advertisements of hotels in Pichilemu, Chile from 1935.
In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and
retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many
non–profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools,
clubs and civic groups.When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularized, each individual
radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the
business' name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners
soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to
multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship
rights to single businesses per show.
This practice was carried over to commercial television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce
battle was fought between those seeking to commercialize the radio and people who argued that the
radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non–commercially
and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model

The Canadian Media Company Profile
Canadian Media Company Profile
Name
Institution
Bell Media
Bell Media is a premier multimedia company based in Canada with special focus in radio,
television, digital media and outdoor advertising. According to the company 's website, it creates
builds contents and brands that are tailor made to inform, inspire, entertain and engage audiences
through their most preferred platforms. Bell Media owns thirty local television stations, 30 specialty
channels and four pay television services. Its CTV is the local television station that is rated most
high in terms of viewership. The RDS and TSN are also the country 's most watched specialty
channels. With more than 105 licensed radio stations under its operation, Bell Media is the biggest
radio broadcaster in Canada (Grant, 2013). Besides managing iHeartRadio brand, the company also
owns Astral Out of Home with more than 30,000 network in advertising faces in Alberta, nova
Scotia, Ontario, British Columbia and Qu?bec. The company also runs in excess of two hundred
websites, operates GO video streaming services and produces live theatrical show. This makes it
Canada 's biggest multi production company.
Ownership structure and the economics of media
The company is committed to building a continuous and strong cross cutting edge programming that
leaves viewers glued to their screens. Bell Media is a subsidiary of the Bell Canada Enterprises
(BCE Inc.). This used to be the mother company of Bell Canada, the telephone monopoly. In

Case Study Of Channel 4 And Desperate Housewives
It was said that American TV drama Desperate Housewives and other shows allowed Channel 4 to
hold on to both advertisers and audiences due to high profits (after tax of £48.5 million, an increase
of nine per cent). Therefore, the case study of Channel 4 and Desperate Housewives is the
demonstration of whether American programmes on British screens are the process of cultural
interaction. Desperate Housewives was screened on Channel 4's E4. "E" stands for entertainment,
up to ahead of one week before other Channel 4 broadcasts. As a youth–focused channel, Channel 4
is mainly aimed at the 15–35–year–old youth demographic and has a history of broadcasting
popular American comedy programme such as Desperate Housewives (ABC, USA, 2004–2012),
How I Met Your Mother (20th Television, 2005–2014), Ugly Betty (ABC, USA, 2006–2010) and
Friends (Warner Bros. Television, 1994–2004). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the summer of 2008, Big Brother took up the 9 pm or 10 pm slots every day and left no room for
Desperate Housewives on the schedules. Therefore, American imported programmes serve as a role
of filling a programme gap when British broadcasters fail to. This could also be explained from the
historical perspective of American programmes on the British screen. Dating back to the mid–
1980s, the majority of imports, mostly American, tended to be used in expanding off–peak slots.
The competitive advantage lay in indigenous productions over foreign imports was deemed to be a
strategy of British channels. By using domestic programmes, these channels hoped to appear more
distinctive than the smaller terrestrial and newer satellite and cable channels that were relying
heavily on American programmes (Rixon

How The Media Has Changed Sports
It is without a doubt a prestigious certainty that in the present time, media has changed sports. Be
that as it may, there was no TV, PCs and the same number of distributed papers before the 1950s as
today. Back in those days, sports news was given less enthusiasm to than writing, magazines, silver
screen, and so on. Indeed, even now, aside from normally regular TV and radio, there exists a wide
assortment of media itself, similar to the web, PC amusements, digests, and so on. In the nineteenth
century, data identified with sports was accessible at a tight range, which turned out to be extremely
expansive in the twentieth and the 21st century. Presently, with the assistance of media, live
telecasts have turned out to be extremely celebrated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sports were not given due consideration before. Magazines, articles, and radio were the main media
that were utilized to show news with respect to sports. Nonetheless, TV brought another beam of
trust in every one of those connected with donning exercises. With the progression of time,
individuals got to be mindful of the simple and prudent route in which TV gave news and
amusement to its viewers. Sports occasions began to be telecast live on it and everybody could see
the occasion as it happened, when it happened and how it happened. Today, albeit electronic
instruments and satellite–based web administrations are accessible, nothing has yet possessed the
capacity to overwhelm TV. Sports stars, associations, and governments have earned are as yet
winning a huge number of dollars of income as an aftereffect of commercials, sponsorships, and
shows made on TV. At this moment, it would not be right to say as Dayan and Katz expressed in
(Dayan and Katz, 211) that media occasions have moved the range not just from the stadium to the
lounge rooms yet rather from the stadiums to front room, bistro and bar, focus and peripheries,
residential and open spots, and different venues. In a future in which individuals form their own
review plans from a huge scope of moment sources, brandishing occasions might be the main
occasions that lure viewers to stare at the

Virgin Media
Virgin Media
Virgin Media began trading in early 2007, as a result of a merger between cable operator
NTL:Telewest, and acquisitions of the VirginNet internet service provider, and Virgin Mobile. At
launch, the new company heralded itself as being the first single provider of ‘quad–play' (four–
service) media in the UK. It has a strong marketing campaign and its broadband service in particular
is popular with British customers, with the second – largest subscriber base in the United Kingdom.
Product
Virgin Media's products are predominantly intangible services. The company's product range
includes landline telephone services, broadband internet, digital television, and mobile phone
solutions. From the company's beginnings as two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when a customer joins on a new broadband package, Virgin will provide them with a
modem capable of connecting their computer to the network. When a television service is selected, a
suitable set top box is supplied. These services are subject to an installation fee, where a trained
engineer will come to the customers home to oversee a smooth setting up of the facility.
The company operates a number of call centres to deal with customer enquiries. These act as a first
point of contact for any customer calling into Virgin Media. The call centres are located around the
country, in areas such as Manchester, Sheffield and Birmingham. Virgin Media also utilises
outsourced contact centres from out with the UK. However, this can be a bad idea for a business
from a public relations point–of–view. Customers find themselves increasingly vexed with getting
put through to foreign call centres, and more and more companies are making the shift back to UK–
based centres as it can be used as a selling point.
Promotion
The business is very heavily promoted, through all forms of media, including press, billboards,
magazine inserts, British TV and the internet. The firm capitalises on the distinctive Virgin logo,
which is familiar to the British public due to the variety of other products and services offered by
the Virgin Group.
The colouring of the logo, and Virgin Media's advertising

Marketing Mix
Introduction
The report is tasked to take an in–depth look at the marketing environment in which our chosen
organization, bskyb operates within. The report is further tasked to identify why complacency
should have no place in the complex competitive market in which bskyb operates. In order to
address the issues at hand, the report will establish and identify the elements of bskyb marketing
mix and outline the necessity to continuously "explore various possibilities of improving their
activities towards satisfying the needs and wants of their target market".
The report will commence by giving the historical background of bskyb– who are they, when did
they commence, what their initial core activities were and what their current ... Show more content
Price
There are a great many ways to put price on to product, most popular are:
1. Premium pricing–usually above the high of its segment. For example, something unique like car
Ferrari.
2. Penetration pricing–the price of entry usually much lower, normally bread cost 1pound but we are
selling the same quality bread for 40 pence to displace competition.
3. Economy pricing– low cost for simple and cheap products
4. Psychological pricing psychological price, as example instead of 5 pounds 4.99
5. Product line pricing – product line or set of services, for example, basic model of computer and
extended model for the same company computer.
6. Geographic pricing – geographical pricing. The same company is offering different prices for
different companies branches basted of local people purchasing power or mach with surrounding
competition to not suffer loses.
Place

Under the place can be understood as the end of the point of implementation, the distribution
systems, separate channels, intermediaries. This means the mechanism by which moves the product
or service from producer to consumer.
Promotion
There are many ways to reach the target customer, but point to all marketers should remember any
way they are achieving the customer's main purpose is the "message". It should be nice and easy
understandable. Most popular ways to promote products are:
1. Personal selling

British Satellite Broadcasting: the Beginning of the End
Entrepreneur Research Paper Adriel McBride DeVry University December 17, 2012 TABLE OF
CONTENTS Introduction 3 Abstract 3 History behind BSB 4 Reasons for Failure 5 Analysis ...
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So it kind of boils down to customer satisfaction, which is always a big part of a business success.
When BSB couldn't make good on their promise it reflected badly on the company and made their
consumers wonder if they were really up for the challenge. For example take a gamer that is
anxiously waiting for a new Xbox game console to come out and is schedule for release in May but
is pushed back to August, a lot of loyal customers will be let down and possibly turn to PlayStation
which new console came out when vowed. They may not lose a lot of of customers but it could
cause a ripple effect for the ones that did chose to get a PlayStation instead. That is what happened
with BSB, they had satisfied customers when they finally launched but not enough to keep them in
business. Another thing that caused them to fail was not having the sufficient operating funds. The
owners didn't estimate how much money they would need to accomplish what they set out to do. It
is always important to know how much money your business will necessitate, that includes the
starting cost and staying a business. That was not well executed when the owners of BSB started the
company which was a major cause of why it failed. Too much money being put into the company
but not enough coming in. They had major financial issues they caused them to basically turn over
their business to their competitor. That is never how an entrepreneur plans their business to turn out
especially a few

The Commercialisation, Professionalization And Equity Of...
This piece of work will explain how the commercialisation, professionalization and equity of sport
has changed from the 1950s to today. This piece of work will also discuss the different techniques
and strategies that organisations within sport used to commercialise, professionalise and set social
stratification. The worldwide interest in sport is phenomenal, regardless of your skin colour,
religion, health, social status, gender and home nation. Sport is a universal platform for happiness,
revenue and success. Even though sport has made the leap from just love and passion, to revenue
and business, sport has never been without its business factors "Business & sport have never been
entirely unconnected in Britain" (Mason, 19888, cited in Horne, 2006: 20). For example, sport can
attract audience but also sell their goods via the viewing platform. More specifically a great example
of this would be Manchester United's Jersey sales, having the largest amount of sales in England
(1,750,000). This is a direct link from commercialisation and media coverage. Media moved from
covering sport & gaining from it indirectly, to effectively controlling it (Burstyn, 1999, cited in
Horne, 2006: 21). From one side of the world to another, sport thrives and is forever growing. From
America's "4 sports", to England's top flight level of football, the premier league. Another
substantial factor that will be discussed from 1950 onwards is equity. An example of how equity has
been apparent in sport

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bv Vs Sky Tv
British Satellite Broadcasting VS Sky Television
Both the companies at the start go critically for the sake of having a good competition with each
other. BSB was the consortium established in 1986. It was given the exclusive license to be the first
UK's DBS channel operator. As the 1986 was the starting point so that proved critical enough to
BSB and therefore it suffered losses.
By getting a 15–years authority by IBA to commence its services on three DBS channels, all BSB
considered was a mega plan to take a start with 400,000 satellites in its first year's broadcasting and
2,000,000 in 1992, and 6,000,000 by 1995. But when it came to the reality, the table was turned
against the anticipations and BSB faced the losses of approximately £6–7 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And by the merger these could also have been saved. Here, the merger is suggested as the best
solution because it has more advantages than the disadvantages. As another solution, we can also
see towards a scenario in which BSB could use the more sophisticated technology but with less cost
and with less other costs like depreciation, sub–managing, satellites, advertising etc. and this all
would be possible only if it had the good management like its competitor, and BSB could have
changed wholly the nature of interaction if it had created some obstacles in the launch of the Sky
Television. But when we come to its after–effects we see that there shall be definitely a reaction
caused by prevention of launching by the Sky Television and whereby the strict cold war between
them could get a start that would not be viable for both of the powers.
In 1990, BSB was enjoying the great market share but this all got tainted with the sudden arrival of
the Sky Television in the market. When both companies were in the market BSB was actually losing
the money mainly due to its high capital investment. SKY benefited a lot from the market
monopoly. Overall Sky had a dominant strategy but for BSB it was more complicated since the only
way to be profitable was to become a

Essay on Bsb Versus Sky Tv
Executive Summary British television viewing levels had stagnated in the 1980s due to already high
levels of television viewership (3.5 hours per day) and the rapid penetration of the VCR. This
caused broadcast companies like BBC and ITV to look for new ways to spurn growth. The British
government tried to allocate three of the five high powered digital satellite broadcast (DBS)
channels first to the BBC and then to a joint venture between BBC and ITV. Both attempts failed
due to high startup costs in building and launching dedicated satellites. The bidding for these
channels was then moved to the private sector in April 1986. Additionally, the use of the untried D–
MAC transmission standard that was viewed as a move towards HDTV was ... Show more content
They immediately set out to raise capital to fund the deployment of two satellites. With the
enormous start–up costs and an economic model that expected a market entrant to stay the course of
making losses for a minimum of 10 years it was easy to see why BSB refused to view Sky's
movement in the satellite broadcasting business as a serious threat. Sky Television was formed in
June of 1988 out of Sky Channel by Rupert Murdoch, of News Corporation. Sky Channel had been
using low powered satellite technology for broadcasting since 1983. Although a money loser, this
project allowed Murdoch to see the potential for a wider acceptance of satellite technology for
broadcasting in Europe. In 1986, News Corp under Murdoch launched Fox in the US and started
using satellite technology. News Corp planned for a $150 million in start–up losses for Fox. This
prior experience with Fox and Sky Channel definitely gave Sky the upper–hand in understanding
the economic of satellite broadcasting and the business requirements. BSB should have expected to
witness some activity from News Corp given Murdoch's recent success with Fox but when Sky
Television was announced in 1988, BSB was actually taken off–guard. Alternative Scenarios for
Market Entry BSB on announcing its entry into the DSB market, setout to obtain $222.5 million in
financing to fund the buying and launching of the satellites. It also started the recruiting process that
took almost 6 months

Role of Children's Television in the Global Marketplace...
Abstract
It was not long ago that there was wide agreement among broadcasters, scholars, educators and
parents concerning the ultimate goal of children's television programming: to educate. Today, it
would be difficult to find even two people to agree on such terms. Popular opinion would lead us to
believe that broadcasters now seek to exploit the youngest members of their audience––turning
them into life–long viewers (and consumers). Scholars and educators woefully condemn television
for the "dumbing down" of America. Parents, no longer present during all television viewing hours,
may not even be aware of what their children are watching. When we add an international
perspective into the mix, we inevitably invite phrases such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first (and most common) is "Open Sesame." In this format, the opening and closing segments of
the show are made locally, but the rest of the program is compiled from material produced by the
United States and leased to the foreign country.2 The second method (and the one most commonly
touted by CTW ambassadors) is co–production. In this method, foreign nations play a larger role in
the compilation of footage for the show: some is produced locally, some is from the United States.
As of 1988, there were 15 co–productions worldwide, and that number has remained quite constant
since that time.3 The U.S. version uses little, if any, foreign material.4
CTW remains a not–for–profit U.S. corporation with a 1994 operations reserve fund of $34 million
and an endowment of $71 million.5. Foreign "franchisers" of "Sesame Street" are restricted by an
agreement with CTW that does not permit the program to be aired with commercials. All profit
comes, in turn, from toy sales and is immediately turned over and utilized by the extensive
research–design system that is unique to CTW and "Sesame Street."6
It is, in fact, the CTW research system that has drawn the most criticism from the global front. The
system implements two types of testing: formative and summative. Formative tests are those
conducted prior to broadcast, and

History of Television Essays
History of Television
Television has become a major industry all over the world, especially in the industrialized nations,
and a major medium of communication and source of home entertainment. Television is used in
many industries. A few examples are for surveillance in places inaccessible to or dangerous for
human beings, in science for tissue microscopy, and in education. Today you can find a television in
almost every home. This is why I decided to research the history of the television.
The first television devices were based on an 1884 invention called the scanning disk, patented by
Paul Nipkow. This device was a large disk with holes on it, which spun in front of an object while a
photoelectric cell recorded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An anode finger was a pencil–sized tube with a small aperture at the top. Magnetic coils sprayed the
electrons emitted from the electrical image left to right and line–by–line onto the aperture, where
they became electric current. Both Zworykin's and Farnsworth's devices then transmitted the current
to a cathode–ray tube, which recreated the image by scanning it onto a fluorescent surface.
Farnsworth applied for a patent for his image dissector in 1927. The development of the television
system was plagued by lack of money and by challenges Farnsworth's patent from the giant Radio
Corporation of America (RCA). In 1934, the British communications company, British Gaumont,
bought a license from Farnsworth to make systems based on his designs. In 1939, the American
company RCA did the same. Both companies had been developing television systems of their own
and recognized Farnsworth as a competitor. World War II interrupted the development of the
television. When television broadcasts became a regular occurrence after the war in 1945,
Farnsworth was not involved. Instead he decided to devote his time to trying to perfect the devices
he had designed.
David Sarnoff, Vice President of the Radio Corporation of America, later hired Vladimir Zworykin
to ensure that RCA would control television technology. Farnsworth's business manager ended up
selling

Law 338 Summative Coursework
LAW 338 Summative Coursework
Table of Contents
1 Authorisation Required for Clickable Links to Freely Available Work on Other Websites? 1.1
Communication 1.2 To the public 1.3 New public 1.4 Svensson pros 1.5 Svensson cons 1.6 Liability
of ISPs 1.7 Liability of Search Engines
2 If Clickable Links Transport to a Broadcast of a Work 2.1 Communication to the Public 2.2
Different Technical Means
3 Embedded links
4 Not–for–profit Basis
5 If Copyright Work on the Original Website is Restricted by Technical Means 5.1 Deep–linking 5.2
Contractual conditions 5.3 Crticism
6 Reform
7 Conclusion
Q3.
1.Authorisation Required for Clickable Links to Freely Available Work on Other Websites?
Copyright in a work can be infringed by copying it, issuing copies of it to the public or making an
adaptation of it . It is apparent that hyperlinks are not a material form of a copy, but merely an
electronic link to another site. Authorisation would only be required for clickable links, if it is
substantiated that such links would infringe a copyright held by the original content provider. For
our current purposes, clickable links shall be examined in line with the right of communication to
the public.
1.1 Communication
Copyright laws apply to communication through electronic transmission if the work that is copied is
intended to be retrieved and used by someone else, irrespective of whether members of the public
avail themselves of that opportunity . An

The Merits And Merits Of Media Coverage Of Terrorism Essay
Q. Using any case/s of your choice, discuss the merits and de–merits of media coverage of
terrorism.
Introduction: From the outset, the paper makes clarity of the key terms terrorism and media
coverage. According to Magstadt (2009:506) terrorism has been defined in many ways, but the most
definitions take into account several factors including violence's, the desire for publicity, political
motive and intimidation aimed at the civilian populations. Jerkins (n.d.) "terrorism is the use or
threatened use of force designed to bring about political change". As depicted from the above
definitions activities of terrorism have gone through premeditation stage, implementation and more
to be fulfilled. In 1983 the world woke up to the breaking news that terrorists bombed the United
States Embassy in Beirut and killed 63 people. Other acts of terrorism followed and in 1995 the
world was shocked to hear that members of the Aum Shinrikyo released deadly sarin gas in the
Tokyo subway in five coordinated attacks killing 12 and severely injuring 50 and causing temporary
vision problems for others and this is classified as domestic terrorism practiced within a single
country by terrorists with no ties to another government. As if that was enough, in August 1998 a
large car bomb explodes in the central district of Omagh, Northern Ireland killing 29 people and
injuring 330. Dreadfully, four commercial jet airliners are hijacked from East Cost Airport, two
were directed to crash into the

Statement Of Purpose For Graduate Schemes In Advertising...
When looking for graduate schemes in advertising and marketing Sky stood out especially to me.
Firstly because its name recognition immediately jumped out at me, but also because of how broad
and varied the work at Sky appears to be. Nation wide Sky advertises a multitude of channels and
programming across all medias whether that be physical, digital or televised. The skills and
experiences to be gained by working as part of such a large organisation and such a professional
team both intrigues and excites me.
As a huge fan of both film and sports, the possibility to work with Sky Cinema or Sky Sports on the
production or marketing of advertising campaigns with content that I have a true passion for is an
opportunity that I would be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advertising and marketing appeals to me because it allows me to continue my creative endeavours
in a professional setting.
Sky has established itself as the premier provider of content for families and dominated the living
room in British households. BT is the major threat to this position as it invests major money into
sports programming and marketing. Currently BT's major investments have been into football and
boxing, two of the biggest sports in Britain.
Regarding football BT have recently attained the rights to both the Champions and Europa League's.
Whilst this is the case Sky must focus on its advertisement and marketing of the Premier League.
Conveying to the British public that it is the best league in the world, with Sky the premier provider
of the biggest fixtures and the best coverage of the sport available anywhere – through multiple
dedicated channels and ultra HD coverage with SkyQ. BT have just 42 Premier League games
available whilst Sky have 126. Advertising the fact that Sky is the home of triple as many of the top
tier match ups in the biggest league in the world should secure football fans with more than enough
reason to remain with, or join Sky.
BT's partnership with BoxNation and Frank Warren would appear to be an attempt to contest Sky in
providing boxing coverage in the UK. Established fighters such as Anthony Joshua, Kell Brook

Unit 25 Structure of the TV and Video Industry
Unit 25: Television and Video Production
Structure of the TV Industry
This essay will focus on the structure of the channels the BBC and ITV, which will give the reader
an understanding of the structure of the television and video industry in the UK. This essay will be
split up into three parts; the details of ownership and income, systems and technologies, and their
regulations as well as discussing the success of both companies.
Details of Ownership and Income
In the television sector, there are one of two types of broadcasters; commercial and public service
broadcasters. A public service broadcaster is a non–profit public television network. An example of
this sort of TV channel would be the BBC which is run by John Reith ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
limitations. It will then offer more space as analogue takes up about a third of the spectrum which
can also be used to increase signal reach in some areas and also make room for new services too. As
well as this, it will give viewers a wider variety of channels to watch and reduce costs for
broadcasters that would have had to pay more to transmit services in both formats. The downsides
of the switching off analogue will mostly affect homes in the UK as they will be the people who will
have to start paying for different means of watching TV. As well as affecting domestic settings, they
will also be affecting non–domestic settings such as hospital's and TV rental businesses who rely on
analogue TV. Having to make the switch from analogue to digital will be difficult in hospitals as
they will not only need new TV sets, but will also have to pay for new Freeview TV set top boxes
for their patients. It also means that TV rental businesses will not be able to provide analogue TV's
anymore as they will have no use, cutting back their income. As well as this, some areas may even
need new roof top aerials installed, totalling up to a large sum of money to make the switch. As
Digital televisions such as Freeview offer a handful of more channels, but require a one off
payment. There is also satellite which is currently the most popular type of TV broadcasting, with
services such as Sky

The Influence Of Fox News
The reports delivered by media have become untrustworthy due to its slanting information
contributed by special interests. The introduction paragraphs will begin with an attention getter that
hasn't been decided on yet. It will begin on how the systems should be delivering unbiased stories.
When is comes to broadcasting or journalism, objectivity should be in place. Which means that
there should be no bias but just facts within a story. This will lead to the issues today with the
slanting of information caused by special interests such as the owners of the news stations and
politicians. The thesis of course will finish the introduction. Fox news is an American station under
the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and chairman, Roger Ailes. Ailes has been active in political
works, especially in "news business" since his involvement in Richard Nixon's campaign in 1968.
His success let him to work for CNN then eventually at Fox. Evidence has been shown that Ailes
and Fox news has a habit in "misleading its viewers." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fox New's reporters tend to be more conservative and have an audience mostly being republicans.
There will be a mention on Sean Hannity and my perspectives towards their show on Fox. In an
article by Jonathon S. Morris, a study showed that fox reported "democratic nominee John Kerry to
be more negative than coverage of George W. Bush" with a favor in presenting Republican over
Democratic Conventions.

Report: Bsb vs Sky Television
1. BSB should have been able to identify potential competitors, particularly News Corporation.
News Corporation was successful in US (in the US TV satellite industry), had experience
transmitting television programs to Western Europe with a low–powered satellite and they already
had presence in the UK with newspapers, which could allowed Sky to realize economies of scope.
These economies of scope are even more significant if we take into account that News Corporation
owns 20th Century Fox Studios. After purchasing 69% interests in SATV and renaming it to Sky
Channel, this was a clear signal of a potential competitor to BSB. Adding to this, other signal was
Murdoch's personality, characterized by being aggressive and used to risk and make ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A company that would act fast and decisively would be a serious threat for BSB. 2. Before Sky's
announcement BSB should have followed a strategy to increase the cost of entry for any potential
entrant. In practice, BSB could have bought exclusivity rights over Astra satellite as a new entrant
could provide the same service with a medium–powered satellite. Actually, by signing this
exclusivity they would have launched their services immediately (with PAL existing technology),
guaranteeing a first move advantage and restricting the room for entrants. Afterwards, with the
network established BSB perhaps could upgrade its technology to D–Mac (high–powered) but this
time with control over market. Speed in getting to the market was crucial in this case, but BSB
missed it, having technology concerns prioritized over marketing concerns. Besides, if they insisted
in this technology (D–MAC) they should have lobbied to put legal restrictions in medium–powered
satellites transmitting for UK, consistent with the Government objective to promote investment in
MAC standard. Moreover, they should have pursued exclusive agreement with movie studios, as
soon as possible, to limit entrants' ability to have superior programming. On the other hand,
exclusivity or partnerships in distribution, were recommended, by tying retailers to sell the dishes,
benefiting with the costumers' higher switching costs and, consequently, higher future market share.
Ex–post Sky's entry announcement, it

The BBC Organization Essay
The BBC Organization The BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Co–operation. The British
Broadcast is a very well established organisation. It was formed in 1922 by a group of leading
wireless manufactures, the daily broadcasting by the BBC began from Marconi's London Studio on
November 14th, this followed the next day by broadcasts from Birmingham and Manchester. During
the following few months the BBC organisation was successfully able to broadcast around the U.K
this effectively showed how popular and in demand the BBC became around the U.K and therefore
had to remain a prestigious and impressive organisation and to remain its high standards and
popularity. The Secretary of State's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To maintain a degree of independence from the state of the governing administration was to appoint
a committee of 12 public figures on a five yearly basis who would, in turn, appoint a director
general. The extent to which these committees were composed of 'political appointees' who could
steer the BBC in directions favourable to the government has been a subject of controversy . So has
the BBC's real 'independence' in light of the government's power to set licence fees and therefore
apply financial pressure in the event of unfavourable or controversial political coverage. Under its
first director John Reith the BBC was given a mission to bring the 'Best' of British culture to the
nation, to enlighten, elevate and 'educate' wherever possible. The BBC is formally obliged to remain
politically impartial especially in times of political conflict. The governors role is to ensure that the
BBC fulfils its obligations as laid down by the law by remaining an impartial and politically correct
organisation. The BBC is set up by the Royal Charter therefore programmes on war, Remembrance
services, Queen's speeches are broadcast to remain as a high well respected

I Am The Researcher For A Production Company And I Have
I am the researcher for a production company and I have been asked to produce an individual
research which will be based on analysing and investigating the TV and Film industries. I will be
using different case studies to explore ownership and funding in the media industry as it will help
me understand what the TV and film industry is, how it works and how ownership and funding
relate to the industry. I will be using many different case studies involving several companies. A few
companies I will be researching are: 'News Corp', 'Viacom', 'Disney' and Universal. I will also be
researching on other companies such as the BBC.
The TV and film industry is made up of a list of different companies that operate differently and are
funded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Private Companies are companies that are either owned by non–governmental organizations or by a
relatively small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its
company stock (shares) to the general public on the stock market exchanges, but rather the company
's stock is offered, owned and traded or exchanged privately–(Google).
Private companies are very similar to independent companies; the only real difference is that private
companies can choose their shareholders. Private companies don't need to meet the strict exchange
commission requirements that public companies have to, like having to give a certain percentage of
their income to the government.
Independent companies are companies which work on their own; they can make decision on their
own and are free of influence by government or corporate interests. Independent companies are
different to subsidiaries as Independent companies are not owned by any conglomerate. An
advantage of an independent company is that all the money the company makes is its own profit
instead of being shared with other companies. A disadvantage of an independent media company is
that they often find it difficult to survive against competition from bigger companies that are owned
by conglomerates as they are better known, which reduces their source of income resulting in
bankruptcy.
Although if an independent media company is

Rupert Murdoch and a Dramatic Change in the Television...
Rupert Murdoch and a Dramatic Change in the Television Industry
Critically assess this statement with particular reference to commercial television channels.
Rupert Murdoch owns one of the largest media organisations in the world, called News
International. This is an organisation which owns products in all mediums. Press baron, Murdoch
started his ownership of print in Australia when he inherited his first newspaper from his father, the
Adelaide News, he made what was a fairly unsuccessful newspaper into a thriving business. After
taking over the Mirror in Sydney, in the 1970's Murdoch came to the UK and purchased two
tabloids, The Sun and the News of the World. Following this was 20th ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Murdoch's News International owns 50% of BSKYB.
BSKYB/ Sky news was the first of its kind and revolutionised the television industry, never before
had you been able to access current news stories from your television set 24 hours a day. However
the British population seemed uninterested in the early 1990's and it wasn't until the mid to late
1990's that BSKYB started to make a profit. But in 1998 approximately 6.2million homes had
access to Sky News either through satellite or cable.
Up until the launch of BSKYB the television industry had been mainly dominated by the BBC.
Rupert Murdoch changed that and the television industry became and still is dominated by
commercial television in particular satellite and cable. We then had access to a huge number of
channels for both news and entertainment. This meant that people felt they had a greater choice in
what they watched For example sport, people who particularly enjoyed baseball were now able to
access a baseball match, and the viewer would feel as though they were taking part in a shared
experience. This is something the viewer would not be able to do with terrestrial television. In 1996
SKY decided to introduce the first pay per view and charged their customers to watch the Bruno vs
Tyson fight. People paid for this because they felt that what they were receiving was an exclusive
sports showing. Rupert

media Essay examples
The 'media' as a whole plays a major part in one's life. Media messages can be presented in many
ways from reading newspapers to watching news on television from the comfort of your own home.
However, the most important factors are how the news is retrieved and portrayed by an individual or
a group of individuals as each individual has the right to accept what they believe not what they are
manipulated to believe or to accept. There are various issues that can be looked at to conclude
whether or not there is such thing as free, unbiased media, to define this topic it is too broad to study
itself so it will be broken down and researched in small parts. Bias in different context will be
analysed and shown how it is interpreted. Theorists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taking this into consideration the media industries must release products for their customers to buy
in order for them to make a profit. This is known as commercial bias for the reason that the
customers of the news media are advertisers. The meaning of 'good' to media sources is observed as
the number of readers and viewers attention they can draw.
The sources of bias can be from editors, journalists, speakers and corporation groups. When
journalists or any other news source decide to publish a particular story it needs to be taken into
account whether or not they will benefit from the story or will it be a failure to them. A journalist
will attempt to be neutral by taking two points into thought, the first being: fairness to those
individuals involved within the news / story being released and the second is a professional process
of collecting data / information that obtains fairness, completeness and accurateness.
When detecting bias in a press release or story a number of issues can be raised from the reader's
point of view resulting in questions relating to the authors socio–political position and which group
they belong to, does the speaker have something or another to gain personally for actually releasing
the story or not. Such

Report: Bsb vs Sky Television
1. BSB should have been able to identify potential competitors, particularly News Corporation.
News Corporation was successful in US (in the US TV satellite industry), had experience
transmitting television programs to Western Europe with a low–powered satellite and they already
had presence in the UK with newspapers, which could allowed Sky to realize economies of scope.
These economies of scope are even more significant if we take into account that News Corporation
owns 20th Century Fox Studios. After purchasing 69% interests in SATV and renaming it to Sky
Channel, this was a clear signal of a potential competitor to BSB. Adding to this, other signal was
Murdoch's personality, characterized by being aggressive and used to risk and make ... Show more
Merger NPV= Sky NPV + BSB Revenues NPV = 2532 £ M + 9653 £ M = 12223 £ MTherefore, the
minimum percentage of the pie that we would accept as BSB is 7,14%. Obviously, this would be
private information, and in a possible negotiation BSB should put on the table a much higher value
than its walk away percentage agreement.
4. Instead of being rational and engaging in cooperative behaviour to increase profits for the overall
industry, the battle between BSB and Sky became a war of attrition, in the end leaving only one
player to survive in the long run. We can refer some reasons why this battle became so costly. First,
following Sky's decision to enter the market, both companies engaged in major battle for film rights
and other programming. Both BSB and Sky paid a premium as high as 3 times the average for the
exclusive rights to programming. These costs became sunk for both the firms and were strong
commitments signalling that the companies were devoted to stay in the business for the long run.
Second, the promotion and advertising levels were above the optimal to fight against each other and
not to increase the market size.
Moreover, BSB and Sky invested $800M and $400M respectively to launch their services and to
continue operating they had to line up further re–financing. BSB was signalling that they had
confidence in their technology and ability to

Difference Between Public And Commercial Broadcasting
Key Terms List # 1
Using various sources on the internet (such as Wikipedia and Google), look up and define the
following terms. Upon completion, attach and return to my email address. Keep a copy for use as a
study guide for the exam.
1. Explain the difference between Public and Commercial broadcasting –
A public broadcaster is owned and supported by the general public. The TV license is paid by the
general public, financing all of the general public broadcasters. A commercial broadcaster is
privately owned and they finance themselves through advertisements. The general public isn 't
paying the station.
2. The MacBride Report – The MacBride Report, was a 1980 UN agency publication written by the
International Commission for the Study of Communication issues, chaired by Irish Nobel Laureate
Seán MacBride. Its aim was to investigate communication issues in trendy societies, notably
regarding mass media and news, take into account the emergence of recent technologies, and to
recommend a form of communication order (New World Information and Communication Order) to
diminish these issues to any peace and human development.
3. International Co–production – An international co–production could be a production wherever
additional different production corporations area unit operating along, for instance during a film
production. within the case of a global co–production, production corporations from different
countries.
4. Reuters – Reuters is a global wire service

Al Jazeer A New Imperative Of Competition
In the last decade of the 20th century, Al–Jazeera is constructing a new imperative of competition in
the news industry (Radsch, 2007: 1). Ever since Al–Jazeera assists system changes in situation
where political movement are dynamic and political transformation process begun to unfold, there is
increment of audiences who turn to Al Jazeera as their first news choice (Jamal, 2009 & Radsch,
2007). In 2008, Boyd–Barrett and Xie claimed that Al–Jazeera has an estimation of 50 million
audiences worldwide from its various channels such as the original international service, a news
channel broadcasting 24–hours in Arab language; Al–Jazeera Sports 1 and 2; a children's channel; a
documentary channel, and Al–Jazeera Mobasher, a live political and public interest channel similar
to C–SPAN or BBC that broadcasts conferences in real–time without editing or commentary.
Moreover, Al–Jazeera has soon open up a vast array of medium for news such as online press, social
media, and citizen journalism on Internet which emerged as an alternative to mainstream press
(Radsch, 2007; Hafez, 2008: 333; Nötzold, 2009: 4). Not to forget its first privately own satellite
TV. Thus, this has eventually intensified the competition among news producers whereby the
journalists aim to tailor a better coverage especially on satellite stations to attract audiences who
have short attention span (Radsch, 2007: 7). For instance, the Egyptian government launched Nile
News after seeing the appearance of

Communication System in Malaysia
INTRODUCTION Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with and use
a variety of modern communication systems and communication media, the most common being the
telephone, radio, television, and the Internet. Through these media we are able to communicate
(nearly) instantaneously with people on different continents, transact our daily business, and receive
information about various developments and events of note that occur all around the world.
Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly communicate written
messages across great distances. ELEMENT OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Information signal
is given to the transmitter which then transmits the message over the medium to the ... Show more
* In 2008, Packet One Networks Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce Wireless
Wimax Service on 802.16e spectrum technology. Early Stage (1946–2000) In 1 April 1946, RTM
was established as Radio Malaya operating out of Singapore, with a Malayan section created in
Kuala Lumpur in 1950. The first English language radio station (now Traxx FM) began operations
the same year as The Blue Network under Radio Malaya. With the independence of Malaya in 31
August 1957 Radio Malaya was split into two; the original studios in Singapore was taken over by a
new station called Radio Singapura and Radio Malaya moved to Kuala Lumpur going on air from
the new location on 1 January 1959. It would be later renamed Radio Malaysia on 16 September
1963 with the transmissions beginning with its trademark words Inilah Radio Malaysia (This is
Radio Malaysia) on the day the Malaysia of today was born. Television services under the name
Malaysia Televisyen (Malaysia TV) or Malaysia Television (Malaysia TV) started on 28 December
1963 in time for the national New Year celebrations in Kuala Lumpur and regional telecasts in the
Klang Valley in Selangor state. The then 10–month old Television Singapura (launched on 16
February 1963) became part of Malaysia

The Implications Of Modern Technology : The Use Of Television
Television is an electronic system that allows remote transmission. The etymology of the word
indicates precisely its content, since it comes from the Greek prefix tele, which means "far", and
from the Latin verb videre, which means "to see". Television, one of the most admirable inventions
of modern technology, is a powerful means of communication. Used with straight and high criteria,
put at the service of ethical standards that serve as foundations to our civilization. The possibilities
offered by television make it an incomparable instrument for propagating high cultural values and
spreading knowledge. The radio had given humanity a special ear that allowed it to know,
practically the second, the events that occurred in the most distant places.
The first practical television system was devised in 1884, by the German researcher Paul Nipkow,
long before the electronic devices currently used appeared. The inventor used a disk that contained a
series of holes arranged in a spiral, and between the disk and the image object of the transmission
placed a powerful reflector, placed so that only the light that passed through a hole could give on the
image.
At first, the televisions broadcast in black and white but it was the Mexican engineer Guillermo
González Camarena who invented color television in 1940, although the widespread use of color
television was until the seventies.
The first public television broadcasts were made by the BBC in England in 1927 and the CBS and

Merger And Acquisitions From A Strategic Financial...
In recent times, merger and acquisition are considered as one of the important steps for strategic
growth. A company can plan to merge or acquire another company if it thinks it is a good
investment, or they will earn a sound investment from it. The primary goal of any company entering
into merger or acquisition is to boost the shareholder wealth. From a financial perspective, merger is
carried due to diversification. It is the process of reducing the risks through investment decisions.
For example, many a times, a company is highly at risk since it has done enormous investment in
one industry then it can intend to buy a business in another industry (Sky Plc, 1990). This is termed
as acquisition and can be beneficial for the host country. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is carried by offering the stockholders of one company the securities in acquiring other company
in exchange for surrender of their stock (Taylor, 1990). Alternatively, acquisition refers to buying of
one company by other in order to access its full control. Analysis of the Client & Target Companies
Sky PLC is a British Pan–European company which is engaged in the business of satellite
broadcasting, on–demand internet streaming media, broadband and telephone Services Company. It
is headquartered in London and operates globally in countries such as UK, Ireland, Germany, Asia,
etc. In Europe, the company is considered as one of the premier media broadcasting companies. The
company claims to offer best and broadest range of content. Sky can plan to acquire, merge or form
a strategic alliance with three companies depending upon their strategies, financials, and cultures.
The companies chosen for this purpose are O2, TalkTalkandNetgear. O2 or Telefonica UK is a
telecommunication and internet providing company based in UK. O2 is owned by Telefonica and is
considered largest telecom provider in UK after EE Limited. O2 Plc has already been purchased by
a Spanish telecommunications company Telefonica for $18 million. Alternatively, TalkTalkTelecom
PLC is a UK based company engaged in the business of pay–television, internet access,
telecommunications and mobile networks. The company deals with businesses as well as

Essay on Sky Brand Plan
BSkyB
(British Sky Broadcasting)
Brand Plan
By
Darrell Burgess
(09189461)
Contents
Executive Summary 3
Market Audit 3 Macro–Environment 3
Micro–Environment 3
Competitors 4
Market Structure and Segmentation 4
Brand Attributes 5
Brand Objectives and Strategy 5
Brand Action Plan 6
Measurement and Control 6
References 8
Appendix A 9
Sky Brand Plan
Executive Summary
BSkyB (British Sky Broadcasting) better known as Sky operate in television broadcasting and
telecommunications markets. Formed in 1990 by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite
Broadcasting the company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the wide selection that Sky offer its customers it is a perfect product for a family to enjoy,
young children, teenagers, young adults and parents can all benefit from Sky's programming.
The price of the subscription and the additional services Sky offer, would suggest it is aimed at
middle class families with the latest television and mobile device (iPad, tablet and smartphones).
The price could also discourage anyone under 30, with this market using their disposable income on
entertainment outside of their home, they're unlikely to become a Sky customer when they aren't
benefiting from their subscription.
Brand Attributes
When customers are comparing Sky to its competitors they must compare specific attributes that

they find most important when selecting a pay TV service. Consumers will attach more value to
some attributes than to others, some consumers will find packaging of a good important, while
others will focus more on the price, or maybe on the brand name (Riezebos. R, 2003).
Sky's main attributes focus around their television service, the price, availability and amount offered
to the customer is far greater than its competitors. However if the television package is not an
attribute the customer has prioritised Sky are only slightly better on price compared to BT and
neither can compare to Virgins broadband package. This is an attribute that Sky must improve, their

Basic Functioning Principle of a Satellite Communication...
1.Introduction
In today's ultra modern civilization, with features like wireless communications, high definition
television broadcasting and Internet access almost in any point of the world the use of the so called
telecommunication satellites is unavoidable. The continuous growth of the satellite industry is due
to the fact of the many advantages of it, like low costs, big covered areas, possibility of broadcasting
and many others. In the present project there will be presented the basic functioning principle of a
satellite communication system, the structure of it and some of the most used applications in the real
life.
An object which revolves around a planet on an elliptical or circular path is called a satellite.
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite, which is sent to the space for the purpose of
telecommunications. It actually reflects (or relays) a radio signal coming from a ground–station
back to the Earth, to the receiving side, using a transponder, which is a receiver and a transmitter of
radio signals. The main components of the satellite consists of the communication system,
containing the transponders and the antennas which receive and transmit the radio–signals, the
powering system, made of solar panels (which collect the sunlight and transforms it into electrical
energy), and the propulsion part, which includes the rockets that move the satellite. The whole
system also contains the two ground stations, from them one transmits the radio signal,

Essay on Public Service Broadcasting Within The Plural...
Introduction
British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC] has played its role as a Public Service Broadcasting [PSB]
in England since 1926. It was set up on Baron Reith's hands as an educative media building public's
character by establishing and socializing cultural value to the society via its programs. Hitherto,
BBC's work focuses on the cultural connection among the society and plays a role as its guardian
rather than pays attention to the diversity among them (Curran & Seaton, 2003). However, some
critiques about its existence started raising in the end of 1980s as the appearance of the Sky Media
commercial–satellite television company which gave larger opportunity for public to choose what
they want to see. Recently, one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, its operation focuses more on fostering the civilization and democracy rather than to gain
revenue. Besides, it also must be willing for a limited autonomy in its operation since the
government has the authority to control its working mechanism.
The core objection of this form of broadcasting is to serve public by providing quality information
and facilitating public discourse to enforce democracy and advance civilization. In term of quality
information, PSB plays a role as socio–cultural agent whose duty is to perpetuate the high culture
and raise public awareness as an united national entity. Furthermore, in its role as a discursive arena,
PSB exists as a practice of Habermas' idea of public sphere where public as a political community
exercise their freedom of assembly and freedom of information to solve their social problem as well
as to reach an agreement about the 'common good' which is expected to affect the policy in a society
(Hauser, 1998).
To guarantee that this democratic function works well, PSB must guarantee that its operation is
impartially detached from either state or market interest. In this case, BBC is a good example.
Since it's mobilization from private company to public corporation, BBC operates as a form of
"quangos" (Butsch, 2007) which work as an independent organisation playing a governmental role.
Since 1946, its operational fund comes from the

Foundation of Marketing
Barclays Premier League – Matches | Marketing Plan
Executive Summary
The total size of European football market is up to €15.7 billion in 2008/2009. It is proven that
football industry stay strong under the pessimistic economic environment. In Europe, England's
Barclays Premier League, Spain's La Liga, Germany's Bundesliga, Italy's Serie A and France's Ligue
1 are recognized as "The 5" by organizations and supporters worldwide.
This paper explains the market analysis and current situation of games of who tops in the "The 5" –
English Premier League, the world most successful football league. It also demonstrates how EPL
manages the marketing part, by applying three marketing theories, which is consumer behavior,
market segmentation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In total, 380 matches will be held by 20 clubs playing 38 matches from August to May.
Nowadays, EPL becomes one of the most popular and lucrative sports organization which the
weekly audience reaching 103 million, turnover and gross profit amount to £1.20 billion and £106
million (ref. 2 P63).
Application – Consumer Behavior
The want is the most important reason of consumption on EPL matches, it is also the sources of
need recognition of the customers. The wants could be defined as people's desire to seek
entertainment in leisure and family–time, sports–lovers' wants to support their own team, and in
some cases, consumers' zealotry for big games.
Potential customers would do information search before making decision. At this time, public
sources like newspaper (e.g. match reports) and television (e.g. highlights and goals of a week) give
them information of the match feature. Personal sources like comments, discussions or even debates
between friends are providing information as well, meanwhile, friend becomes the influencer, who
would persuade and push the consumption.
It is a norm that people would support the football league of their own country. Chart (Ofcom
& Human Capital, 2005) also illustrates that half of the respondents support EPL as they
concern their own teams, the reason is mostly accord with their locations or

Nicholas Garnham
Nicholas Garnham
Nicholas Garnham worked in television before starting his academic career. He worked for the
BBC, serving as film editor from 1961 to 1964 and then director and producer from 1964 to 1968.
His credits as a freelance Director/Producer include Through the Eye of a Needle, Border Country,
In Search of Paradise, and The British Museum. He also served as the Governor of the British Film
Institute (BFI) from 1973 to 1977.
Garnham teaching at the Polytechnic of Central London (now Westminster University), where he
established his name as an expert in the political economy of communication and communication
regulations. Today, he is Head of the Media Studies School of Communication and Director of the
Centre for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public intervention in the form of subsidy is usually justified on the grounds (1) that culture
possesses inherent values, of life enhancement, which are fundamentally opposed to and in danger
of being damaged by commercial forces; (2) that the need for these values is universal, regardless of
class, gender, and ethnic origin; and (3) that the market cannot satisfy this need.
The "creative artist" occupies a central place in this ideology. This person's aspirations and values––
stemming from unfathomable sources of genius, inspiration, or talent––are the source of cultural
value. However, situating the arts at the center of the cultural universe no longer means showering
them with money, but we should define the policy problem as one of finding audiences for their
work, rather than the reverse.
2. my project
I make the case that most of those people on the left who have challenged this dominant view of
culture as elitist have tacitly accepted the remaining assumptions of the tradition they reject. This
accounts for their limited success in shifting the terms of the policy debate and the effortless ease
with which they have been incorporated (p. 54). Thanks to this cultural policy–making tradition,
public intervention in the cultural sphere is marginalized, making it purely reactive to the process
which it cannot grasp (pp. 54–55). This tradition has been rejecting the market; thus, most people's
needs and

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