211184120 report-2013

Automated irrigation system using solar power Main Project Report 2014
1. INTRODUCTION
The continuously increasing demand of the food necessitates the rapid improvement in
food production technology. In most of the developing countries such as Bangladesh, national
economy mainly depends on the Agriculture. But these countries do not able to make proper
use of agricultural resources due to the high dependency on rain . Nowadays different
irrigation systems are used to reduce the dependency of rain and mostly the existing irrigation
systems are driven by electrical power and manually ON/OFF scheduling controlled .
Farmers usually control the electric motors observing the soil, crop and weather conditions by
visiting the sites . These manually controlled irrigation systems cannot ensure a proper level
of water in the site . Due to the lack of electricity and mismanagement in the manually
controlling systems, sometimes their fields become dry and sometimes flooded with excess
water. These unplanned and manually controlled irrigation systems also cause a significant
amount of water waste.
Automatic irrigation system is usually designed for ensuring the proper level of water
for growing up the plants all through the season. Even when the farmers are away,these
automatic irrigation systems always ensure the proper level of water in the sites . In addition,
it provides maximum water usage efficiency by monitoring soil moistures at optimum level.
Several research works have reputed aspects of development of automated irrigation
system. With the development of technology in water saving irrigation and automation,
automatic irrigation is going to be more popular in the farms. For example, a GSM based
automatic irrigation water control is proposed. A mobile irrigation system has been
developed which improves water efficiency by saving the water. Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) based intelligent control system is proposed for effective irrigation scheduling in
paddy fields .
In the past, most of the proposed irrigation models are driven by electricity and their
corresponding automated hardware are fixed rate. And these models are highly expensive as
those were made of expensive devices. Thus, due to higher cost, the general farmers cannot
buy it for their use; usually these models are used in the farms only for experiment or
demonstration funded by government or any private organization.
On the other hand, the variable rate automated controlling approach improves the
overall irrigation system reducing the total cost and increases the production of crop yield.
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Therefore, low price, alternative source of electricity and variable rate automated operation
are the key concerns in the design of an irrigation system for the common farmers.
In this paper, we propose a solar power controlled automated irrigation system.
Sensors collect the information about the water level of paddy fields and update the farmer as
well as the microcontroller. The farmer can switch ON and OFF the motor based on the water
level even from distant places using a cell phone. However, if the water level reaches to the
danger level, then the motor will automatically start to ensure the proper water level in the
paddy field.
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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig No:1
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2.1 WORKING
The area of paddy field usually may cover up several hundreds of hectares; to cover the
whole area we need to place different sensors in the paddy field like humidity
densor,tempersture sensor and water level sensor.The water sensors is simply a metal
electrode. We are using such 3 electrodes made up of steel for sensing 3 levels. These 3
electrodes are connected to CD 4001 amplifier circuit. When water molecules come into
contact with these terminals, Cd 4001 senses it and amplifies the signals to give a measurable
output.It will always sense the water level of the field and will send a message to the user’s
cell phone to inform the condition of irrigation. Farmer will control the motor sending
assigned code to the microcontroller through a cell phone and a gsm module.
Microcontroller is used as interface between the cell phone and sensor,it is through the
microcontroller which cell phone interface and sensor sends singals and messages upon
sensing the water level and feedback from the farmer.Here we use a pic type microcontroller
PIC1673.
Here we use a gsm module G300 as cell phone interface,gsm module is used for sending
message to the cell phone upon receving singal from microprocessor and sens back singal
from cell phone to microprocessor.
A Photo Voltaic (PV) cell is the only source of energy to drive this type microcontroller
pinproposed system. The energy will be stored in the DC Battery through power supply. The
sensors, microcontroller and cell phone interface are driven by DC power. However, pump is
driven by AC power; inverter is used to convert DC to AC power, and AC power interface
ensures the proper AC power supply to the pump.
A dc centrifugal pump is used to water the field by receiving assigned code to the
microprocessor through gsm module. Pump is operated through a relay controlled by the
microprocessor ,relay work as a switching device allowing turn on and turn off of pump by
receiving signal from gsm module triggering microcontroller.
The energy from pv cell is stored in a dc 12v battery which is inverted using an inverter and
powers the whole system.
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3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig No:2
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3.1 WORKING
In this section, different circuit components of proposed model
areillustrated.Normally, sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it
into a signal which can be read by an observer/ instrument. In this paper, we propose a model
of designing sensor as presented . Two metal plates such as A and B are used to form a
sensor; at where 5V DC power is attached with plate A, and plate B is connected with a
microcontroller. Normally plate A and plate B are isolated from each other and no voltage
signal passes to the microcontroller. When the water fills the gap, the metal plates A and B
gets connection and voltage signal passes to the microcontroller.
According to our design model, if the water level reaches to 0cm, the
microcontroller will automatically start the pump through AC interface according to the
command of the pin RA4 as depicted . The farmer will be confirmed by a message; for
example, PUMP STARTED. AC interface usually consists of a relay which is operated by the
microcontroller and used to control the pump as presented . The pump will remain switched
ON until the water level reaches to the secured level 10cm. When the sensors sense the water
level is above 10cm, microcontroller will make the pump to be switched OFF; as it is
receiving the status of water level from the sensors. At the secure level (10cm) the
microcontroller will not operate. However, if the water level goes down to mid level (3cm)
the sensors will send a signal to the microcontroller through the pin 12 (RB6) as depicted.
After receiving the signal the microcontroller will send a message (for example, WATER
LEVEL LOW) to the user’s cell phone through the cell phone interface.
The cell phone interface usually consists of an optocoupler which is connected with
the keypad of the cell phone as depicted. The microcontroller will seek the decision from the
farmer through a message; whether he wants to start the pump or not. In our propose model,
an individual code is assigned for each user. If the farmer wants to start the pump, he will
send a message with the assigned code to the microcontroller through the DTMF decoder.
The circuit detail of a balanced-line mode DTMF is illustrated. To reject the common-mode
noise signals,a balanced differential amplifier input is used. The circuit also provides an
excellent bridging interface across a properly terminated telephone line.
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Whenever the farmer presses any key on his mobile phone keypad, the delayed steering (Std)
output of the IC (Integrated Circuit) goes high on receiving the tone-pair, and glow the
LED15 (connect with pin15 of IC via resistor R15) for a duration depending on the value of
capacitor and resistor connected with pins 16 and 17. The LEDs connected with resistors
R11-R14 at pins 11-14, indicate the output of the IC. The tone pair of DTMF generated by
pressing the telephone button is converted into binary values internally in the IC.
3.2 PCB LAYOUT
Fig No: 3
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A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic componentsusing conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCB's can be single sided (one
copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductor on different layers
are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCB's may contain
components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
Alternatives to PCBs includewire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs are more costly
to design but allow automated manufacturing and assembly. Products are then faster and
cheaper to manufacture, and potentially more reliable.Much of the electronics industry's PCB
design, assembly, and quality control follows standards published by the IPC organization.
When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is
more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more
accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with
electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board
assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit
card assembly(CCA), for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is
used informally both for bare and assembled boards.
Printed circuit board artwork generation was initially a fully manual process done on
clear mylar sheets at a scale of usually 2 or 4 times the desired size. The schematic diagram
was first converted into a layout of components pin pads, then traces were routed to provide
the required interconnections. Pre-printed non-reproducing mylar grids assisted in layout, and
rub-on dry transfers of common arrangements of circuit elements (pads, contact fingers,
integrated circuit profiles, and so on) helped standardize the layout. Traces between devices
were made with self-adhesive tape. The finished layout "artwork" was then photographically
reproduced on the resist layers of the blank coated copper-clad boards.
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4. COMPONENTS
4.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35
Temperature sensors are used in diverse applications such as food processing, HVAC
environmental control, medical devices, chemical handling and automotive under the hood
monitoring (e.g., coolant, air intake, cylinder head temperatures, etc.). Temperature sensors
tend to measure heat to ensure that a process is either; staying within a certain range,
providing safe use of that application, or meeting a mandatory condition when dealing with
extreme heat, hazards, or inaccessible measuring points.
There are two main flavors: contact and noncontact temperature sensors. Contact
sensors include thermocouples and thermistors that touch the object they are to measure, and
noncontact sensors measure the thermal radiation a heat source releases to determine its
temperature. The latter group measures temperature from a distance and often are used in
hazardous environments.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.Since it has Linear +
10.0 mV/°C scale factor it is very easy to calculate temperature value.
Fig no: 4 Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
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The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in °
Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain
convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or
trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full
−55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the
wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used
with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its
supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.
The LM35 is applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature
sensors. Glue or cement the device to a surface and the temperature should be within about
0.01°C of the surface temperature.This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost
the same as the surface temperature. If the air temperature were much higher or lower than
the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate
temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature, which is especially true
for the TO-92 plastic package where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry
heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the
surface temperature.To minimize this problem, ensure that the wiring to the LM35, as it
leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way
to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the leads and
wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and that the temperature of the LM35 die
is not affected by the air temperature.The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a
metal surface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case the V− terminal of the circuit
will be grounded to that metal. Alternatively, mount the LM35 inside a sealedend metal tube,
and then dip into a bath or screw into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35
and accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and
corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where
condensation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such as Humiseal and epoxy
paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its
connections.These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light-weight heat fin to decrease
the thermal time constant and speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On the other hand,
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a small thermal mass may be added to the sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small
deviations in the air temperature.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35 Fig no:5
4.1.1 Features
• Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
• Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
• 0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C)
• Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
• Suitable for remote applications
• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
• Operates from 4 to 30 volts
• Less than 60 μA current drain
• Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
• Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
• Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
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4.2 HUMIDITY SENSOR SY HS 220
Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric
material sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. Most capacitive
sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical dielectric constant
ranging from 2 to 15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the hygroscopic
dielectric material and the sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance.
At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of
about 80, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore,
absorption of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance.
At equilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material
depends on both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true
also for the hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor.
By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and
water vapor pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount
of moisture present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the
operation of a capacitive humidity instrument.
Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water
vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Humidity
measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of the product
and the health and safety of the personnel. Hence, humidity sensing is very important,
especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity
control is required for respiratory equipments, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical
processing, and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas
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purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food
processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection
(dew prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc. For domestic applications, humidity control
is required for living environment in buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In
all such applications and many others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an
indication of the moisture levels in the environment.
These module convert the relative humidity to the output voltage.This sensor module
converts relative humidity(30-90%RH) to voltage and can be used in weather monitoring
application.
Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are Relative Humidity (RH),
Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Parts Per Million (PPM). RH is a function of temperature, and
thus it is a relative measurement. Dew/Frost point is a function of the pressure of the gas but
is independent of temperature and is therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement.
PPM is also an absolute measurement.
Dew points and frost points are often used when the dryness of the gas is important.
Dew point is also used as an indicator of water vapor in high temperature processes, such as
industrial drying.
Mixing ratios, volume percent, and specific humidity are usually used when water
vapor is either an impurity or a defined component of a process gas mixture used in
manufacturing.
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Basic structure of capacitive type humidity sensor is shown below:
Fig No: 6 Humidity Sensor SY HS 220
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4.2.1 Specifications:
RATED VOLTAGE DC 5.0V
CURRENT CONSUMTION <-3.0mA
OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE 0-60°C
OPERATING HUMIDITY RANGE 30-90%RH
STORABLE TEMPERATURE RANGE -30°C ˜ 85°C
STORABLE HUMIDITY RANGE within 95%RH
STANDARD OUTPUT RANGE DC 1.980 mV (at 25°C, 60%RH)
ACCURACY ± 5% RH (at 25°C, 60%RH)
REMARKS PCB unit containing driving circuit
4.2.3 Application:
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• Humidifiers & dehumidifiers.
• Air conditioners.
• Humidity data logger.
• Automatic climate control.

4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC16F73
Microcontroller PIC16F73 Fig no:7
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PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip
Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's
Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface
Controller'".
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability.
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:
• Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).
• A small number of fixed length instructions
• Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit
models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips
• One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not
encoded in the opcode)
• All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and
other functions.[6]
• A hardware stack for storing return addresses
• A small amount of addressable data space (32, 128, or 256 bytes, depending on the
family), extended through banking
• Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
• ALU status flags are mapped into the data space
• The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to
implement indirect jumps).
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Data space (RAM)
PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose RAM. Special purpose
control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The
addressability of memory varies depending on device series, and all PIC devices have
some banking mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. Later series of devices
feature move instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the
selected bank. In earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator.
Code space
The code space is generally implemented as ROM, EPROM or flash ROM. In
general,external code memory is not directly addressable due to the lack of an external
memory interface. The exceptions are PIC17 and select high pin count PIC18 devices.
Word size
All PICs handle (and address) data in 8-bit chunks. However, the unit of
addressability of the code space is not generally the same as the data space. For example,
PICs in the baseline (PIC12) and mid-range (PIC16) families have program memory
addressable in the same wordsize as the instruction width, i.e. 12 or 14 bits respectively. In
contrast, in the PIC18 series, the program memory is addressed in 8-bit increments (bytes),
which differs from the instruction width of 16 bits. In order to be clear, the program memory
capacity is usually stated in number of (single word) instructions, rather than in bytes.
Stacks
PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware
stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18 series
devices.
Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series,
but this greatly improved in the 18 series, making the 18 series architecture more friendly to
high level language compilers.
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Instruction set
A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the low-end PICs to over 80
instructions for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a
variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the
accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching.
Some operations, such as bit setting and testing, can be performed on any numbered
register, but bi-operand arithmetic operations always involve W (the accumulator), writing
the result back to either W or the other operand register. To load a constant, it is necessary to
load it into W before it can be moved into another register. On the older cores, all register
moves needed to pass through W, but this changed on the "high end" cores.
PIC cores have skip instructions which are used for conditional execution and
branching. The skip instructions are 'skip if bit set' and 'skip if bit not set'. Because cores
before PIC18 had only unconditional branch instructions, conditional jumps are implemented
by a conditional skip (with the opposite condition) followed by an unconditional branch.
Skips are also of utility for conditional execution of any immediate single following
instruction. It is possible to skip skip instructions. For example, the instruction sequence
"skip if A; skip if B; C" will execute C if A is true or if B is false.
The 18 series implemented shadow registers which save several important registers
during an interrupt, providing hardware support for automatically saving processor state
when servicing interrupts.
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4.3.1 Block Diagram
Fig no:8
4.3.2 Features
4.3.2.1 High Performance RISC CPU:
• High performance RISC CPU
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle
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• Operating speed
• DC - 20 MHz clock input
• DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
4.3.2.2 Special Microcontroller Features:
• Power-on Reset (POR)
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
4.3.3.3 Peripheral Features:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
SLEEP via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
4.3.3.4 CMOS Technology:
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0 V to 5.5 V
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
4.4 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on
a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar
cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate
and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its
DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320
watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated
output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt
module. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
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installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an
array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.
Fig no:9
Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be
protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-
flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. These early solar modules were first used
in space in 1958.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off
the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals.
The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system.
Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading,
to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
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Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused
by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high
cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
Here we use 12volt 5watt solar panel.
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4.5 WATER PUMP
Water Pump DC 12V Fish Tank Submersible Pumps
Waterproof Fish Culture Model Pump Fig no:10
It is a centrifugal pump,rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase
the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump
used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially
into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads.
Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial-flow type. However, the
term "centrifugal pump" can be used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps
including the radial, axial and mixed-flow variations.
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4.6 GSM SIM 300 MODULE
This is a plug and play GSM Modem with a simple to interface serial interface. Use it
to send SMS, make and receive calls, and do other GSM operations by controlling it through
simple AT commands from micro controllers and computers. It uses the highly popular
SIM300 module for all its operations. It comes with a standard RS232 interface which can be
used to easily interface the modem to micro controllers and computers.
The modem consists of all the required external circuitry required to start
experimenting with the SIM300 module like the power regulation, external antenna, SIM
Holder, etc.
Fig no:11
4.6.1 Features
• Uses the extremely popular SIM300 GSM module
• Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to
computers and other devices
• Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers
• Power, RING and Network LEDs for easy debugging
• Onboard 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup
for the modules’ internal RTC
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• Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS and
TCP/IP stack
• Can be controlled through standard AT commands
• Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.
• Board provides an option for adding an external antenna through an SMA connector
• The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600
default)
• Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1 A
during transmission
• Operating Voltage: 7 – 15V AC or DC (board has onboard rectifier.
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4.7 BATTERY
GM4000 is a well designed battery bank for most of portable signal shield. It
provides 12V /4ah output power and with 4000mah capacity, which enable signal preventor
to work for 2-3 hours.
Fig no:12
GM4000 power bank contains 3 pcs built-in 4000mah li-battery cores. Except three circuit
protection plates, it also intergrates over charging protection circuit chips (that adopt IC from
Seizaikan (Japan) and AO MOS cube). CSB's HR1234W is a 12 volt 9 Ah sealed lead acid
battery with F2 Fast-on tab terminals. HR1234W is designed for equipment that require short
term bursts of high rate power such as UPS systems.HR1234W will deliver up to 20% more
energy output density at 34 watts per cell, or up to 204 watts for 15 minutes to 1.67 volt per
cell at 77 degrees in Fahrenheit.HR1234W is also excellent for general applications as it will
provide up to 260 cycles at 100% depth of discharge and has a design life of up to five years
of stand-by usage.
4.7.1 Features
• Big capacity li-battery cores offers long working time
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• Suitable for all of the 12V <2A electronic devices
• Control charge and discharge via MOS cube
• With over charge / over discharge / current protection functions
• Short-circuit protection available
4.8 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were
used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Fig no:13 Fig no:14
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A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core,
an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The
armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving
contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air
gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of
contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the
armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on
the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is
soldered to the PCB.Here a 5V relay is used.
4.9 LCD16x2
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on.lcd is used to indicate the present status of parameters and the respective
AC devices (simulated using bulbs).The information is displayed in two modes
which can be selected using a push button switch which toggles between these two modes. Any
display can be interfaced to the system with respective changes in driver circuitry and code.
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Fig No:13 16x2LCD
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data
to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on
the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Fig no:14 Pin diagram
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4.9.1 Pin description
4.10 INVETER
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct
current (DC) toalternating current (AC).The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and
overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the specific device or circuitry.A
power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such
as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the
conversion process.
A typical power inverter device or circuit will require a relatively stable DC power
source capable of supplying enough current for the intended overall power handling of the
inverter. Possible DC power sources include: rechargeable batteries, DC power supplies
operating off of the power company line, and solar cells. The inverter does not produce any
power, the power is provided by the DC source. The inverter translates the form of the power
from direct current to an alternating current waveform.
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The level of the needed input voltage depends entirely on the design and purpose of
the inverter. In many smaller consumer and commercial inverters a 12V DC input is popular
because of the wide availability of powerful rechargeable 12V lead acid batteries which can
be used as the DC power source.
An inverter can produce square wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine wave, or sine
wave depending on circuit design. The two dominant commercialized waveform types of
inverters as of 2007 are modified sine wave and sine wave.
There are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-
voltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-
voltage DC and then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level
and uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage.
4.10.1 Typical applications for power inverters include
• Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries,
to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights,
televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools.
• Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar generating
systems to convert DC power to AC power.
• Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving
an AC source from a DC source.
4.10.2 Features
• Output Power Capacity-600 Watts / 1000 VA
• Max Configurable Power-600 Watts / 1000 VA
• Nominal Output Voltage-230V
• Output Voltage Distortion-Less than 5% at full load
• Output Frequency (sync to mains)-47 - 53 Hz for 50 Hz nominal, 57 - 63 Hz for 60
Hz nominal
• Topology-Line Interactive
• Waveform Type-Stepped approximation to a sinewave •
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4.11 WATER LEVEL SENSOR
It is simply a metal electrode. We are using such 3 electrodes made up of steel for
sensing 3 levels. These 3 electrodes are connected to CD 4001 amplifier circuit. When water
molecules come into contact with these terminals, Cd 4001 senses it and amplifies the signals
to give a measurable output.
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5. SOFTWARE DETAILS
5.1 MPLAB IDE-For PIC Microcontroller programming
MPLAB IDE is a software program that runs on a PC to develop applications for
Microchip microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE,
because it provides a single integrated .environment. to develop code for embedded
microcontrollers.
A development system for embedded controllers is a system of programs running on
adesktop PC to help write, edit, debug and program code . the intelligence of
embeddedsystems applications . into a microcontroller. MPLAB IDE runs on a PC and
contains all the components needed to design and deploy embedded systems applications.
The typical tasks for developing an embedded controller application are:
1. Create the high level design. From the features and performance desired, decide
which PICmicro MCU or dsPIC DSC device is best suited to the application, then
design the associated hardware circuitry. After determining which peripherals and
pins control the hardware, write the firmware . the software that will control the
hardware aspects of the embedded application. A language tool such as an assembler,
which is directly translatable into machine code, or a compiler that allows a more
natural language for creating programs, should be used to write and edit code.
Assemblers and compilers help make the code understandable, allowing function
labels to identify code routines with variables that have names associated with their
use, and with constructs that help organize the code in a maintainable structure.
2. Compile, assemble and link the software using the assembler and/or compiler and
linker to convert your code into .ones and zeroes. . machine code for the PICmicro
MCUs. This machine code will eventually become the firmware (the code
programmed into the microcontroller).
3. Test your code. Usually a complex program does not work exactly the way
imagined, and .bugs. need to be removed from the design to get proper results. The
debugger allows you to see the .ones and zeroes. execute, related to the source code
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you wrote, with the symbols and function names from your program. Debugging
allows you to experiment with your code to see the value of variables at various
points in the
program, and to do .what if. checks, changing variable values and stepping through
routines.
4. Burn. the code into a microcontroller and verify that it executes correctly in the
Finished application.
5.2 C18-compiler/HI-TEC C -Compiler
HI-TECH C compilers know exactly which registers will be used for any interrupt,
they can determine the context size dynamically, based on the state of the program at the time
of compilation. Code generated by OCG compilers may not need to save any registers during
an interrupt routine, thereby saving cycles that are wasted by non-OCG compilers. Fewer
instruction cycles means the MCU can spend more time in sleep mode.
Denser Code, Better Performance
Unused Variables. The all-seeing nature of OCG enables the compiler to determine if
a variable is being used in the program. Unused variables are removed, thus saving RAM.
Auto Variables. If two functions are never active at the same time, their auto variables
can be overlapped. The function call graph that OCG constructs means that the exact usage of
the functions is known and this technique can be effectively applied.
Registers. The compiler will also know exactly which registers are in both interrupt
and mainline context, so it can generate code accordingly, minimizing both the code size and
cycles required to switch contexts.
Automatic Bank Management. OCG allows automatic allocation of data into RAM
banks eliminating the need for the programmer to specify the location of the variables.
Customized printf. OCG has the ability to generate a printf function that is
customized for the program at hand. It does this by scanning the user’s code and only
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includes those features of printf that were detected. This results in a huge saving in program
memory but also saves you valuable RAM space.
Focus more on your goals and less on your code
Operation. Most embedded C compilers require special linker scripts and numerous
command line options to be used to cater for differing device architectures. With full
knowledge of the device and the ability to determine where all objects will be linked,
much of this work is reduced or eliminated with HI-TECH C compilers.
Eliminates the Need for Memory Space Qualifiers. Because the compiler knows how
frequently each variable is used and which variables are dependent, it can optimize pointers
and position objects in the most efficient memory spaces, eliminating the need for the
programmer to do this manually with non-standard C language extensions.
Debugging with Optimizations. Since a lot more of the optimizations are performed at the
C level, rather than at the assembly or linker level, HI-TECH C PRO compilers allows
more comprehensive debugging of code, even with the optimizations turned on. As a rule,
code compiled with full optimization can be difficult or impossible to debug, making it very
difficult to identify bugs that may be causing the system to function incorrectly. The OCG
compiler automatically preserves all the relationships between the object code and the
original C-code, enabling the quick and simple debugging of optimized code. Even C library
code in your project can be debugged at the source level.
5.2.1 Features
• Integrates into MPLAB® IDE and fully compatible with all Microchip
debuggers and emulators
• Fully ANSI-compliant
• Includes Library source - for standard libraries and sample code for I/O drivers
• Includes macro assembler, linker, preprocessor, and one-step driver
• Runs on Windows XP and Vista (versions 9.70+ also run on Windows 7),
Linux and Mac OS X
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5.3 Proteus/Protel –For PCB designing
Protel stands for "Procedure Oriented Type Enforcing Language". It is a
programming language created by Nortel Networks and used on telecommunications
switching systems such as the DMS-100. Protel-2 is the object-oriented version of Protel.
PROTEL languages were designed to meet the needs of digital telephony and is the
basis of the DMS-100 line of switching systems PROTEL is a strongly typed, block-
structured language which is based heavily on PASCAL and ALGOL 68] with reverse polish
notation style of variable assignment. The designers of PROTEL significantly extended
PASCAL of the day by adding external compilation and extending the data structures
available in the language.
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6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
6.1 ADVANTAGES
• Sensors used have high sensitivity and are easy to handle.
• Closed loop design prevents any chances of disturbing the greenhouse environment.
• User is indicated for changes in actuator state thereby giving an option for manual
override.
• Low maintenance and low power consumption.
• The system is more compact compared to the existing ones, hence is easily portable.
• Can be used for different plant species by making minor changes in the ambient
environmental parameters.
• Can be easily modified for improving the setup and adding new features.
• Labour saving
6.2 DISADVANTAGES
• Complete automation in terms of pest and insect detection anderadication cannot be
achieved.
• No self-test system to detect malfunction of sensors.
• Requires uninterrupted power supply.
• Facility to remotely monitor the greenhouse is not possible.
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7. CONCLUSION
The primary objective of this project was the development of an effective & reliable
irrigation system that could have applications in domestic as well as large scale premises,
operated in any weather conditions. Automated irrigation system in both domestic and large
scale agricultural field requires correct sensing of humidity and temperature for irrigation.
For such systems, solar controlled automated irrigation system are ideal because they do not
require a person monitoring the agricultural field or checking the humidity and temperature
level and it can be operated in any time with the help of GSM module by sending and
receiving messages through cell phone.
Through well directed effort a solar based automated irrigation system is developed,
which is capable of measuring humidity level of soil and temperature level of environment in
the range of given specification and sending message to the farmer through GSM module,
thus enabling farmer to respond back with message signal and pumping water to the field
without farmer visiting the field. In the model developed as part of the project provisions are
also provided to supply energy from a solar panel which charges the battery system and
provide required current supply to water pump and whole system, in the event of urgent and
immediate requirement of water to a large agricultural land were monitoring by the farmer is
difficult, such effective solar powered automated irrigation system can be implemented.
Overall the developed system provides a basic solution for all type of irrigation systems.
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REFERENCES
1. L. Prisilla, P.S.V. Rooban and L. Arockiam, “A novel method for water irrigation
system for paddy fields using ANN,” International Journal of Computer Science
and Network, Vol.1, No. 2, April 2012.
2. L. Longchang and W. Yanjun, “Pipeline Water Delivery Technology,”China Water
Power Press, pp. 33-35, March 1998.
3. (2012) Banglapedia. [Online]. Available
http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/I_0095.HTM
4. 4M.A. Salam, A. Ahmed, H. Ziedan, K. Sayed, M. Amery and M. Swify“A Solar-
Wind Hybrid Power System for Irrigation in Toshka Area,” IEEE Jordan Conference
on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2011.
5. M. Dursun and S. Ozden, “A Prototype of PC Based Remote Control of Irrigation,”
International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications,
Singapore, pp. 255-258, Sept. 2010.
6. N.M. Sheikh, “EfficientUtilization of Solar Energy for Domestic Applications” 2nd
International Conference on Electrical Engineering,Lahore, Pakistan, pp. 1-3, March
2008.
7. G. Yang, Y. Liu, L. Zhao, S. Cui, Q. Meng and H. Chen, “Automatic Irrigation
System Based on Wireless Network,” 8th IEEE International Conference on Control
and Automation, pp. 2120-2125, June 2010.
8. J. Xiaohua and T. Fangpin, “The study and development of system for automatic
irrigation,” Irrigation and Drainage, Vol.21, No.4, pp. 25-27, Dec. 2002.
9. C. Yi, “Technology and Application of Water Saving Irrigation,” Chemical Industry
Press, Beijing, China, pp. 345-349, 2005.
10. (2012) Garden4less. [Online]. Available
http://www.garden4less.co.uk/automatic_watering_systems.asp
11. B.C. Lailhacar, M.D. Dukes and G.L. Miller, “Sensor-Based Control of Irrigation in
Bermuda grass,” ASAE Annual International Meeting,ASAE Tampa Convention
Center, Tampa, Florida, pp. 1-14, July 2005.
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12. Y. Genghuang, G. Kairong, and L. Yawei, “Development of controller for automatic
irrigation based on GSM network,” Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,
Vol.36, No.6, pp. 753-755, Dec. 2005.
13. H. Wu-quan, C. Ming-ke, W. Yu-bao and W. Xiao-jian, “Automatic Water Supply
Control System of Graded Constant Pressure by Variable Frequency Speed and Its
Application to Pipeline Irrigation,” 2nd WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems,
Vol.1, pp. 385-388, Dec. 2010.
14. L.Wenyan, “Design of Wireless Water-Saving Irrigation System Based on Solar
Energy,” International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering,
pp. 1-4, July 2011.
15. [Online]. Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/78645295/GSM-
Based-Automatic-Irrigation-Water-Controller.
16. S.Zeng, G. Qi, Q. Liu and Z. Wang, “Mobile irrigation systems for arid areas of
Northeast China,” International Conference on Water-Saving Agriculture and
Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources, Shaanxi, China, Oct. 2003.
17. S.M.Umair and R. Usaman, “Automation of Irrigation System Using ANN based
Controller,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Vol.10, No.2,
pp. 41-51, April, 210.
18. W. Huang, T.Zeng, L. Ye and Z. Li, “A self-acting water pump control system for
residential buildings based on resonance water level sensor,” International
Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering, pp. 1112-1115, April
2011.
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APPENDIX
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PROGRAM
#define sensor0 portc.f0
#define motor portc.f3
char t=0,i,tmp1,tmp2,cnt;
//#define one 0
void readsms(char n);
void listen_uart();
// void readsms(char);
void smsmediumlevel();
void receive_sms();
void lcd_disply();
// LCD module connections
sbit LCD_RS at RB2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
// End LCD module connections
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char txt1[] = "mikroElektronika";
char txt[4];
char ring[]="RING"; // Loop variable
DATASHEET
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DATASHEET 7805 REGULATOR IC
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