history of English

1. Nineteenth Century And After
INTRODUCTION
 During the 19th century Britain was transformed by the
industrial revolution.
 In 1801, at the time of the first census, only about 20%
of the population lived in towns. By 1851 the figure had
risen to over 50%. By 1881 about two thirds of the
population lived in towns.
 Furthermore in 1801 the majority of the population still
worked in agriculture or related industries. Most goods
were made by hand and very many craftsmen worked
on their own with perhaps a laborer and an apprentice.
By the late 19th century factories were common and

2. Influences Affecting The
Language
 The events of the 19th century and of the early twenty
affecting the English speaking countries were of great
political and social importance,but their effect on the
language they were not of the revolution of any
character.
 The great reform measures reorganization of
parliament, the revision of the panel code and the poor
laws.
 The restrictions placed on child labour, and the other
industrial reforms were important factors in
establishting English society on a more democratic

3. Cont…..
 They lessened the distance between the
upper and the lower classes and greatly
increased the opportunities for the mass of
the population to share in the economic and
culture advantages that become available in
the course of the century.
 The establishment of the first cheap
newspaper 1816 and of cheap postage 1840.

4. The Growth Of Science
 The most striking thing about our present day
civilization is probably the part which science has
played in bringing it to pass.
 The difference that marks off our own day from that of
only a few generation ago in everything that has to do
with the diagnosis treatment prevention and cure of
disease.
 In the field of medicine this is particularly apparent.we
speak familiarly of acidosis, anaemia, appendicitis
difficult as the word is of bronchitis, diphtherria, and
numerous and other disease.

5. Cont..
 We have learned the names of new
drugs like: aspirin, iobine, insulin,
morphine.
 In the field of electricity words like:
dynamo, commutator , alternating
current, has been in the English since
about 1870.

6. Automobile Moving Picture
Radio
 Scientific discoveries and inventions do
not always influence the language in
proportion to their importance.
 It is doubtful whether the radio and the
moving picture are more important
than the telegraph and telephone.They
brought new words into gernal use.

7. Cont…
 We have learned new words and new
meanings in carburetor, spark plug,
choke, clutch,etc.
 The word radio in the sense of a
receiving set dates from about
1925.words like:radio frequency,
transformer, input inductance etc

8. The world wars
 As a further example of how great
development or events leave their mark
upon language.
 We may observe some of the words that
came into English between 1940 and 1918
as a direct consequence of the war then
being vaged , and the words like:air, raid,
battle plan, antiaircrat gun,tank,whippet
means a small tank and blimp means a
small drigible.

9. Cont..
 Sector was used in the sense of specific
portion of the fighting line.
 Barrage originally and artificial barrier
like a dam in a river, designated a
protactive screen of heavy artillery or
machinegum fire.

10. Sources Of The New Words
Borrowing
 Most of the new words coming into the English
language from the french came charmeuse,
chouffeur, chiffon, garage etc.
 From italian come confetti and vendatta.
 From spanish by the way of the United
States,bonanza.

11. Cont…..
 American has added many other
foreign words , particularly from
spanish and the languages of American
indian.
 German has given us rucksack, zepplin,
and zither.

12. Prefixes And Suffixes
 Another method of enlarging the vocabulary is
by appending familiar prefixes and suffixes to
existing words on the pattern of similar words
in the language.
 Several of latin prefixes seem to lend
themselves readily to new combinations.
 In the same way we use {pre} in such words as
prenatal , preschool age, prehistoric etc.

13. Cont….
 Some suffixes are as: stardom, fandom,
words from by combinig the initial a first
few letters of two or more words are
known as Acronyms, example UNESCO {
United Nations Educational Scientific And
Cultural Organization}
 In deliberate coinages there is often an
analogy with some other words in the
language.

14. Common Words From Proper
Names
 Another source from which many English words
have been derived in the past is the names of
persons and things.
 Everyone is aware that, Morocco is derived from
the corresponding proper name.
 The word Tabasco sauce from the name of the
Tabasco river in Mexico, and the Camembert
comes from the village in France from which
cheese of this type was originally exported.

15. Cont….
 A “Limousine” is so called from the
name of a province in France.
 In the early nineteeth century we find
the verb to “Lynch” and it is now a
familiar word.
 The Mackintosh is derived from the
name of a Glasgow chemist.

16. Old Words With New
Meaning
 The resources of the vocabulary are
sometimes extended from within by emploing
an old word in a new word.
 The “Skyline” formerly meant the horizen , but it
is now commoner in such an expression as the
New york and Skyline.
 Broadcast originally had reference to seed, but
it is application to radio seems entirely
appropriate.

17. English Dialects
 In addition to the educated standard in each
major division of the English_speaking world
there are local forms of the language known as
regional dialects.
 In the newer countries where English has
spread in modern times these are not
numerous or so pronounced in their
individuality as they are in the British Isles.

18. Cont……….
 The English introduced into the colonies was a
mixture of dialects in which the features of each
were fused in a common speech.
 Every country has its own features and sometimes as
many as three dialects regions may be distinguished
within the boundaries of a single shire.
 The characteristics of this dialect are known to most
people through the poetry of Robert Burns.

19. Spelling Reform
 In the later part of the nineteeth century
renewed interest was visible in the problem of
English spelling and the question of reform was
vigorously agitated.
 For nearly four hundred years the English have
struggled with their spelling.s
 It was one of the chief problem which seemed
to confront the language in the time of
shakespeare and it continued to be an issue
through out the seventeenth and to some

20. Cont….
 The Bible and numerous classic works were printed in the new
spelling, and the movement aroused considerable public interest.
 The first practical step was to publish a list of three hundred words
for which different spellings were in use {judgement _judgment,
mediaveal_medieval etc.

21. English As An International
Language
 One of the most important benefits which would result from
simplified spelling is that it would facilitate the learning of the
language by foreigners.
 English is the native language of the British and American people.
 It has become an international lunguage and very common in
every country.

22. Cont….
 It is spoken regularly by several hundreds of millions in four
continents, and it is the official governing language of many more.
 English is now a world language of communication.

23. The Oxford English
Dictionary The oxford dictionary of English was published
in 1928.
 In the more enlightened atitude of the society
for pure English,as distinguished from most
purist efforts in the past, it is impossible not to
see the influences of a great work which came
in to being in the latter half of the nineteenth
century.
 About 1850 the inadequacy of the existing
dictionaries of the English language begin to be
acutely felt.

24. Cont….
 In 1857 at a meeting of the Philological Society
in London a commettee was appointed to collect
words not in the dictionaries, with a view to
publishing a suppliment to them.
 the committee consisted of Herbert Colerige,
Dean Trench, whose little books English past and
present and the study of words had shown his
interest in word history, and F.J.Furnivall,that
great student and inspirer of students of early
English literature.

25. Cont…..
 A formal “Proposal for the publication of a new
English Dictionary by the philological society”
was issued in january 1858. It passed resolutions
calling for a new Dictionary.
 The two principal aims of the new project were
to record every word which could be found in
English from about the year 1000 and to exhibit
the history of each its forms,its various spellings,
and all its uses and meanings, pas and present.

26. Cont…..
 In 1879 a formal agreement was entered into
with the Oxford University press whereby this
important publishing house was to finance and
publish the society dictionary and Murray was to
be its editor.
 The World war 1 made serious inroads in the
dictionary staff, and pogress was for a time
retarded .
 But in 1928 the final sectin was issued,just
seventy years after the philological society had

27. Verb –Adverb Combinations
 An important characteristic of the modern
vocabulary is the large number of expressions
like :set out, gather up ,put off, bring in, made
up, of a common verb, often of one syllable,
combine with and adverb.
 One of the most interesting features of such
combinations in modern times, however, is the
large number of figurative and idiomatic senses
in which they have come to be used.

28. Cont…
 Familiar examples are bring about (cause are
accomplish) catch on (comprehend) give out
(become exhausted) keep on (continue) put up
with (tolerate) lay off (workman) and knock down
with their meanings at an actions sale.
 Another is the extensive use, especially in
colloquial speech, of these verb adverb
combinations as nouns :blowout, holdup, run
away.

29. Major Influences On Modern
English Language
 In nineteenth century there are great influences in
 the development of English Language.
 The technology.
 Industrial Revolution.
 Travelling and migration.
 Education.
 Media and communication.
 World war 1.
 Worldwide language.

30. THANKS
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