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Something about Athens
- 3. Athens is a city located on the Attic Plain of southeastern Greece.
- 4. Athens (Greece), city in southeastern Greece, capital and largest city of the country. Athens dominates the economic, cultural, and political life of modern Greece.
- 5. Athena’s city Athens is said to be named for the Greek goddess Athena. According to Greek mythology, Zeus, the ruler of the gods, staged a contest between Athena and the sea god Poseidon to choose a patron for the city. In one version of the story, the people judged Athena’s gift of an olive tree more useful to humanity than Poseidon’s gift of a freshwater spring, and they dedicated their city to her. .
- 6. Early history 1.Minoan period(2200?-1400?BC) 2. Mycenaean Period (1550?-1000? BC) 3. The Greek Dark Age (1000?-750? BC) The ARCHAIC and CLASSICAL ages 1. The Archaic Age (750-480 BC) 2. The Classical Age (480-323 BC). 3. a. Athenian Empire (480-359 BC) b. Macedonian Supremacy (359-323BC) the 5th century, often called the Classical period, is usually considered the culmination of Greek art, architecture, and drama, with its highest achievements being the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the Parthenon in Athens, and the plays of Athenian dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
- 7. Greek Cultural Influences Ancient Greek ideas about art, architecture, drama, philosophy, and government greatly influenced Western civilization. Among the most influential of Greek cultural achievements is the Parthenon in Athens, an outstanding example of classical architecture. The Greek teacher and philosopher Socrates affected Western speculative thought and philosophy with his emphasis on dialogue and rational argument. Greek scientists developed methods of reasoning to demonstrate mathematic principles. Greek dramas set structural and thematic styles emulated by great Western playwrights such as William Shakespeare.
- 8. 【古希腊哲学】 The Greek philosophers Thales泰勒斯and Anaxim ander阿那克西曼德, who lived in the 6th century B C, reached the revolutionary conclusion that the ph ysical world was governed by laws of nature, not b y the whims of the gods. Pythagoras普罗泰戈拉, w ho also lived in the 6th century BC, taught that num bers explained the world and started the study of mathematics in Greece. ………………
- 9. The Golden Age of Greek science came in the Hellenistic period, with the greatest advances in mathematics. Archimedes 阿基米德(287-212 BC) calculated the value of pi (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter) and invented fluid mechanics. Aristarchus阿里斯塔 克, early in the 3rd century BC, argued that the earth revolved around the sun, while Eratosthenes埃拉托accurately calculated the circumference of the earth.Military technology vaulted ahead with the invention of huge catapults and wheeled towers to batter down city walls. Finally, medical scientists made many discoveries, such as the significance of the pulse and the nervous system.
- 10. 欧几里得的《几何原本》 在科学史上，没有那一本书象欧几里得的《几何原本》那样把卓越的学术 水平与广泛的普 及性完美的相结合。它集希腊古典数学之大成，构造了世 界数学史上第一个宏伟的演绎系 统，对后世数学的发展起了不可估量的推 动作用； 阿里斯塔克：日心说的先驱 几乎所有的中学生都知道，是哥白尼发现了地球绕太阳转动而不是相反， 他使人们从人类 中心论的迷梦中惊醒。其实，早在希腊时代就有天文学家 提出过日心地动学说，他就是亚 历山大里亚的著名天文学家阿里斯塔克。 阿里斯塔克另一个重要的天文学成就是测量太阳、月亮与地球的距离以及 相对大小。这个 工作记载在他的《论日月的大小和距离》一书之中，该书 流传到了现在。 埃拉托色尼测定地球大小 希腊人是最早相信地球是一个球体的民族。据史书记载，埃拉托 色尼的科学工作包括数学、天文学、地理学和科学史：数学上确 定素数的埃拉托色尼筛法是他发明的；在天文学上，他测定了黄 道与赤道的交角；在地理 学上，他绘制了当时世界最完整的地 图，东到锡兰，西到英伦三岛，北到里海，南到埃塞 俄比亚；也 许是利用图书馆馆长之便，他还编写了一部希腊科学的编年史， 可惜已经失传 。 埃拉托色尼最著名的成就是测定地球的大小，其方法完全是几何 学的
- 11. 古代科学巨匠阿基米德是希腊化科学的杰出代表 。他不仅在数理科学上是第一 流的天才，而且在工程技术上颇多建树。阿基米德也是希腊 最富有传奇色彩的 科学家，他的传奇故事很多，而且每一个故事都从一个侧面展露了希腊 化科学 的风采。 有关浮力定律的传说更为人熟知。希龙国王请金匠用纯金打了一顶王冠，王冠 打好后，国王觉得不太象是纯金的，可是又没有办法证实这一点。他请阿基米 德来做这一鉴定工作， 而且要求不破坏王冠本身，因为并不能肯定其中掺有别 的金属，要是把王冠毁坏了而其中又没有掺假，那代价又太大了。阿基米德一 直在思考这一问题，但没有找到较好的鉴定方法。有一天，他正在潜心思考 时，仆人让他去洗澡。这一次仆人把水放得太满了，当他坐进浴盆时有许多水 溢了出来。他心不在焉地看着溢出的水，突然一下子豁然开朗起来。他意识到 溢出的水的体积正好应该等于他自己的体积，如果他把王冠浸在水中，根据水 面上升的情况可以知道王冠的体积。拿与王冠同等重量的金子放在水里浸一 下，就可以知道它的体积是否与王冠体积相同，如果王冠体积更大，则说明其 中掺了假。阿基米德想到这里，十分激动，他一下从浴盆里跳了起来，光着身 子就跑了出去，一边跑还一边喊，“尤里卡（希腊语：发现了），尤里卡（发现 了）”。阿基米德的一声“尤里卡”，喊出了人类探寻到大自然奥秘时的惊喜，正 是为了纪念这一事件，现代世界最著名的发明博览会以“尤里卡”命名。
- 13. Gail Mooney/Masterfile Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
- 14. Francie Manning/The Picture Cube Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Lion Gate The famous Lion Gate in the ancient city of Mycenae in Greece shows the detailed stone carving at which the Mycenaeans excelled. Mycenae, which was the center of Aegean civilization from the 14th century bc to the 12th century bc, included massive walls and beehive-shaped tombs. Excavations at Mycenae began in 1876.
- 15. Farrell Grehan/Arcaid Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Temple of Poseidon, Paestum The Greek temple of Poseidon at Paestum, Italy, was constructed in the mid 5th- century bc. Its massive, closely spaced columns are characteristic of the Doric order.
- 16. Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, Greece The Temple of Athena Nike is part of the Acropolis雅典卫城 in the city of Athens in Greece. Built around 420 bc, it is an excellent example of a classical temple, with ionic columns and a frieze around the top.
- 17. Bernard Cox/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Temple of Apollo at Didyma The Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey (begun 4th century bc). The design of the temple was known as dipteral, a term that refers to the two sets of columns surrounding the interior section. These columns surrounded a small chamber that housed the statue of Apollo. With Ionic columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these ruins suggest the former grandeur of the ancient temple.
- 18. Scala/Art Resource, NY Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Discobolus The Discobolus (Discus Thrower) is a Roman copy in marble of a statue made by Greek sculptor Myron of Eleutherae in about 450 bc. The original was made of bronze and was life-size, as is this copy. The composition of this piece incorporates two intersecting arcs, creating a feeling of movement and tension.
- 19. Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Laocoön and His Sons This sculptural group of Laocoön and his sons is one of the finest surviving specimens of Hellenistic sculpture. Scholars believe it was carved in the mid-2nd century bc, but disagree as to whether this is the original of that date, or a later Roman copy. The sculpture was lost for many years but was rediscovered in the ruins of a Roman building in 1506, and exerted a powerful influence on the work of late Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo米开朗基罗.
- 20. 5 main forms of government existed in ancient Greece depended on a strong depended on shared central authority authority tyranny oligarchy democrac Monarchy y chiefdom
- 21. Government was shared by a limited group of people (oligoi) in city-states with an oligarchy（寡头 政治）. Some oligarchic city-states Democracy gave an equal vote had only a handful of leaders to every man who was liable for sharing authority; others had military service. In the most several hundred. Some city-states The mostdemocracy, Athens, this famous famous oligarchic city- had an aristocracy (rule by the state was Sparta. It had amale included every freeborn dual best, the aristoi), a type of kingship and anold. Athenian over 18 years assembly oligarchy in which leaders were composed of shared authority by democracy all free men over selected only from privileged choosing most government 30, referred to as “equals,” but families. The justification for officials from the citizenry neither the kings nor the equals oligarchy was that pure equality for through a lottery and imposing came to hold real power. The 28- citizens was morally inequitable term limits. Only the most member Council of Elders and five because people were not the elected officials held in military of sensitive positions the reins same. The idea was that some and financial affairs were filled government, drafting laws that the were more capable, more by election. Various other city- assembly was expected to approve devoted, and more intelligent and states also had without debate. thus deserved to rule the masses. democracies, but little evidence exists about them.
- 22. Sparta 斯巴达 Sparta, city in ancient Greece, and capital of Laconia（拉科尼亚）, It was on the right bank of the Evrótas River, about 32.5 km (about 20 mi) from the sea, in the foothills of Mount Taygetus. From the 6th century BC on, however, the Spartans looked upon themselves as merely a military garrison, and all their discipline pointed to war. No deformed（畸形） child was allowed to live; boys began military drill at the age of 7 and entered the ranks at 20. Although permitted to marry, they were compelled to live in barracks until the age of 30; from the ages of 20 to 60 all Spartans were obliged to serve as hoplites (foot soldiers) and to eat at the phiditia (“public mess”).
- 24. Persian Wars 希（腊）波（斯）战争 Time： (490-479 BC). Background：Between 560 and 500 BC the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East underwent great political changes. Under Cyrus the Great Persia grew into the largest empire the Near East had ever seen. In the same period, a number of small city-states consisting of an urban center and its surrounding territory had developed over a large part of the Greek mainland and the islands of the Aegean Sea. For the most part they were governed by local aristocracies, but the city-state of Athens had already begun a series of changes that would lead to the emergence of democratic government. Politically, the most important was Sparta, on the Peloponnesian伯罗奔尼撒peninsula. It had become the strongest land power in Greece and controlled an alliance of other city- states that extended over much of southern Greece. However, in terms of population, resources, and organization, the Greek states were no match for the immense empire they were to fight.
- 25. By 500 BC Sparta had become the most powerful city- state. It had the most fearsome army, which was composed of superbly disciplined hoplite fighters (infantry with bronze body armor, shields, spears, and swords who fought shoulder-to-shoulder in a block called a phalanx). Fearing the oligarchic Spartans would attack their recovering democracy, the Athenians sought protection from King Darius I大流士一世of Persia. However, the Athenians soon abandoned their alliance with Darius to help Ionian Greeks on the coast of Asia Minor rebel from Persian control. The Athenians’ behavior sparked the Persian Wars (490-479 BC)
- 26. In 490 BC Darius dispatched a fleet to capture Athens, expecting it to surrender. Instead, in the Battle of Marathon, outnumbered Athenian hoplites charged the Persian forces and to everyone’s astonishment drove them away. A messenger ran more than 32 km (20 mi) from Marathon to Athens to announce the news, a run memorialized in modern marathon races. Darius’s son, Xerxes I薛西斯一世, led an immense invasion of Greece in 480 BC to avenge the Marathon defeat. So huge was his army, the Greeks claimed, it required seven days and seven nights of continuous marching for it to cross a pontoon bridge between Asia Minor and mainland Greece. Some city-states in northern and central Greece surrendered, but Sparta led an alliance of 31 city- states against the Persians. A small detachment of Greek soldiers led by Spartan king Leonidas I gave their lives to temporarily block Xerxes’s army at a narrow pass called Thermopylae (see Battle of Thermopylae).
- 27. By the time the invading Persians reached Athens, the residents had evacuated, and the Persians burned an empty city. Athens was prepared to fight with its navy, built up from the proceeds of a rich discovery of silver a few years before. The Athenian general Themistocles defeated the Persian navy in the Battle of Salamís by luring Persian ships into a narrow channel, where the Greeks’ heavier ships proceeded to ram and sink them. In 479 BC the Greeks completed their triumph by defeating the Persian infantry步兵 at Plataea, relying on superior tactics and armor. This string of unexpected Greek victories in the Persian Wars preserved the Greeks’ independence and gave them so much self-confidence that they felt superior.
- 28. 希波战争 在希腊城邦向地中海沿岸扩展的同时，西亚的波斯帝国也在扩张， 强大的波斯帝国征服了小亚细亚半岛上的艾奥尼亚希腊诸邦。前499 年，小亚细亚半岛上的米利都等希腊城邦发动起义，得到雅典的支持。 波斯国王大流士一世在镇压起义后，就准备进攻雅典。前490年，波斯 大军渡海西侵，但在马拉松战役中被人数居于劣势的雅典重装步兵击 败。希腊人赢得了第一次希波战争的胜利。 前480年，波斯国王薛西斯一世率50万大军再次进攻希腊。希腊各 城邦也结成同盟，共御强敌。希腊联军的陆军以斯巴达人为主力，海军 则以雅典舰队为主。希腊陆军在温泉关阻击波斯陆军，虽然兵败，但为 希腊海军的集结赢得了时间。波斯人攻入了雅典，将全城焚毁，但希腊 海军在萨拉米海战中一举击溃波斯海军，波斯人面临补给被切断的危 险，不得不撤退。希腊人乘胜追击，解放了小亚细亚的希腊诸邦。第二 次希波战争以希腊的胜利告终。
- 29. Peloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争 Time： 431-404 BC Cause： Athens and Sparta did not share the joy of victory for long. Athens used its wartime fleet to become an aggressive military power rivaling Sparta. Both sides acquired allies to strengthen their positions. Athens allied with city- states in northern Greece, the Aegean Islands, and the west coast of Asia Minor, which were most exposed to Persian retaliation. Members of the Athens-led alliance, known today as the Delian League。
- 30. The Delian League brought Athens unprecedented power and income. In time, more and more league members found it easier to pay their dues in cash rather than furnish their own warships and crews, and they let Athens build and man the league’s ships. Poorer Athenians welcomed this arrangement because it gave them paying jobs as oarsmen (Greek warships were rowed so they could ram other ships in battle). As naval strength became the city-state’s principal source of military might, oarsmen gained greater political influence in Athenian democracy. Since Sparta and its allies had far less naval power, they could not match Athens on the sea, where it gained money and goods by trading with other states or raiding them. In 431 BC tensions erupted when Athens pressured Corinth and Megara, crucial Spartan allies who were rivals with Athens for seagoing trade. Sparta came to the defense of its allies, and the fighting escalated into the Peloponnesian War
- 32. Pericles, an Athenian from a distinguished family, became the era’s leading politician in the 450s BC by promoting Athenian dominance within the Delian League and expansionist goals outside the league. He supported far-flung naval expeditions to territories in Phoenicia and the Black Sea region and engaged the navy in a confrontation with Sparta, ventures that benefited his power base, the fleet’s oarsmen. Eventually, he overreached by advising war on too many fronts at once while generating resistance among allies by making harsh demands of them. To Pericles devote its resources to Athens in 461 the Pericles, who took control of maintaining empire, responsible for making Athens treaty BC, was Athens signed a peace most prominent among the Greek city-states. Pericles with Sparta, but the rivals continued to built many new structures, including the distrust each other. Parthenon on the Acropolis.
- 33. Sparta feared Athens would use its navy to cripple Spartan control over its allies. Pericles refused to let the Athenians yield to any Spartan demands for concessions because he believed Athens could exploit its superior wealth to win a long war. Pericles’s strategy was to make periodic surprise naval raids on Spartan positions while retreating behind Athens’s walls whenever Sparta’s superior infantry attacked. The Athenians launched some successful attacks, but Pericles’s plan required sacrifice: the Athenians had to stay behind their city wall while Spartan troops ravaged Athens’s countryside. Pericles’s strategy might have worked except for a terrible epidemic that struck Athens’s population, packed inside its wall. The epidemic, which started in 430 BC, killed thousands over several years, including Pericles himself.
- 34. Without Pericles’s strong direction, leaders after him introduced increasingly risky strategies. Their harsh demands for money from Athens’s allies incited rebellions. Several times Athenian leaders refused Spartan offers for peace. In 415 BC Athens launched an overly ambitious campaign against Sparta’s allies in Sicily, far to the west, and the invasion force suffered a catastrophic defeat at Syracuse in 413 With Persian monetary support, Sparta built a navy and launched the final phase of the war by establishing an infantry base in Athenian territory for year-round raiding. Athens continued to fight for ten years, despite the devastation of its agriculture and the loss of income from its silver mines. Finally, in 404, incompetent Athenian admirals lost the fleet and the war.
- 36. Athens VS Sparta 1.Athens is a coastal city while Sparta is a inland city 2.The government-one is Democracy while the other is oligarchy（寡头政治） 3.The economy in Athens is mostly depended on trade while Sparta on agriculture 4.Athens is famous for its culture like philosophy, architecture, drama, government, and science while Sparta for its military garrison
- 38. Pelopónnisos The town of Návplion is situated on the shore of a long narrow peninsula in the Pelopónnisos, the southern part of the Greek mainland. The picturesque towns and countryside draw many tourists to the Pelopónnisos.
- 43. Marina at Corfu
- 44. Ruins at Delphi