IUKWC Workshop Nov16: Developing Hydro-climatic Services for Water Security – Session 7.5 M Sivakumar

1. M. Sivakumar
Scientist-D
Central Ground Water Board, Chennai

2. Ref:
Report of the World
Summit on
Sustainable
Development,
Johannesburg, South
Africa, 26 August-4
September 2002

3.  Economic Development – poverty
eradication
 Social Development – active participation of
women; education; good governance
 Environmental Protection – prevent
environmental degradation and patterns of
unsustainable development
At the local, national regional, and global levels

4. Out of 386 administrative blocks
139 Blocks – Over Exploited
Stage of Development > 100%
33 – Critical
Stage of Development – 90 - 100%
67 Blocks - Semi –Critical
Stage of Development- 70 - 90%
136 Blocks – Safe
Stage of Development < 70%
11 Blocks - Saline

5. 5
Old management adage:
“You cannot manage what you cannot measure
and monitor”
It is not merely an academic exercise but a
systematic approach for delineation of
aquifers, preparation of aquifer management
plans with the ultimate objective of
participatory ground water management

6. Why Aquifer Information System ? For WHOOM ?
In 1950
dominated
by
Dugwells
Early
70’s dug-
cum
borewell
s
In 80’s
advent of
submersib
le pumps
Period in Yrs
Depth in
ft.. 300 - 40010030
Stages of groundwater development in Hard rocks in Indian sub-continent.
• Groundwater abstraction for irrigation is totally governed by PRIVATE
• Increase in number of Abstraction structures
• High density of wells per unit area
• IN the process, the yield of the dugwells/Dug-cum-borewells
declined dramatically.
The demand of
water
increased in
line with green
revolution – to
increase food
production.

7. Area of the Basin : 7,130Sq.Km.
Priority Area : 5,390 Sq.Km.
North latitude
11◦
44’46” and 12◦
53’
East longitude
77◦
46’00” and 78◦
53’

8. District Stage of GW Development (%)
2004 2009 2011
Dharmapuri 154.77 121.00 132.00
Krishnagiri 102.44 115.17 132.82
Vellore 173.05 110.58 163.56
Tiruvannamalai 180.00 122.53 102.74
Salem 81.66 103.27 104.83
Villupuram 26.00 28.00 40.00
Total
138.32 116.91 126.00
Decline in groundwater level : 0.20 to 0.70 m/year

9.  Dharmapuri and Krishnigiri are
the drought prone districts
 70 % of the dug wells become
almost dry during pre-monsoon
 AFTER monsoon the dug wells
sustains 3 - 4 months only with
2-3 hours of pumping
 Agri. depend on groundwater
only
 Prob. Of occurance of drought :
1 in 4 years
Groundwater decline :
0.40 to 0.70 m/yr)
HIGH
GW decline : 0.20 to 0.40m)
Increase in GWL
level : 0.10 to 0.20
m/yr)

11. Crystaline Rocks : Heterogenous Aquifers
Primary Porosity : Less or Nil
Secondary Porosity : Weathering &
Fracture/ Joints
Aquifer- I : Weathering and First Fractures
Aquifer – II : Deep Fractures (Gniessic Rocks
form better Aquifer than Charnockite)
Aquf
er
Depth
of
Occurre
nce (m
bgl)
Thic
knes
s
(m)
DTW/
Pz.Hea
d ( m
bgl)
Yield
(lpm)
Sustai
nabilit
y
T
(m2/
day)
Sy/S
Aquif
er - I
GL to
3
5 to
39
1.10-
21.45
100
-500
1-2
hours
30
-120
0.02 to
0.10
Aquif
er - II 6-40
9-
160
1.75-
46.40
36-
400
2-4
hours
20
to
80
1.2x10-3
to
2.3x10-4

14. Name of Firka : Karimangalam
Taluk : Palacode
District : Dharmapuri
State : Tamil Nadu
Total area : 125.79 Sq.km
CATEGORY : OE
STAGE OF GROUND WATER
DEVELOPMENT : 220 %

15. LANDFORMS % of
Area
DEEP Pediments 3.19
DISSECTED/UNDISSECTED 24.17
PEDIMENT-INSELBERG COMPLEX 0.03
SHALLOW pediment weathered 72.62
The area consists of hills and plain
landforms.
In plain landforms, pediments of
shallow is occupying the major part.
In hill landforms, dissected hill occupies
major part and act as runoff zone.

16. The land use pattern is
dominated by the wet crops, dry
crops and plantation crops i.,e
agricultural field accounts 70%
of the total area of the firka.
This area is highly suitable for
water conservation and
recharge.
(Source: Institute of Remote
Sensing (IRS), Anna university,
Chennai Tamil Nadu).

17. The drainage pattern is
dendritic and sub- dendritic in
nature.
The flow direction of the
streams are south-eastern
direction.
The surface water body in the
firka is occurring all over the
area.

18. Monsoon
(Jun- Dec)
Non
monsoon
(Jan-May)
Total
RF
766 mm 199 mm 965
mm

20. • Volume of unsaturated zone available : 630.00 MCM
(considering 8-3=5.00 m Thickness
to avoid water logging condition)
• Rechargeable Volume (Sy=2%) : 12.60 MCM
• Uncommitted surface runoff/flow : 14.45 MCM
• Proposed use of Uncommitted flow : 8.67 MCM
(60% of the uncommitted flow)

21. 1. Supply side Management
Water conservation measures :
Revival existing water bodies
Artificial recharge : Construction of
new water structures
2. Demand Side Management
Water use Efficiency : Micro
irrigation system / possibility in
cropping pattern change

22. ZONE % OF AREA
COVERAGE
SIGNIFICANCE*
Very high 1 Suitable for Percolation
pond and check dam
High 9 Suitable for Percolation
pond and check dam
etc.,
Moderate 87 Suitable for earthen
check dam, Boulder
check dam and Nala
bund etc.,
Poor 3 Hilly/Forest
/Catchment area
Spatial data integration of Seven layers
( Remote sensing data) index overlay model
in GIS environ.
Area are suitable for recharge
: 97 %

23. Check dam 10
Percolation pond 14
Repair of pond 16 (old)
Recharge shaft 30

24. Recharge shafts/bore wells have
been proposed to facilitate the
groundwater recharge in the surface
water body.
It has been proposed to construct
recharge shafts/bore wells inside
the village ponds proposed for
desilting and the percolation ponds
to be constructed.
The dimension of the filter bed is 3
m dia with 3 m depth.
Recharge shafts proposed in 8 nos
of De-siltation ponds and 7 nos of
percolation tanks.

25. Micro irrigation is defined as the frequent application of small
quantities of water directly above and below the soil surface;
usually as discrete drops, continuous drops or tiny streams through
emitters placed along a water delivery line.
Structures Nos.
Sprinkler/ drip/ HDPE pipes for
selected area
300 ha
Farm Pond (in ha)
(4 filling)
200 unit

26. Feasible Artificial Recharge
& Water Conservation
structures/ activities
Design of
Structures
No. of
Structures
Total volume
(cu.m)
Tentative
unit cost (in
Rs lakh)
Total
tentative
cost (in Rs
lakh)
Expected
Annual GW
recharge
(cu.m)
Recharge Structures/ Activities
Masonry Check dams
( 4 Fillings )
Length: 20 m
Height: 1.5m
10 900 15
150 48000
Percolation pond Area=0.98sq.km 14 980000x1x3 25 350 5880000
Revival, repair of water
bodies
(3 fillings)
Area=0.07sq.km 16 70000x1x3 25
400 420000
Recharge shaft
3m dia. with
bore well up to
20m
30 5
150
Water Conservation Activities
Farm Pond (in ha)
(4 filling)
30 m x 30m x 1.5
m
200 unit 1350 1 200
1080000
Sprinkler/ drip/ HDPE pipes
for 300 ha select area
For 1 ha with 5 m
interval HDPE
pipe
300 ha 500 0.6 /ha 180
300000
Sub total 1430 7728000
Impact assessment and O & M
Piezometers Up to 50 m bgl – 12 nos. @ 0.6 lakh
( Impact assessment to be carried out by the implementing agencies )
7.6
O & M - 5 % of total cost of the scheme 143
TOTAL 1580.60 7.728 MCM
Tentative Cost Estimation

27. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE /CONSERVATION MEASURES
Artificial Recharge Structures
Proposed
Masonry Check dam : 10
Percolation pond : 14
Recharge shaft : 30
Revival, repair of pond,
tanks with recharge shaft : 16
Water Conservation Measure Farm Pond : 200
Improving Water Efficiency Micro irrigation system : 300 ha
Tentative total cost of the
project
: Rs.15.80Cr
Expected recharge : 7.728 MCM
Expected raise in water level by
recharging
: 1.58 m
Cost per 1 m3 of recharge Rs. 20.50 / m3
Expected efficiency of structure,
if 6 years
Rs. 3.41 /m3

28. Artificial Recharge studies:
• Under Central Sector Scheme,
•Experiential studies were
carried out to prove the efficacy
of AR structures in different
Hydrogeological terrains.
•Implementation of
Demonstrative project on AR
studies in water stressed areas as
the same can be replicated by the
state govt.

29. Percolation pond at CLRI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (IX – Plan)
Area : 400 sq. m
Depth: 3 mts
MP : 1.5 m agl
Pumping well that
sustains pumping for
longer hrs.
Runoff
channel
Filter
chamber
Percolation
pond before
monsoon

30. SERADI EAST –Check Dam

32. HYDROGRAPH OF GANAGAVALLI (PP)
Trend = 0.0464 m/Yr
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Jul-
06
D
ec-
06
Jan-
07
F
eb-
07
A
pr-
07
M
ay-
07
Jun-
07
Jul-
07
A
ug-
07
S
ep-
07
Oct-
07
N
ov-
07
D
ec-
07
Jan-
08
F
eb-
08
M
ar-
08
Jan-
09
F
eb-
09
M
ar-
09
A
pr-
09
M
ay--
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
A
ug-
09
S
ep-
09
Oct-
09
N
ov-
09
PERIOD
DTW(mbgl)
WL WL TREND

33. Impact Assessment-Gangavalli Block

34. Check dam with recharge borewell Kalichettipatti village namakkal

36. RECHARGE
SHAFT

37. FILER SYSTEM

38. RECHARGE SHAFT IN ARUR ERI

41. dugwell recharge scheme – Implemented
throughout in Tamilnadu….
Farmers are the
beneficiaries &
hence they are to
be convinced on
MAR

44. Former President Dr.A.P.J.Kalam interacting
on Rainwater Harvesting structures at Coimbatore