1. Poland – Norway Partnership Conference
Norway and Poland – Partners in “Green Growth”
Warsaw, Poland, 10 May 2012
Practical implementation of clean coal
technologies – an important step
towards environment improvement
Jozef M. Pacyna and Elisabeth G. Pacyna, NILU, Norway
Wojciech Nowak , CUT, Poland

2. Content of the presentation
1. Current and future energy needs
2. Environmental impacts of coal combustion
3. Increase of combustion efficiency
4. Implementation of CCS
5. Final remarks

3. World primary energy demand in the
Reference Scenario: this is unsustainable!
IEA WEO 2008
18 000
Mtoe
Other renewables
16 000
Hydro
14 000
Nuclear
12 000
10 000 Biomass
8 000 Gas
6 000 Coal
4 000 Oil
2 000
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 – an average
rate of increase of 1.6% per year – with coal accounting for more than a third
of the overall rise

4. Total power generation capacity today and in 2030 by
scenario
Coal 1.2 x today
Gas 1.5 x today
Nuclear 1.8 x today
Hydro 2.1 x today
Wind 13.5 x today
Other renewables 12.5 x today
Coal and gas with CCS 15% of today’s coal & gas capacity
0 1 000 2 000 3 000 GW
Today Reference Scenario 2030 450 Policy Scenario 2030
In the 450 Policy Scenario, the power sector undergoes a dramatic change –
with CCS, renewables and nuclear each playing a crucial role

5. CO2 and the EU
• Currently the world CO2 emission is about 28 bilion tons/year
of which EU accounts for about 4 billion tons/year (about 15%)
• The need for global action, otherwise the CO2 will increase by 2030 to 50
billion tons
• Possibility of CO2 reduction by 20% or even 30%
• No rules in many countries outside EU
• Acute EU policy in the subject of CO2 can lead to deterioration of
competitivness and relocation of production outside EU, where standards
are less restrictive

6. Anthropogenic emission sources
(2005)
Total anthropogenic emissions of 1920 AMAP 2011 Hg Assessment Report, Ch 2
tonnes Pacyna et. al., 2010. Atmospheric Environment 44.

7. Emission reduction options
Main approaches:
– Pre-combustion measures: improved efficiency of energy production,
coal washing, substitution of fuels,
– Post-combustion measures: CCS
– Co-control of climate gases and air pollutants (GHGs, PM, SO2, NOx)
– Pollutant specific emission control technologies
Selection of appropriate measures depend on:
– Current technology (different measures may be most cost efficient in
different regions)
– Rules, regulations etc.
– Economic and social factors

8. CO2 emission reduction as a result of technological changes
World average
~30%
EU average
21 %
~1116 gCO2/kWh
gCO2/kWh
~38% High performance
PC/IGCC 33 %
~881 gCO2/kWh
~45%
~743 gCO2/kWh
700 oC blocks 40 %
~50%
~669 gCO2/kWh
significant reduction
possible only with 90 %
But: efficiency loss of 10-12 %
CCS
<2020
Increase of efficiency results in significant effects, but only CCS leads to
real CO2 emission reduction.
adapted from VGB 2007; efficiency – HHV,net

9. Coal use in China, India and Poland
Power generation:
•Shanghai, 900 MW SC units
Subcrit SC/USC FBC IGCC •Lagisza, 460 MW FBC unit
PCC PCC
China X X X X
India X (X) X X
Poland X X X
Sipat power plant, India

10. FUTURE COAL-FIRED PLANT
ZERO-EMISSION PLANTS WITH CO2 SEPARATION
CO2 separation after Combustion CO2 separation
combustion process in oxygen atmosphere before combustion process
Image source: Vattenfall

11. Sorbent based on ash from coal power station

12. Sorbent used for the removal of emergency
spills of hazardous liquids
SORBENT
OIL

13. 60 – 70%
15 20%
The cost of individual sequestration steps ($/tCO2) 2)
Koszty poszczególnych etapów sekwestracji ($/tCO
60 – 70%
60 70%
85,00 $
80,00 $
75,00 $
70,00 $
65,00 $
60,00 $
55,00 $
50,00 $
45,00 $
Maximym price
maksymalna cena
40,00 $
35,00 $ Minimum price
minimalna cena
30,00 $
25,00 $ 15 – 20%
20,00 $
15 – 20%
15,00 $ 15 – 20%
Odległość 250 km
250 km distance 15 – 20%
10,00 $
5,00 $
0,00 $
Wychwytywanie CO2
CO capture Transport CO2
CO2 transport Składowanie CO2
CO storage
2 2
Very high energy consumption for CO2 capturing

14. Implementation of the CCS – the main obstacles
New technologies in the pilot phase
- risk of implementation
- cost
Permissions for CO2 storage
- not in my backyard
- a strong opposition of local authorities
- storage on land is very expensive
Political uncertainty
- introduction of European Trading System
- support on national and EU level

15. Example of emission control in
a coal-fired power plant
PM
contr
Pre- Br
treat ACI ACI
add
Hg
Boiler Air
Coal Air
Pollution
Pollution
Hg Control:
Control
Control:
PM, SOx,
PM
NOx
Hg Hg

16. Scenario results
 SQ: Emissions from main ‘by-
product’ sectors rise (by ¼ of 2005
emissions)
 EXEC: Emissions from these
sectors in 2020 could be 850 t
 MFTR: Emissions from these
sectors in 2020 could be 670 t
 Emissions from product-use and
ASGM not included in scenarios
 Climate change and actions to
limit greenhouse gasses will
impact future emissions
AMAP 2011 Hg Assessment Report, Ch 2
Pacyna et. al., 2010. Atmospheric Environment 44.

17. Can coal combustion be environment friendly?
YES, it can, BUT:
 New, highly efficient combustion technologies are needed to produce
electricity and heat (new blocks with supercritical vapor conditions, co-
generation, hybrid systems, etc).
 Carbon dioxide emissions should be reduced through the
implementation of pre-combustion, post-combustion methods, or
combustion in oxygen.
 CCS technologies should be implemented mainly in new power stations
(storage of carbon monoxide should be resolved).
 Co-control technologies should be employed to reduce emissions of
various contaminants, such as mercury (e.g. various adsorbers).
 Cost of the above technologies should not lead to deterioration of
competitivness and relocation of energy production outside EU, where
standards are less restrictive.

18. Emission reductions are achievable
Thank you for your attention