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A Study on Properties of Natural Fibres - A Review
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1343 A STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRES - A Review K. Arun Kumar1 , S. Madhu Sudhanan2, K. Mahesh Kumar3, G. Ranjith Kumar4 1Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 2,3,4 Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering college, Coimbatore -------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Growing towards the eco-friendly technology natural fibres takes main part in the field. This study is about discussing the properties of natural fibre and natural fibre composites. Influence of various factors like fibre diameter, fibre content, density, fibre size, geometry of fibre and coupling agents towards the mechanical properties, thermal properties and water intake properties are presented in this study. Improvement on Surface treatment and addition of coupling agents can improve the property which is low. These techniques improve the mechanical properties, thermal properties and water absorption properties. 1. INTRODUCTION: Over the last decades, natural fibres received increasing attention as alternative to synthetic fibres both from academic world and various industries. There is a variety of different natural fibres, which can be used as reinforcements of polymer (i.e. thermosets and thermoplastics) composites. Four main reasons make the natural fibres more attractive than others: i.e. specific properties, price, biodegradability and recyclability. Particularly, high specific and low density properties are nice benefits. Other than this, they are renewable and have a CO2 neutral life cycle, compare to their synthetic competitors (i.e. carbon and glass) [1, 2]. Driven by the introduction of regulatory norms demanding more environmental-friendly products, the use of natural fibres as reinforcements for composites materials has increased significantly in the last decade [3]. Natural fibres such as flax, jute, hemp and kenaf offer low carbon footprint and biodegradability advantages combined with a high specific strength and stiffness at a low-cost [4-6]. The application of natural fibres is motivated by a combination of environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, recycling and biodegradation properties [7]. Natural fibres are used as reinforcement in structural applications in automotive industry. Natural fibres such as hemp and flax are used to manufacture door panels and the roofs of cars [8]. Fibre reinforced polymer composite materials have played an important role in a variety of applications. As a result of the increasing environmental awareness, the concern for environmental sustainability and the growing global waste problem is increased year by year. Fibre-built polymer matrix composites are finding applications in households and industries because they have more favourable properties such as high stiffness, greater strength, better fatigue performance, more corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, low energy consumption during manufacturing and have non- magnetic properties. Epoxy resin and its composites have received considerable attention over the years for their use as structural materials at low temperature. 2. TYPES OF PLANT BASED NATURAL FIBRES: 2.1. Bast fibre Bast fibres are usually extracted from the outer bark of plant stems. Some examples of bast fibres are jute (Corchorus olitorius/ Corchorus capsularis), flax (Linum usitatissimum), abaca (Musa textilis), and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Retting is the process through which these bast fibres are extracted, and is accomplished through biological or chemical degradation of cut plant stems. 2.2 Leaf fibre Leaf fibres are coarse and hard fibres obtained from leaf tissues by hand scraping after beating/retting process or mechanical extraction. Owing to the relatively high strength, leaf fibres are typically used for the production of ropes, fabrics, carpets and mats. Examples of leaf fibres are sisal, caroa, henequen and pineapple. 2.3. Seed fibre Coir fibre is a typical example of seed fibre, and it is extracted from the coconut husk. These lightweight and strong fibres are mainly used in the production of ropes, mats, sacks, brush, geotextile and etc. Another set of seed fibres are also extracted from the pod or boll of some plant seeds. Examples are cotton and kapok. 2.4. Stalk fibre These are fibres from plant stalks, and are typically extracted from plants such as sugarcane, corn, eggplant, sunflower, wood and the straw of various grain crops
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1344 such as barley, wheat, rice and etc. Pulp from some of these fibres has been utilized in paper and paperboard products. 2.5. Grass and other fibre crop residue Widely available tall grasses such as ryegrass (Lolium perenne), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) are important sources of fibres. Fibrous crop residues such as pulse seed coat, peanut shell, hazelnut husk, corn husk, millet stover, and etc. can potentially be used as fibre reinforcements in cement-based composites. 2.6. Wood and specialty fibres Wood fibres are sourced from a wide variety of trees. Hence, they are in abundant supply across the world. Wood fibres are broadly divided into two groups, softwood and hardwood. The major difference between these two groups is that while softwood fibres are generally longer than hardwood fibres [9]. 3. NATURAL FIBRE’S PROPERTIES: 3.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: The kenaf, jute, and hemp yarns that were to produce the woven fabrics were prepared. The EpoxAmite 100 series resin was selected as the polymer matrix, and it was mixed with a hardener in a ratio of 3:1 to form the binder for the composite preparation. For tensile testing, dog bone specimen used using a Dremel 4000 tool and it was performed using a 100 kN universal testing machine. Results (Fig 1) indicate that the incorporation of a high strength kenaf fibre with the jute and hemp fibres enhanced the ability of the interwoven hybrid composites to resist breaks and deformation under a tensile load, in comparison with the individually woven composites [10]. Sisal plants were prepared. Some portions of cleaned fibres were soaked in 10 wt% NaHCO3 solution for 24 h, 120 h and 240 h at room temperature, then washed with distilled water and dried in an oven at 40C for 24 h. Tensile test was conducted in UTM . It is possible to observe that the values of both Young's modulus and tensile strength increase with increasing the treatment time up to 120 h. After 120 h of treatment, Young's modulus keeps increasing whereas tensile strength of the treated fibres begun to decrease. This may be due to degradation phenomena which occur if the treatment time is too long [11]. Fig1-Tensile properties of various woven composites in dry and saturated condition Agricultural fibres retrieved after the crops harvesting called agro fibres. Agro-fibres are bonded with bioplastics called Agro-Plastics. Prototypes are made for TRAshell, Plant Culture. It is bonded with a bio- based epoxy resin through a closed molding process. Plant culture is composed of agro-fibres compounded by a bio-based thermoplastic matrix (PLA bioplastic). Test was conducted on Uni-axis tensile test with the same specimen size. The E-Modulus and tensile strength properties are described in the Fig 2. From the figures, it is clear that Plant Culture has shown the highest performance in comparison to others [12]. Two natural fibres extracted from fruit (borassus) and bast (ramie) were mechanically characterized. A commercial grade of PCL (Capa 6500) used as matrix. Fibres were treated in a sodium hydroxide solution (5%w) for 4 h at room temperature. 10, 20 and 30 wt% amounts of natural fibres were tested on a Zwick/Roell Z010 equipped with a 200 N load cell. Results reported that the addition of ramie fibres results in a significant increase in both tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites compared to the neat matrix. A slightly different behaviour is presented by borassus fibres that did not cause an improvement of the strength over that of neat PCL (Fig 3) [13].
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1345 Fig 2- Comparison of Composite Materials- Ultimate strength and Elastic modulus Fully bio-based thermoplastic composites are manufactured with bio-based polyethylene(85%) (From sugarcane) and short fibre coming from Cortaderia selloana (CS) wastes. Fibres were in the 1-4mm range. Cortaderia selloana fibers treated in a 15 wt% NaOH solution. Tensile and flexural properties of the different samples of bio- HDPE/CS were measured with a universal test machine with a load cell of 5 kN. From results (Fig 4) the fibre content increases, both the tensile and flexural modulus increase [14]. Epoxy matrix was mixed with a mechanical stirrer with 2.5, 5, 10 wt% of basalt powder respectively to the total weight. The compositions were mixed with curing agent Z1[tri ethylene tetramine]. The epoxy composites were fabricated in a mold using hand layup method. Tensile mechanical properties were measured with INSTRON 4481 universal testing machine with a load cell of 50 kN. In all cases from results found that basalt filler introduction led to an increase of the elasticity modulus of the composites and a reduction of their elongation at break. Introduction of higher amounts of the powder may cause formation of (defects) in epoxy matrix [15]. Fig 3 - Tensile strength for composites reinforced with borassus and ramie fibres Fig-4 Mechanical properties of bio-HDPE/CS composites in terms of the wt% of Cortaderia Cement masonry blocks reinforced with lechuguilla natural fibres, that were lightened with polyethylene terephthalate. A concrete mix was designed for a target compressive strength of 16 MPa at 28 days. Masonry concrete blocks were produced for two different fiber lengths (25 and 50 mm) and with fiber contents of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0%. Based on the obtained results, it was found that as the aspect ratio decreases the compressive strength increases [16]. Natural Hemp Fibres are taken. The short length hemp fibers treated with 5% NaOH (THF) were sandwiched in bisphenol A-aniline based benzoxazine (BA-a) to form the resin-fibre-resin composite. It was detected that with increase of fiber content from 0 to 25 volume % Tensile strength gradually increases. Addition of 25 vol % THF
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1346 doubles the Tensile Strength of composite as compared to poly(BA-a) (Fig 6) [17]. Fig-5 Mechanical properties of composites Fig-6 Stress strain for THF content Basalt fiber (BF) was used to reinforce polylactide (PLA) to obtain new composites with potential structural or engineering applications. The tensile strength and modulus increase with increasing BF loadings. 20 wt% BF can increase the strength and modulus by about 30% and 47% respectively (Fig 7) [18]. Composites with different volume fractions (30, 40 and 50 volume %) were confectioned by laying the fibres in a steel mold and pouring liquid resin epoxy under pressure of 3 MPa. The specimens were dried for 24 h at room temperature and then tested in an universal Instron tensile testing machine. From results the presence of eucalyptus fibres did not affect the tensile strength but increased the elastic modulus of epoxy matrix composites. Indeed, the value of elastic modulus increased approximately 50% for epoxy matrix composites [19]. Sisal Fibres are taken to study the effect of the alkalinity of pore solution on fibre degradation metakaolin (MK) with 10 wt% (MK10) and 30 wt% (MK30). The specimens were demolded after 24 h and immersed in pH-saturated water at 23±2 °C for 28 days prior to accelerated aging treatment. Stress–strain curves obtained by uni-axial tensile testing of selected sisal fibres. It can be seen that the tensile strength of the embedded fiber in MK30 after 5 wetting and drying cycles is slightly higher than that of a raw fiber. It is caused by the removal of non-cellulosic materials and impurities [20]. Fig-7 Stress Strain curve for PLA & PLABF Fig-8 Stress–strain curve of tensile test on sisal fibres Sisal fibres are prepared. Sisal fibres are treated by Hornification, Alkali treatment, Polymer impregnation, Hybrid treatment. The tensile tests were performed in an electromechanical testing machine with a load cell of 1 kN. For alkali treatments the tensile strength of sisal fiber was improved by 32%. Reason of the increment in the tensile strength and elongation is the removal of non- cellulosic materials and impurities. The treatment with polymer and hybrid increased 50 % and 60 % tensile strength (Fig 9) [21]. Natural fibre composite plates are made from hemp, flax and jute fibres are subjected to pure compression.
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1347 Epoxy resin is used for composition. The buckling and post-buckling responses are stable and the final condition is reached in a predictable and stable manner .From Fig 10 Jute have high tensile strength and Flax have high elastic modulus. From results this natural fibre composite sections can be used in light structural applications such as in the residential and light commercial markets [22]. Fig-9Influence of fibre treatments on the sisal fibre tensile behaviour Fig-10Stress Strain Curve for Fibre composites Short fibres (1-4mm) from Cortaderia selloana (CS) wastes are collected. These fibres are treated with bio- based polyethylene compounds like maleic anhydride, hydrophobic silane, Sodium hydroxide and alkali treatment. Mechanical properties evaluated by impact and tensile tests. Addition of fibre (30%weight) increases the stiffness while Tensile strength not affected but gradually increased. But elastic modulus increased twice for 15-20% fibre content (Fig 11) [23]. Coir fibres are taken for alkali treatment. These coir fibres are reinforced with epoxy [CFRE]. Then CFRE treated with 5% weight NaOH solution for 30 min at 20 C. Mechanical properties of CFRE were determined by tensile test on the Instron 5567 machine. Alkali treatment improved the tensile and flexural properties. From results found that 16.7% and 17.8% growth in flexural and tensile strength respectively [24]. Coir fibres are taken from husk as hydrated and dehydrated form. Tensile test was carried out on horizontal environmental micromechanical tester (max 450g). From results (Fig 12) that dry fibres have higher strength than the wet fibres. Fibre diameter is larger in Wet specimen [25]. Fig -11 Tensile Properties Fig-12 Stress Strain Curve for Dry (a) and Wet (b) Specimen From herbaceous plants [family-musaceae] banana fibre is obtained. Flax fibre is obtained from family linaceae. Epoxy and Hardener is used in the ratio of 9:1. Fabrication process is made by sandwich method. By hand layup method one layer of banana fibre is sandwiched between two flax fibre layers. The result (Fig 13) shows that hybrid composite has better properties than other single fibre glass reinforced composites under flexural and impact test. It is found
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1348 that the hybrid composite have high strength than the single fibre composites [26]. Fig-13 Comparison of Break Load, Maximum Deflection Banana fibres are obtained from plant. Polypropylene (PP) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) are mixed in the weight ratio of 95% and 5% respectively. Composites are prepared in the ratio of 70:30 for PP and fibre respectively. Tensile test was conducted on Universal Testing Machine (5kN) for five specimens at temperature of 25°C. From results (Fig 14) that PP/Banana yarn composite have the highest improvement on tensile strength, which is 294% from others [27]. Fig-14 Bar chart of Tensile strength 3.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES: Thermal insulated materials based on natural fibres are currently high on construction market. Hemp-based insulated materials are taken. These samples should not contain more than 20% of weight content. Specimen made by bi-component bonding method (air-lay) with the addition of 15% of polyester bi-component fibres. From result (Fig 15) it is found that Increase in Density will decreases the Thermal Conductivity [28]. Fig-15 Graph plotted between Thermal conductivity and density Coir fibres are prepared and washed in water. Then it kept in 1.6 mol/L NaOH solution for 48 Hours. Polypropylene(PP) is used as reagent with a density of 0.9 g/cm3. Using thermo gravimetric analysis(TGA) thermal stability was evaluated. From results show that the alkali treatment enhances the thermal stability of the fibres from 324/449°C to 331/474°C,by elimination of non-cellulosic compounds on the fibres surface(Fig 16) [29]. Fig-16 TGA of treated and untreated coir fibres 3.3 WATER INTAKE PROPERTIES: Jute Fibre is selected for this process. Initially fibre is treated with 18% NaOH to increase mechanical properties. Epoxy resin is used by hand layup technique using compression moulding machine. Specimens are immersed in distilled water. It is carried out 28 days. From results NaOH treated fibre takes less moisture content [30]. Ijuk fibres are prepared and cut about 2mm. Then washed in water and dried in oven for 24 hours at 65°C. Then fibres are silane treated with Vinyltrimethoxy silane. Composite fabrication is done using roll mill mixer. Intake proportions are found from final and initial weights after and before immersion in water for 24 h. From results (Fig 17) it was found that Water absorption
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1349 increases at higher fibre content and also there was less difference in treated and untreated fibre [31]. Fig-17 Water absorption for Fibre composites 4. CONCLUSIONS: Natural fibres and natural fibre composites can be used in engineering applications because of their environmental suitability and Economic. Now a days lot of new composites are generated and technical and economical issues are noticed. Natural fibre/ Natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites with high durability and effective mechanical properties were developed in the last decade. The main challenges for the near future are to further improve the durability and the mechanical performance of these composites by decreasing the costs of fabrication while developing an eco-friendly strategy. Blending of fibres is also a better option for improvement the mechanical and thermal stability of the natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Various treatments, various resin and various coupling agents are used to increase the mechanical properties among these alkali treatment and epoxy resin is widely used and economically successful. REFRENCES: [1]. Di Bella G, Fiore V, Valenza A. In: Cheng Q, editor. Fibre reinforced composites.Hauppauge NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2012. p. 57-90. [2]. Di Bella G, Fiore V, Valenza A. Effect of areal weight and chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of bidirectional flax fabrics reinforced composites Mater. [3]. Aylward P. A natural fit: advances in biobased fibers. Compos Manuf 2014;30 (6):80–6. [4]. Saxena M, Sharma A, Pappu A, Haque R, Wankhede S. Composite materials from natural resources: recent trends and future potentials. INTECH Open Access Publisher; 2011. [5]. La Mantia F, Morreale M. Green composites: a brief review. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2011;42(6):579–88. [6]. Ku H, Wang H, Pattarachaiyakoop N, Trada M. A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B: Eng 2011;42(4):856–73. [7]. Burger H, Koine A, Maron R, Mieck K-P. Use of natural fibres and environmental aspects. Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 1995;7:475–85. [8]. Beakou A, Ntenga R, Leptit J, Ateba JA, Aina LO. Physico-chemical and microstructural characterization of Rhectophyllum camerunense plant fiber. Composites Part A 2008;39:67–74. [9]. Obinna Onuaguluchi, Nemkumar Banthia. Plant- based natural fibre reinforced cement composites: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites. [10]. A.B. Maslinda , M.S. Abdul Majid , M.J.M. Ridzuan , M. Afendi , A.G. Gibson. Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid interwoven cellulosic-cellulosic fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Composite Structures. [11]. V. Fiore, T. Scalici , F. Nicoletti , G. Vitale , M. Prestipino , A. Valenza. A new eco-friendly chemical treatment of natural fibres: Effect of sodium bicarbonate on properties of sisal fibre and its epoxy composites. Composites Part B. [12]. H. Dahy. Biocomposite materials based on annual natural fibres and biopolymers – Design, fabrication and customized applications in architecture. Construction and Building Materials. [13]. Fabrizio Sarasini , Jacopo Tirillò ,Debora Puglia, Franco Dominici, Carlo Santulli , Kristom Boimau ,Teodoro Valente, Luigi Torre . Biodegradable polycaprolactone-based composites reinforced with ramie and borassus fibres. Composite Structures. [14]. Jord-Vilaplana , A. Carbonell-Verdú , M.D. Samper , A. Pop , D. Garcia-Sanoguera. Development and characterization of a new natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic (NFRP) with Cortaderia selloana (Pampa grass) short fibers. Composites Science and Technology. [15]. D. Matykiewicz , , M. Barczewski , D. Knapski , K. Sk_orczewska. Hybrid effects of basalt fibers and basalt powder on thermomechanical properties of epoxy composites. Composites Part B. [16]. Juárez b, B. Guevara , P. Valdez, A. Durán- Herrera. Mechanical properties of natural fibers reinforced sustainable masonry. Construction and Building Materials.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1350 [17]. Abdul Qadeer Dayo , Bao-chang Gao , Jun Wang ,Wen-bin Liu , Mehdi Derradji ,Ahmer Hussain Shah , Aijaz Ahmed Babar. Natural hemp fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine composites: Curing behavior, mechanical and thermal properties. Composites Science and Technology. [18]. Zeren Ying, Defeng Wu⇑, Ming Zhang, Yaxin Qiu. Polylactide/basalt fiber composites with tailorable mechanical properties: Effect of surface treatment of fibers and annealing. Composite Structures. [19]. Caroline G. de Oliveiraa, Frederico M. Margemb, Sergio N. Monteiroc,Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes. Comparison between tensile behavior of epoxyand polyester matrix composites reinforced witheucalyptus fibers. [20]. Jianqiang Wei, Christian Meyer. Degradation mechanisms of natural fiber in the matrix of cement composites. Cement and Concrete Research. [21]. Saulo Rocha Ferreira, Flávio de Andrade Silva , Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima , Romildo Dias Toledo Filho. Effect of fiber treatments on the sisal fiber properties and fiber–matrix bond in cement based systems. Construction and Building Materials. [22]. M.R. Bambach. Compression strength of natural fibre composite plates and sections of flax, jute and hemp. Thin-Walled Structures. [23]. Jorda- Vilaplana, A. Carbonell-Verdú, M.D. Samper, A. Pop , D. Garcia-Sanoguera. Development and characterization of a new natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic (NFRP) with Cortaderia selloana (Pampa grass) short fibers. Composites Science and Technology. [24]. Libo Yan, Nawawi Chouw , Liang Huang , Bohumil Kasal. Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of coir fibres, coir fibre reinforced-polymer composites and reinforced-cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials. [25]. Sabu Thomas, Yu-Ker Woh, Rachel Wang, Kheng Lim Goh. Probing the hydrophilicity of coir fibres: analysis of the mechanical properties of single coir fibres. 3rd International Conference on Natural Fibers: Advanced Materials for a Greener World, ICNF 2017, 21-23 June 2017, Braga, Portugal. [26]. V.S. Srinivasan , S. Rajendra Boopathy , D. Sangeetha , B. Vijaya Ramnath. Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of banana– flax based natural fibre composite. Materials and Design. [27]. N. Amir, Kamal Ariff Zainal Abidin, Faizzaty Binti Md Shiri. Effects of Fibre Configuration on Mechanical Properties of Banana Fibre/PP/MAPP Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite. [28]. Jirí Zach, Richard Slávik, Vítezslav Novák. Investigation of the process of heat transfer in the structure of thermal insulation materials based on natural fibres. International Conference on Ecology and new Building materials and products. [29]. H.Essabir, M.O. Bensalah, D. Rodrigue, R. Bouhfid, A. Qaiss. Structural, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based hybrid composites from waste coir residues: Fibers and shell particles. Mechanics of Materials. [30]. Radhika Londhe, Ashok Mache, Aparna Kulkarni. An experimental study on moistureabsorption for jute-epoxy composite withcoatings exposed to different pH media. [31]. W.Z.W. Zahari, R.N.R.L. Badri, H. Ardyananta, D. Kurniawan and F.M. Nor. Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Behavior of Polypropylene / Ijuk Fiber Composite by Using Silane Treatment. 2nd International Materials, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Conference, MIMEC2015, 4-6 February 2015, Bali Indonesia.
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