What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuropeptides .pdf

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What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuropeptides? Neurotransmitters are small protein molecules and neuropeptides are large ones. Neurotransmitters are small hydrophilic molecules and neuropeptides are small proteins. Some neuropeptides can act on cells, whereas neurotransmitters cannot. Neuropeptides are generated by neuronal cells but do not transmit signals. Solution Answer: Correct answer is C) Some neuropeptides can act on distant cells, whereas Neurotransmitters cannot. Explanation: Neurotransmitters are small hydrophilic molecules due to which they are unable to cross the plasma membrane. Nervous system cells rapidly communicate with distant cells, this is achieved as the nerve cells releases the neurotransmitters (from the nerve terminal) in close proximity to the target cells (via a mechanism called as synpatic signaling). Thus neurotransmitter do not travel to the distant cells. Neuropeptides on the other hand can be released in the blood with peripheral effects..

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which of the following is true with respect to the 3 classes of chemical messengers in the body. a) hormones are released from endocrine cells and travel in the plasma to target cells b) paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to neighboring cells c) neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, which are released by the nerve and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell d) both A and C e) all of the above Solution Correct answer is : All of the above There are 3 types of Chemical messengers 1.Paracrines – • Local chemical messengers • Exert effect only on neighboring cells in immediate environment of secretion site 2.Neurotransmitters • Shortrange chemical messengers • Diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell (another neuron, a muscle, or a gland) 3.Hormones • Longrange messengers • Secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signal • Exert effect on target cells some distance away from release site We will see each of this one by one The human body secretes and circulates some 50 different hormones. A wide variety of these chemical substances are produced by endocrine cells, most of which are in glands. The hormones then enter the blood system to circulate throughout the body and activate target cells. The endocrine system, tightly linked to the nervous system, controls a large number of the body’s functions: metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sexual activity, and contraction of the smooth and cardiac muscles. When a hormone diffuses outside of a capillary, it can act on a target cell – a cell with receptors that correspond to it. There are two types of hormonal activity. A steroid hormone is capable of crossing through the cell membrane of the target cell. It unites with a receptor protein located inside the nucleus, which stimulates or blocks the cell’s genetic activity. A protein hormone, on the other hand, cannot penetrate the target cell. It attaches to the cell’s membrane and activates a receptor that releases, in turn, a messenger within the cell. b) paracrines are proteins that are released from a secretory cell and travel through the plasma to neighboring cells In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules released by a cell only affect target cells in close proximity to it. The conduction of an electric impulse from one nerve cell to another or from a nerve cell to a muscle cell (inducing or inhibiting muscle contraction) occurs via paracrine signaling. The role of this type of signaling, mediated by neurotransmitters, in transmitting nerve impulses. Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the cir.

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