Reflection Of Systematic Theology

Reflection Of Systematic Theology
Systematic theology draws on the foundational sacred texts of Christianity, while simultaneously
investigating the development of Christian doctrine over the course of history, particularly through
philosophy, science, and ethics.Berkhof, Louis (1938). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids,
Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. p. 17. The paper will look at three important things
during the duration of this class. They are the lesson learned from the course systemic theology,
future expectation toward the course and the challenges faced during the during of the course.
LESSON LEARNT FROM THE CLASS This class or course has provided a standard lesson on
wide range issues concerning theology. Many topics were raised during the during of this course,
but there are three main things that have inspired me through the duration of this class. They are
meaning of evangelicalism, the destiny of the unevangelized and African theology.
EVANGELICALISM One the books that were used in this class is the four views of evangelicalism
written by four authors that has four different views on the issue of evangelicalism. They are Kevin
Bauder, R Albert Mohler, John Stackhouse and Roger Olsen all gave advanced explanation on
different types of evangelicalism ranging from fundamentalism, confessional, generic and post–
conservative evangelicalism. Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates
unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. They are characterized
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Christian Theology Chapter 9 Summary
The homily presented in chapter nine of William Reese's Christian Theology dives into the theme of
ethics. The children's father created a rule about not seeing PG–13 or R rated movies, but the boys
attempted to find loopholes for this rule. Because they created a list of pros and cons and insisted on
seeing a certain PG–13 or R rated movie, the father became extreme. He baked some excellent
brownies that contained a small amount of dog poop, and he told his children they could see the
movie with trace amounts of profanity if they could look past the trace amount of dog poop in the
brownies and eat one. The author expresses the theme of ethics in a shocking way by possibly
disgusting his readers, but he forces them to look for the underlying message, which is that God
wouldn't want his followers to allow evil in to their lives simply because there is some goodness
involved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example is that Luther's Small Catechism proclaims we must observe the law of God in our
lives and always do as God asks without doing anything that he does not allow (Reese 117). The
father in the homily can be understood to symbolize God, and what he has forbidden should not be
done, which is seeing a PG–13 or R rated movie in this hypothetical case. The chapter also offers
meaningful information from the Heidelberg Catechism that relates to the homily. In question 114 of
the catechism, it states that holy people must attempt to live following all the commandments of
God (Reese 118). When the boys attempted to find ways around obeying their father's rule, they
were taught that even if something has good qualities, it does not negate the existing evil. Therefore,
they should not let it tempt them because they must observe all of their father's rules. Overall, the
homily has incorporated some important pieces of theological teachings present throughout the
chapter, but it is not

The Pros And Cons Of Christian Theology
According to Pew Research Center in 2015, there were counted to be 2.3 billion Christians in this
world (Hackett, & McClendon,2017). What does it take to be a Christian, one should accept God
into their life, heart, soul, and mind? Accepting God into one's life consist of studying the nature of
God, by reading the Bible daily, and mediating on the scripture both night and day. In this essay of
Christian theology, a new believer, or those that are an undecided believer of God, will know the
four sources of Christian theology, what makes the four sources important to Christian living, the
limitations of these four sources, and lastly the positive and negatives of philosophy and theology.
The four sources of Christian theology are: scripture, tradition, reason, and religious experience
(Blackwell, 2017 pg.104). Scripture is explained to be used for Christian living, and instruction
written by God. Old Testament tells of God's dealing with the Israelites, and how they lived sinfully
in the sight of God. While the Israelites did not live the way, God commanded them to live which
was by the Ten Commandment ways, God still loved them unconditionally even after he punished
them. When it comes to the New Testament, God's only begotten son Jesus came unto the scene.
Jesus came to this world to seek and to save that which was lost Luke 19:10, Matthew 18:11 KVJ).
The New Testament tells of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, and with the blood that he
shed, believers will be

Christian Philosophy Of Christian Theology
From childhood we observe, study, and even absorb our surroundings. These observations cultivate
the person we become and educates us on how to approach life situations independently.
Independence is the self–governing state of freedom to think and act as we desire. How we approach
life events can be viewed from a philosophical and/or a theological perspective. This essay will
compare different approaches in Christian theology to philosophy to see which study was more
influential in our individual development. Christian theology is the study of Christian beliefs. There
are four sources for this study including scripture, tradition, reasoning and experience. Scriptures are
sacred writings that document historical events pertaining to Christianity. The Bible is the central
location for the scriptures. Christians consider the Bible their source of truth and the reference
material needed to handle all life events as a Christian should. There are various definitions
regarding tradition however; one in particular lends itself best to Christian theology. Tradition is the
continued sharing of stories, customs, or values to future generations by written or oral means.
Tradition is passed down from generation to generation but, it is in vain without application.
Tradition provides a sense of stability for Christian theology however it also can promote spiritual
growth if allowed. Fiorenza (1984), noted that modern hermeneutics is being used to examine the
source of Christian

Determining Which Religion Is The Right
Determining which religion is the "right" one to follow is one of the most difficult tasks a person
could undertake. Everyone wants to feel like his worship and praise of a deity is having some sort of
positive effect on his life. From a Christian perspective, there are numerous positions in the theology
of religion that its followers can choose from that attempt to explain the significance of Christianity
within the context of all world religions. Three of the most prominent positions in this field of study
are exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism. Major proponents of these perspectives are the
theologians William Lane Craig, Karl Rahner, and John Hick, respectively. Grasping what each
position advocates for is imperative not only for finding one's own belief system, but for
understanding the religious diversity around the world that is becoming more and more prevalent
through globalization. Out of the three aforementioned theological positions, exclusivism is
probably the most controversial. Typically prevalent in orthodox Christianity, an exclusivist
Christian would posit that Christianity is the one true religion in the world. Psychologist David
Myers further explains exclusivism, saying how it espouses the idea that, "there is no salvation apart
from Christ," and, "apart from faith in Christ Jesus as savior, one is condemned to hell (Myers 2003,
407)." William Lane Craig adds to this sentiment in a published article titled "No Other Name",
arguing that, "The

Critical Review of “Theology: the Basics” Essay
Critical Review: Theology; The Basics
By: Luke Knoll
Survey Of Christian Beliefs
Kerry Pretty
Pacific Life Bible College
Theology: The Basics; Critical Review As Christians we often believe certain things simply because
it's what our parents and the people around us believe. We often go about our Christian walk without
ever giving thought or reason to why we believe what we do. The world of Christian Theology is a
place where Christians can find answer to the 'what and why' of Christianity. If we are able to begin
comprehending Christian Theology and the rudimental knowledge of it, then we can take it with us
into more in depth books and discussions about theology, know the importance of it and how vital it
is for Christians ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing this McGrath lets our minds have enough backstory to more easily understand the
information given. After giving historical background McGrath breaks down the topic in a very
clear format. When talking about Jesus (pg. 58–76) He talks about why Jesus is important
"Christology", but then he educates us by breaking down the considerably large topic of Jesus into
more manageable categories such as the names of Jesus; Messiah, Lord, Son of God, Son of Man,
God. After going through the names of Jesus he then educates us on other important theological
discussions of Jesus like: Functional statements about Jesus, Early Christological Models, The
Council of Chalcedon, The incarnation and icons, and Christ as mediator. Then after discussing the
'meat' of the topic he then gives us an opportunity to "Engage with a text" at the end of every topic.
These texts give different examples and opinions for each topic and then McGrath gives the reader a
short series of questions for individual or small group discussion about the text/topic he had given.
Though McGrath did do a very good job at giving us insight on the historical background of the
topics and also educated us in a very easy, elementary level on the theology, he lacked personal
touch. In this I'm talking about some personal stories or experiences from his life that has helped
him engage these theological terms and ideas. It was very "theological" in its approach, however the
simple addition of some personal

The Church : Contours Of Christian Theology Essay
INTRODUCTION
In his hardback titled The Church: Contours of Christian Theology, Edmund P. Clowney writes a
systematic presentation about concerning the doctrine of the church. In chapter eight of his book, he
describes the Marks of the Church. Clowney writes about the marks of a true church of Christ,
which include the true preaching of the Word of God; the proper observation of the sacraments; and
the faithful exercise of church discipline.
The main task of the Church and of the Christian minister is the true preaching of the Word of God.
Additionally, Paul in Colossians 1:25 makes the point the central purpose of ministry is the
preaching of the Word. Preaching the Word of God also includes protecting the sheep from false
doctrines. Jesus Christ of Nazareth was the supreme preacher of all time. The Son of God serves as
an example for us to follow in pastoral ministry. During his earthly ministry, Jesus called down the
false teaching of the Religious leaders of his days. In fact, Christ was crucified by the Religious
leaders for preaching the true doctrines of God's Word. Jesus Himself taught that doctrine is
definitely important. Jesus said, "Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep 's clothing,
but inwardly are ravenous wolves"(Matt. 7:15). Jesus strongly condemned those who were "teaching
for doctrines the commandments of men" (Matt. 15:8–9). He further condemned the false teaching
of the scribes, Pharisees, and Sadducees (Matt. 16:6–12;

Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian...
4 MAT Review McMinn
Lynetric Rivers
Liberty University
Abstract
In the book, "Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling", author Mark
McMinn gives the reader information on how these three entities can work together in Christian
counseling. McMinn offers several ways in which this can be done including the use of prayer,
Scripture, confession, forgiveness, the effects of sin, and redemption in counseling sessions.
Through narration of counseling vignettes displaying different results, from different approaches
demonstrates for the reader integration. There are very many counselors in different walks in their
faith and McMinn helps to explore this area for future and practicing clinicians.
4 MAT Review McMinn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This client was Christian and from my estimation now looking back was just beginning their walk
with Christ and not on the same maturity level that I was at that time in my walk with Christ. At that
time I knew how forgiveness first and foremost is obedience to God, and secondly how it can set
you free from so many emotional problems, McMinn said, "Forgiveness, in its theological and
spiritual context, is profound, life–giving, and transforming. When we remove the religious context
and think of forgiveness only as a clinical technique, we risk losing the essence of forgiveness."
(2011, p. 254) After reading this chapter it made me re–live an area in which I was not fully
equipped to help client maneuver their way through. This particular chapter has allowed me to see
how vital forgiveness is in a therapeutic session, and how it must be used carefully. It is made me
aware of how important my Christianity is to forgiveness, but also to assess the level my client is
currently on before beginning a session on forgiveness. Reflection Truthfully, there was not much
about this book that gave me pause to say "this bothers me". Although, I did have a few questions
but not necessarily pertaining to the author's writing of the book, but more so some information of
other resources cited. For example, the author stated, "Though Maslow would not agree that the
Christian faith can help lead people to emotional health, his reports of the characteristics

Christian Theology And The Biblical View Of Special...
"Christian theology has had to protect the biblical view of special revelation against many
perversions. Platonic preoccupation with "eternal ideas" accessible by rational contemplation alone,
plus the disregard of history as a meaningful arena. " Acknowledging and identifying the Four
Horseman in Rev. 6:1–8 King James Version is no different in the body of the church today. Many
venues have tried to explain and teach expansions views of their current teachers/shepherds that
really do not qualify to have the title. Let alone study or understand the Word of God as a literal as
history events that have occurred and as future events that will come. Before the digression of the
information required for this DB, it is wise to back up for a moment and reintegrate the difference in
tribulation and Great Tribulation. Jesus states in John 16:33 These things I have spoken unto you,
that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have
overcome the world. KJV Why is this important for one to digress? Society and some of the
denominations in the world look at today's issues (tribulations) as part of the Great Tribulation.
Believing a child of God has to endure the same judgements as a non–believe. Ladies and
Gentleman that is a lie. However, there is a parallel that is taking place here as in Daniel, yet it is in
Zechariah 6:1–8 (KJV) In the book of Zech. 6:1–8 (KJV) there are four horsemen(chariots) the
exact color as the first four

4-Mat Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in...
4–MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Liberty University
McMinn, Ph.D., Mark R. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. (1996) 4 MAT Review: Psychology,
Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Abstract Christian counseling is all about
integrating psychology, theology and spirituality into counselor and clients lives. Psychology,
Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling gives insight into how these three perspectives
can be used to help individuals identify certain aspects of their lives that might be enhanced when
the counselor includes spirituality into their counseling sessions. We also see how important it is for
the counselor to be in touch with their own spirituality so that ... Show more content on
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I needed someone to listen. I needed forgiveness and was seeking redemption. Reflection Prior to
reading this book I was unclear as to how the counselor could go about introducing spirituality into
the counseling relationship. I believe that McMinn provides us with a good foundation on how
Christian counselors can guide their clients to rely upon God. One thing that I would like more
clarity on is how counselors can integrate spirituality into the counseling relationship when there is a
difference in beliefs? If Christian counselors are to lead and guide their clients to God then how do
we effectively do that when our beliefs may be different from our clients? McMinn (1996) uses a
cognitive/behavioral approach. Many clients, especially those in the "Bible Belt" seek our Christian
counselors. They look for a counselor that will hold them accountable for their actions and make
them question themselves. However, I also believe that the counselor must identify when their client
is ready for this approach. Too much too soon can lead to dissolution of the counseling relationship.
I enjoyed McMinn's approach to prayer. I agree with McMinn that God is always a part of the
counseling session. Without God we cannot experience healing. In my opinion, the way a counselor
displays their spirituality and approaches spirituality in the counseling setting is a key factor in how
well the counselor can blend psychotherapy

Judaism and Christianity
In a tree of monotheistic religions, Judaism and Christianity, despite sharing common roots and
spiritual tradition associated with Abraham, for many centuries diverged and developed in their own
distinct ways. The partition, based on different theological doctrines, evolves around the idea of the
nature of human relationships with God, which in case of Judaism are based on the Law of Torah,
and in Christianity stem from the belief in Jesus Christ and its cornerstone – the doctrine of Trinity.
Beyond a doubt, the best illustration to the character of religious beliefs in Judaism, is "The
Covenant at Sinai", which despite being a part of Holy Scriptures in Christianity, draws a clear
boundary between two religions. Not only it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such doctrine appears to be in contrast with Hellenistic tradition of syncretism which perceived
different local and national gods as manifestations of one deity (Dunn 27). As noted by Dunn, "the
widespread belief among cultured Hellenists in the Graeco–Roman world that Jews (and
subsequently Christians) were atheists – not because they were monotheists as such, but because
they were exclusive monotheists, whereas the cultured Hellenists were typically syncretistic
monotheists" (Dunn 28). On the other hand, it clearly confronts with the Christian doctrine of
Trinity.
Among the laws given to Jewish people, a special role is attributed to the one about the Sabbath –
"Remember the sabbath and keep it holy". Based on the idea of creation of world, the seventh day
had to be observed as a constant reminder of the Covenant with the Creator. Futhermore, act of
creation of a man in the God's image, which, however, does not imply biological image, since God
has no physical substance, leads to the idea of creative powers given to a human being, and making
him, consequently God's "partner" in the process of creation. Thus, the next commandment places
filial love and relationship with parents as parallel to the relationship with God, and makes a kind of
a bridge between the moral

Christian Theology In Beowulf
The Influences of Biblical Teachings and Christian Theology in Beowulf and How They Conflict
With the Original Story. The story Beowulf was originally written in a pagan time and land;
however, by the time the epic was written down, almost all of the native inhabitants of it's land had
converted to Christianity. This gave the Beowulf poet the arduous task of ensuring his Christian
beliefs would remain unfettered while he recorded the entirely un–Christian behavior of the poems
characters. This dilemma leads to frequent analogies about God, Heaven, Hell, and many references
to the Old Testament, that one can only assume are the attempted justifications to the otherwise
morally defunct chronicle. By the conclusion however, this conflict had ... Show more content on
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During medieval times in Scandinavia, tribe against tribe and clan against clan frequently came to
fratricidal war. Grendel portrays the epitome of evil in their society because he is the descendant of
Cain a man who killed his own brother. As a final example take note of how the author speaks of the
condemnation of his own pagan ancestors. He states that they shall burn for their false worship and
that only through God can one receive salvation.
"The Almighty Judge of good deeds and bad, the Lord God, Head of the Heavens and High King of
the World, was unknown to them. Oh, cursed is he who in time of trouble had to thrust his soul into
the fire's embrace, forfeiting help; he has nowhere to turn. But blessed is he who after death can
approach the Lord and find friendship in the Father's embrace."
The narrator professes his feelings, sorry for the pagan ancestors of the Anglo–Saxons, who never
had the opportunity to worship the Christian God for help. Take special note to the last line of that
quote as well. stating that
"But blessed is he who after death can approach the Lord and find friendship in the Father's

Study Of Christian Doctrine And Theology
Roosevelt Keys III
Professor Terrence Chandler–Harrison
2 May 2016
Survey of Christian Doctrine
Final Paper
American Baptist College
Doctrine and Theology
For several centuries, there have been many religious groups who have struggled with the words
doctrine and theology. Doctrine is defined as a particular principle, position, or policy that is taught
or advocated. It is done so for the purpose for a religion or government. Theology is defined as the
field of study and analysis that entreats of God, examines God 's attributes and the relations of these
factors to the universe. The study of divine things, religious truth or divinity. (Burrows, 1936). The
heart of the dialogue surrounding these particular terms are rooted in the issues related to experience
and interpretation. However, these two words additionally refer to a creed. In our present society, we
refer to these as mission statements or vision statements. When a group of individuals come to
together and try to agree on what they believe, they develop a collective truth to which they can all
identify with, set the standard for others who want to be a part of their group, and implement a
successive measure of support to secure those who choose to follow them. Although the group may
not agree one hundred percent on everything, they reach a mutual consensus regarding the
foundational principles that substantiate what they have chosen to believe. Guthrie expresses in his
writings, "Sex, politics, and theology

Differences Between Feminist Theology And Christian Theology
If one were to ask ten modern day theologians to define the word "theology," it is likely that they
would hear ten different answers. Even within the various types of theology, for example, Christian
theology, there are a wide spectrum of attitudes and beliefs. Even more so, if one were to compare
evangelical theology with feminist theology, the differences would add up quickly. Two modern day
theologians, Stanley Grenz and Catherine Keller, well known in their respective fields, have
approached their theology from different backgrounds. The most obvious is the difference in gender.
However, their theological methodologies, the definition, and nature of their theological goals and
their approach to being biblically faithful are vastly different. By careful examination, these two
theologians and their specific ideologies in relating to evangelical theology and feminist theology
will influence how a person approaches their own theology.
Considered a "prolific theologian," Stanley Grenz was a leader among evangelical theologians
(Warner, 2005, p. 42). Author of a multitude of books on diverse subject matters including
eschatology, ethics, Trinity, and homosexuality, Grenz initially defended his Baptist customs
(Warner, 2005). However, considered as his greatest contribution, was his ability to bridge the
evangelicals from their own world of thought to "engage the larger scholarly world" (Warner, 2005,
p. 43). He was the first to consider postmodern thought, recognizing

Philosophy and Christian Theology
Many of the doctrines and concepts central to Christianity have important philosophical implications
or presuppositions. In this article we will take a closer look at some of the central doctrines and
concepts, and their philosophical relevance.
Of course, many philosophically laden doctrines and concepts are relevant to Christianity, and we
cannot discuss them all here. Rather, our focus will be on those concepts and doctrines that are
distinctively Christian, and which have been the focus of a good deal of recent discussion in the
philosophical literature. Thus, although theism is a central Christian concept, it is not distinctively
Christian and so will not be covered here. Further, although views about the Eucharist, a central ...
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First, philosophical reasoning might persuade some who do not accept the authority of purported
divine revelation of the claims contained in religious texts. Thus, an atheist who is unwilling to
accept the authority of religious texts might come to believe that God exists on the basis of purely
philosophical arguments. Second, distinctively philosophical techniques might be brought to bear in
helping the theologian clear up imprecise or ambiguous theological claims. Thus, theology might
provide us with information sufficient to conclude that Jesus Christ was a single person with two
natures, one human and one divine, but leave us in the dark about exactly how this relationship
between divine and human natures is to be understood. The philosopher can provide some assistance
here, since, among other things, he or she can help the theologian discern which models are, for
example, logically inconsistent and thus not even candidates for understanding the relationship of
divine and human natures in Christ.
For most of the twentieth century, the vast majority of English language philosophy went on without
much interaction with theology at all. While there are a number of complex reasons for this divorce,
three are especially important. The first is that atheism was the predominant opinion among English
language philosophers throughout much of that century.
A second, quite related reason is that, philosophers in the twentieth century

The Book Of Joel Is A Negative Impact On Christians And...
Introduction The book of Joel is one of the shortest books in the Old Testament, yet it is has had a
widespread impact on Christians and their theology from the time it was written right through
history to the people of today. The fact that Joel is labelled as a minor prophet substantially
discounts from the great impact that his words have, not only on the New Testament writers, with
many of them directly quoting or alluding to his words, but also on the Church today. The book of
Joel is widely accepted as being written after the conclusion of the Babylonian exile , although some
scholars still argue a pre–exilic dating on Joel's work and lifetime. Nevertheless, according to the
majority, Joel's writing falls in a time of devastation amidst a locust plague, drought and a period of
diaspora caused by the exile wherein many of the Jews were dispersed from their homeland. The
book of Joel takes the form of apocalyptic literature: writing that is full of symbolism and code. This
form of writing is also applied in the books of Daniel and Revelation. However, if we take a deeper
inspection of the writing of Joel, amidst the symbolism and prophetic language, the fundamental
themes of the biblical story are portrayed: the people's separation from God, their need for
repentance, and God's redeeming grace, also known as "the Day of the Lord". Through the eyes of
Joel, as he lives through this epoch of great desperation, we see the theme of "the Day of the Lord"
as being

Good And Evil In The Hobbit And The Lord Of The Rings
J.R.R Tolkien's writing consists of a variety of different mythological influences ranging from
Greco–Roman, Norse, and Scandinavian. Though these sources do shape the narrative and
construction of Middle Earth, the most prominent influence on his mythos is derived from Christian
theology in the Bible. Traces of biblical influence can be found throughout The Hobbit, The Lord of
the Rings, and The Silmarillion. Each of these texts portray Tolkien's conception of good and evil in
some way. Some have argued that the morality presented in his works is akin to Manichaean
dualism. In this essay, I shall argue that though Tolkien's position on the dichotomies of good and
evil sometimes does delve into the realm of Manichaean dualism but is still firmly rooted in
Christian belief. I shall do so by giving a brief description of the philosophies of Christian theology
and Manichaeism, then I shall talk about the portrayals of good and evil in The Lord of the Rings
and The Silmarillion and finally prove why Tolkien's perspective more closely adheres to the
Christian perspective. Manichaean dualism, though fascinating, and referenced at times in Tolkien's
work, does not parallel the theological basis of Middle Earth very well.
In the Christian theological perspective "good and evil "are contentious terms. The story of creation
in Genesis as well as the fall of Adam and Eve offer some insight into the nature of these terms. In
the beginning, God created the world and all things to be

Reflection Paper On Theology
To understand where I am now in relation to Catholic theology I feel that it is appropriate to look
back on the thoughts and ideas that I had when I first started this THEO 1001 class. Honestly
coming into college I have thought about my faith very little and studied the bible and what it means
even less. In my mind I have always thought that theology was primarily a group of people just
sitting around reading the bible repeatedly and then coming up with ways on how to interpret certain
beliefs and messages in it and what they mean to us as Christians. Now I understand that theology
has many more aspects to it than just the one example I gave earlier. The fact that this class was just
about Catholic theology doesn't really have a meaning to me because I haven't studied other
religions or denominations theology. Diving deeper into what I thought about how Catholic theology
impacted my life will be a very shallow dive, given that I am neither Catholic or a theologian I
honestly thought that this class was going to be a history of how Catholics are the greatest Christians
and their way of looking at the bible. Thankfully I was very wrong about both those things and have
learned about some very interesting topics throughout the class, one being the fascinating section we
did about anthropology and what role it plays into theology. The idea behind anthropology of asking
what it means to be human and your role in life is something that I feel like everyone is trying to

Theology of Christian Leadership Essay
LIBERTY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
Theology of Christian Leadership
LEAD 520 – D01 LUO
The Life of Leaders
December 11, 2013
Table of Contents
I. Introduction 3
II. What is Leadership 3
III. Christian Leadership 3
IV. Biblical Perspective 4
V. Servant Leadership 5
VI. Leadership Disciplines 6
VII. Conclusion 7
VIII. Bibliography 8
Introduction
According to Bill Hull, "While certain pockets of evangelicalism have grown, overall, the church is
in a decline. Many congregations can attest to Hull's assessment, in that, churches in America are
indeed experiencing sharp declines in its numbers of baptisms and church attendance. Over ... Show
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There are, however, principles of Christian leadership that are distinctively Christian. Distinctive to
Christian leadership are the principles of modeling after the person, the life, and the teachings of
Jesus Christ, displaying a high sense of morality and ethics, exercising a Christ/cross centered
theology, and expressing dependence upon God. These points provide the basis of a distinctively
Christian theology of leadership.
Biblical Perspective
Isaiah 43:21 reveals God's purpose in creating us; to give Him praise through worship. As a
leader/minister, preaching the gospel, teaching, providing an environment conducive to growth and
flourishing, reproducing the character of Christ, and leading others to worship and delight of God is
my real responsibility. Matthew 28:19–20 says, "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations,
baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe

all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the ages."
The majority of our studies thus far surveyed the life of certain leaders. One thing that stands out is
we all have the propensity to sin and the vulnerability to fall. One of the strongest admonitions to
leaders is found in Acts 20:28. It states, "Keep watch over yourselves and all the flock of which the
Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be shepherds of the church of

Psychology Theology And Spirituality In Christian...
Summary
Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Dr. Mark R. McMinn is a very
insightful reading for Christian counselors. This book was originally written in 1996, but the revised
in 2011 with the help of Dr. McMinn 's students. McMinn begins his wonderful reading by
introducing the readers to religion in the counseling office. He starts this section a potential client
scenario. This client is looking for a suitable counselor who is spiritually sensitive. Different
counselors use different approaches, how will this client decide which counselor is appropriate for
her? The reading then goes on to explain that not only do clients face challenges but Christian
counselors do too. Many counselors try to focus on the relationship between psychology and
theology, but McMinn stresses the importance of using Christian faith in counseling correctly. It is
stated that, "a Christian counselor who lacks understanding of spirituality will be handicapped in
bringing religious issues into the counseling office (301) As mentioned, it is important that Christian
counselors understand spirituality in the process of spiritual formation. Next, the focus is on
Christian counselors and their concern for the spiritual growth and mental health. There is a lack of
spiritual life research when incorporated in mental health. The two are separated. There is plenty of
research on mental health, but information pertaining to spiritual growth is scarce. McMinn goes on
to explain

Plato's Matchless Influence On Christian Theology
be right in describing that Plato`s matchless influence on Christian theology is philosophy of the
hierarchal model of institute at different levels modeled the virtuous of the citizens like wisdom,
justice and courage after rationally organized natural world; in turn this conviction has profoundly
impacted Christian perception of morality, society, and politics that its order must be the result of
some intelligence thereby the world`s harmonized order is evident, this cause must be good and
without grudge. Whereas for Aristotle, the universe is in locomotion always and there is no such
thing as over and above motion and change. In convincing way Allen discusses that for Aristotle, the
unmoved Mover as pure act, it cannot thrust things for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"What we perceive by our senses cannot be described as always being with no becoming." Further,
Allen states that Plato had a conviction that the father and maker of all things is by far beyond us
and hardly expressible fully, this rang highly in a Christian reader`s ear. On the contrary, for
Aristotle, the cosmos itself has no beginning because of its always and continual existence; and
although unmoved mover is the most exceptional and high being in the universe as the cause, it is
certainly part of the cosmos and its existence is drawn from the locomotion we perceive on earth as
well as in heaven. Thus far, in Plato, a being is ontologically different from the becoming– which
has beginning but for Aristotle it is a part of the universe and is in. The one who is a part of the
universe cannot be ultimate, everlasting and complete. For him creation is not the created and given
generously to human kind but the product of motion. This is utterly contrary to the biblical teaching
that in the beginning God created the world and gives it freely to human kind. And God is sovereign,
ultimate, everlasting and perfect as well as not an extension of

Essay on King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World
King Lear is a Christian Play About a Pagan World
It is evident that King Lear contains references to both the Christian and Pagan doctrine. However,
they seem to be expressed in entirely different styles. King Lear is purposefully set in a pre Christian
era with numerous references to classical Gods but conversely there appears to be a striking
resonance of Christian theology throughout the play. These echoes appear in various forms
including the idea of Edgar being a Christ–like figure and also the presence of a supposed divine
justice. Therefore there is truth in the view that although King Lear has a pagan setting, its
significance is ultimately relating to Christianity.
Perhaps the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One form of this is the repetition of reference and request to the gods as disciplinary beings. Critics
have commented particularly on the similarity of Lear's sufferings to those experienced by Job in the
Bible. There are also some quotes that have biblical connotations such as Coredlia's,
'O dear father
It is thy business that I go about'.
There are other devices used in the play that may not have overt doctrinal messages but can be
deduced as relating to the Bible. Such as the storm seeming somewhat apocalyptic and Lear wearing
a crown of thorns and thus resembling Jesus.
Another theme which once explored can help with understanding the religious qualities of King
Lear is that of divine justice. It is clear that sinning is punished in the play. Evil may triumph for a
time and cause immense suffering but within itself it carries the seeds of its own destruction and
therefore will eventually fail. This point is most obviously shown through the actions of the two
sisters. Goneril and Regan use their wicked ways to gain power over the land and their father but in
the end their intense suspicion of each other results their demise. Gloucester is another excellent
example of this punishment for sin as Edgar uses in his conversation with the dying Edmund as an
instance of God's justice,
'The Gods are just, and of our pleasant vices
Make instruments

Summary Opinion counts, different psychologists have the different scope on viewing certain
scenarios in life. In the book Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling, Mark
McMinn (1996) draws a different conclusion in the field of counseling for the help of religion. It is
obvious that religion plays a significant role in a human being's life and including it in different
therapy sessions. Religion ties an individual to believe, principals and also commitment, and
through it there is a chance of healing for various individuals. The combination of the science study
of therapy and religion is a remarkable cure for various psychological problems. It also helps in the
treatment of both the counselor and the patient. The primary ideology ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It explains why individuals regain their health and spiritual self after repenting. But the author
condemns the Roman Catholic public repentance. Finally, redemption is the primary factor in both
Christian and psychological healing. Redemption is the final and most crucial moment of a
counselor and the patient, and it marks a new beginning for both parties. Concrete Response While,
in the church, I overheard two parties talk about therapy and religion and being a therapist I turned
my attention to their conversation.
The parties were talking about their different experience in the Christianity and Psychological
treatment. Counselors should pay close attention to the environment and also their patients but in
this case I was the disguised as the student learning more about psychology. One man proudly
defends the Bible and calls it the Ultimate answer to all problems and sin. He further goes on to brag
that his Lord has been his leader, guide in terms of understanding his mistakes and failures. The
other opposes proudly mentioning his therapist's name and terming him as a miracle

Review of McMinn
Summary
In the book Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling by Mark McMinn (2011),
he explores the simultaneous integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality in the counseling
relationship. McMinn (2011), stresses the importance of this skill throughout the text and offers
insightful and effective ways to manage this. In order to further breakdown this information,
McMinn (2011) discusses and evaluates six religious intervention strategies: prayer, Scripture, sin,
confession, forgiveness, and redemption. Furthermore, he
Concrete Response I wholeheartedly believe that prayer is a superior method of healing and
guidance. When I talk to God through prayer, even if nothing immediate happens, I feel relieved and
less burdened about issues I cannot control. I accept that sometimes you must be patient and that
sometimes it may feel like you are on the wrong path, but as long as I keep praying for guidance, I
know I will receive it (Matthew 7:7). The Lord has been a constant in my life and has provided me
with many opportunities, some of which I never have fathomed and I praise him every day. Just as
McMinn (2011) discusses, prayer is about petition and about worship and that prayer humbles us
and "from this position of humility, we can see God's will more clearly, and God grants us our
deepest desires" (NUMBER). When I was in my first year of college I commuted for the first half of
the first semester due to some financial

Natalie Weaver: The Four Pillars Of Christian Theology
The most striking topic in which we have discussed so far in this course has been the four pillars of
Christian theology. The four pillars of Christian theology that Natalie Weaver discusses in Christian
Thought and Practice are the Bible, tradition, reason, and experience. Understanding these four
pillars of Christian theology is essential to understanding the religion and how scholars study the
faith. The first pillar of Christian theology is the bible, all Christian faiths have a bible and it is there
sacred text in which they obtain their teachings. All Christians also study the bible greatly and it is
the source for much of Christian Doctrine. The Christian bible is made up of two parts the Old
Testament and New Testament. The Old Testament stems primarily from Jewish scriptures and
traditions. The New Testament is about the life and teachings of Jesus Christ the founder of
Christianity. The rest of the four pillars stem from the bible and help to try to relate Bible scripture
in today's world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not all branches of Christianity agree of its importance in the faith. The main objectors are people of
the protestant faith who believe that the only scripture is to find the true message of the Bible also
called Sola Scripture (Weaver p.93). However, Catholics consider it equal to the importance of the
bible to understand the faith and use it for many purposes. Weaver (p.89) explains that tradition tells
us what to do and why we do certain practices as a religion. This is very important because it
ensures that the religion does not morph drastically into a different religion. Tradition binds the
religion together to make sure the faith is staying true to Christ's message and allows for rituals and
other religious ceremonies to past on from one generation to the

Christian Vision Of A Person By Patrick Mcardle
QUESTION ONE
In the article titled "Christian Vision of a Person", Patrick McArdle seeks to explain the question of
what it means to be a human person, and in doing so seeks to assist or enhance people's
understanding of Christian Ethics and Anthropology. From a modern, first world perspective, the
question at first glance appears to be a simple one. However, when we read further, this appears not
to be the case. His article takes an almost tripartite approach to defining the human person. He looks
much deeper than the socio–biological aspects of humanity and gives us an insight into the
metaphysical qualities that help us form our opinion of what it means to be a human person. In the
later part of the article, McArdle goes on to talk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What constitutes a human being? He questions the validity of a definition that limits the definition to
ones ability to communicate with beings of the same species. He asks us to consider how we would
then be able to classify people such as the severely disabled, unborn humans, or humans entering
end of lifecycle phases.
For the purpose of simplifying this complex topic, McArdle then goes on to propose two 'schools of
thought' for defining humanity: the 'socio–biological' and the 'metaphysical'. He states that these
classifications are of his own invention and both have do not exist in isolation that is, that there is
room for cross–over.
As the title states, the first grouping of the 'socio–biological school of thought' deals broadly with
people who maintain the belief that person–hood is the net result of your biology, exposure to
"social dynamics" or some combination of the two. Within this group there are also two divisions.
The first division within this group believes that classification or the assignment of humanity can
take place based solely on your genetic make–up and other biological criteria. The second division
takes into account your social conditioning.
McArdle goes further with refining this classification to include traits (as stated by Peter Singer) that
he believed could help separate "humans" from other higher order primates. Singer suggests
attributes such as: self–awareness, self control, a sense of

The Theology Of Philosophy And Christian Theology
There are four theology sources of theology that is scripture, tradition, reason and religious
experience. The scripture is expounded with the context of public worship and is the subject of
meditation and devotion on the part of individual Christian (McGrath, 2011). Tradition is an active
process of passing on the Christian faith, rather than as a static source of revelation, independent of
Scripture (McGrath, 2011). Reason is assumed an especial importance at the time of the
Enlightenment (McGrath, 2011). Religion experience is an imprecise term. The origins of the word
are relatively well understood (McGrath, 2011). In this paper I will differentiate the different
theology sources that is important. And, what limitations they might have, also how they relate to
philosophy and Christian theology. Finally, some positive and negative relationship will be
discussed between the sources of Christian theology. The scripture is expounded with the context of
public worship and is the subject of meditation and devotion on the part of individual Christian
(McGrath, 2011). The scriptures and faith goes hand to hand, they coexist to develop significant
meaning from Genesis to Revelation. Tradition is an active process that passes on the Christian
faith, rather than as a static source of revelation, independent of Scripture (McGrath, 2011).
Tradition often can cause Christian to lose sight of the scriptures as for as its divine attribute, such as
the danger of sin. Also,

Is Christianity Truly Stand? Essay
Religion and ecology are two concepts that rarely intersect in popular culture. Religious individuals
are expressed as devout followers of strict doctrine where ecologists are often seen as free flowing
lovers of peace. These polar opposite perceptions impact not only the cultural views of those
practicing these beliefs, but they also influence the way each group is seen in the world. One
religion that is commonly referenced in our society's popular culture is Christianity. Due to its
anthropocentric teachings, Christianity is often seen not just as the opposite of environmentalism,
but also in many ways: the enemy. On the other hand, Christians are also viewed as individuals who
contribute heavily to improving our world through many different positive campaigns focused
around aiding both people and the world in which we live. So in this mix of many different
reputations and ideas, where does Christianity truly stand? Does it help the environment or hurt it?
Though the Christian faith has potential causes for ecological damage, its beliefs are largely
misunderstood, and there are many more factors to explore in regards to the environmental crisis
than one religious doctrine. Christianity is not solely responsible for the ecological crisis.
Christianity has a long history of various arguments against its teachings, but their anthropocentrism
is among one of the most brutally criticized. Anthropocentrism is simply defined as a belief in which
humans are seen as central to and

The Debate Of Integrating Elements Of Orthodox Christian...
Orthodoxy, Orthopraxy, and Research Researchers face the challenge of integrating elements of
orthodox Christian theology and orthopraxy into the theoretical orientation of their research. To
maintain the integrity of the study, the research must exhaust ever effort to take themselves out of
the research, allowing the research to speak for itself. Biblical exegesis can influences one's
research; a researcher should acknowledge their assumptions, taking steps to mitigate them from the
research.
Biblical Exegesis, Orthodoxy, Orthopraxy, and Research
One's level of biblical exegesis and interpretation influences one's believes and behaviors.
Woodbridge (2010) provides three elements of biblical exegesis: 1) the world of the writer, 2) world
of the original audience, 3) and the reader's perception of them. How individuals understand these
three aspects of a text shape their orthodoxy. Biblical exegesis is understanding what scripture
meant for the time and people that it was written to, once that is understood, individuals can make
application into the present world. One's orthodoxy does not always translate into orthopraxy;
individuals think they become an exception until their worldview changes (Mittwede, 2013).
Orthodoxy must become ones' worldview in order to affect the orthopraxy of individuals. Biblical
exegesis makes the connections between orthodoxy and orthopraxy giving justification for both.
Orthodoxy without Biblical exegesis has no foundation except preferences

The book Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Mark McMinn points
out the importance of the spiritual guidance in psychology, helping counselors to incorporate the
biblical principles of forgiveness, redemption, restitution, prayer, and worship into their counseling
strategic ideas. McMinn also introduced some challenges with integration and then provides a
proposed pattern of healing, followed by an examination of six Christian concepts within
counseling. He continued by stating the need for understanding and establishing trust and faith in the
healing relationship when dealing with your client. These characteristics are critical before
challenging the client issues then accomplishing improvement in your client.
Mark McMinn belief is that Christian counselors should be experienced in the latest psychological
methods and knowledgeable about theological concepts and also needs to have a spiritual maturity.
These three aspects work fondly together nourishing and complementing; they are linked because
they are each dependent on one another at some point during counseling. McMinn introduces a
method for healing individuals which begins with a healthy sense of self–identity. He then moves
into brokenness or need, and ends with a healthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have acquired a lot from this book in regards to integrating psychology and spirituality into my
counseling sessions. McMinn uses a great approach to prayer. His examples were fascinating to
read; he made his readers recognize how to handle different situations correctly, and he also gives us
supporting evidence for these models with documents, scripture, and other intellectual evidence.
McMinn believes that we cannot have a knowledgeable understanding of proper healing without
God. Counselors should often demonstrate their spirituality in the counseling setting; this will be
one of the key factors in how well the counselor can be merger psychotherapy and

Personal Theology of Discipleship Essay
Personal Theology of Discipleship Just what is theology? This question can have a wide variety of
answers, from irrelevant facts about God thought up by men centuries ago, to complicated theories
discussed by scholars. Typically, the average 21st century man does not consider theology as
relevant. Unfortunately, nothing could be further from the truth. Theology by definition has the
characteristics of both expounding the truth, and impacting the believer with that truth (Himes,
2011). Therefore, theology and the church are intricately combined, in that the church embodies the
revelation of God, and is reality, not theory (Himes, 2011). A personal practical theology must begin
with revelation, not the individual (Himes, 2011), and proclaim ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through the interactions in the Huddle, the disciple learns through the reminder of the shapes that
he is a follower of Christ rather than merely performing actions defined by Christ (Breen, and
Cockram, 2011). The LifeShapes model was given a very positive view by Chafee (2010) where he
affirms that Jesus showed His followers how to multiply disciples by calling them to follow Him.
Central to this model are the shapes, which serve as a contemporary reminder for the believer of
living for the King (Chafee, 2010). As a system, the simplicity and practicality of this biblically
based model makes it quite effective.
The Celebration of Disciplines Model Richard Foster's Celebration of Discipline, was first published
in 1978. It presented sets of Disciplines that, if followed, would serve as vehicles for a deeper
relationship with Christ as well as preparation for service. These disciplines are divided into three
broad categories: the Inward Disciplines, the Outward Disciplines, and the Corporate Disciplines
(Foster, 2003). Each category contains four Disciplines, which indicated by their titles, moves the
disciple from the very personal to the larger congregational community (Foster, 2003). Recognizing
humanity's trend to make any process a law or regulation to follow, Foster warned against this by
reminding the disciple that to do so would turn

`` A Theology `` : Is Christian Theology A Pile Of Dead...
With the rise of modernity, a technological shift has allowed our society to be more interconnected
than ever. The supercomputers that we call cell phones can connect us to one another, to
information, and to cultural developments almost instantaneously. However, also following this rise
of modernity is a cultural drift that manifests itself as the fall of Christendom, or the divorce
between gospel and Greco–Roman civilization that make them as disconnected as ever. The
challenges of nihilism and the historical–critical method appear to have severed the historical ties
that the Church once had to mainstream culture. Through the modern framework of a divorce of
culture and church, Robert Jenson, in his book, A Theology in Outline: Can These Bones Live?,
deconstructs and illustrates various theological concepts in an attempt to answer the greater
theological and historical question within his subtitle: is Christian theology a pile of dead bones in
today's society? In an attempt to answer this question, Jenson wields scripture, specifically the
overarching narrative of God's identity, as a gauge of validity that denies, confirms, or modifies
various theological concepts that arise out of both historical and social developments. Following
Jenson's central image of the dead bones of Israel, the structural basis, or bones, of Jenson's body of
theology is solely biblical scripture. Through this truth–seeking test of scripture, Jenson vividly and
comprehensively illustrates the

The book entitled Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian counseling was established in
1996, however several years later the author Mark McMinn decided to expound more on different
counseling techniques by producing a 2011 version of the book. McMinn (2011), explores
integrating prayers in a counseling session as well as the different patterns of healing. In the first
chapter, McMinn provides scenarios and case studies of many different counseling styles. One of the
case studies mentioned in the book is about young lady named Jill. Jill is an individual who has met
with three different counselors; all of them have their own counseling styles and respond to Jill's
situation differently. According to McMinn (2011), it is difficult ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After reading the book, I found it very resourceful in helping with integrating psychology, theology
and spirituality into a Christian counseling session for those individuals who need it. This book
provided me with basic instructions as to how to incorporate prayer, scripture, and forgiveness in the
session as well as allowing me to evaluate my own life. I plan to use this book at a reference and
expand on my knowledge of how to incorporate appropriate scriptures when dealing with a client
who is in crisis. As a counselor, I want to make sure that I am not making any unpractical decisions
that could cause my client to feel worse then what they already felt before coming into my office.
McMinn (2011), suggest that prayer should always be the priority in a counseling session, however
a counselor must learn which prayer technique to use, whether this be during session or in silence.
According to McMinn (2011), suggested that the counselor pray silently and allow the Holy Spirit to
guide them in session and that counselors should be cautious about using prayer and how it may
affect the

Chapters 2: A Trinitarian Missional Theology
The outline of the essay goes like this; There is one statement for each section; there are four
discussion questions; 1) Why does this statement stand out to you? 2)Is this insight, or point I wish
to challenge ?3) Highlight some scripture on this subject 4) how is this issue important for God's
plan for the nations? The second part of the body is a reflection of the outtake material. In Chapter 1,
page 22, "We must recognize that the Western world can no longer be characterized" as a Christian
society." This statement is a reality mild shock, as this country's childhood is sadly gone but not
forgotten, in that the Lord's prayer was in government schools. I had no church support systems, so I
grew up with hockey as a religion. I do not wish to challenge the point because it is real. I can see
more aggressive atheism and polytheism from many places including, church, state, social media to
name a few. For kingship belongs to the Lord, and he rules over the nations. (Ps 22:28 ESV) This
feeds into God's plan to restore the world after the Fall of Adam. We can expect crazy and weird
combinations. However, that does not stop us from reading, passing on building the church. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The report focuses on God, and He tells us where the missions are and how and when to
communicate. It is not a new insight. However, it does sharpens my aim, a prayerfully tighten and
speed up my offerings to him when asked and to listen when He guides me in and in the new
creation. God's invitation is clear through Jesus to the Samaritan women in John 4:7–14. This
passage is about "living" water. In Greek living can mean "walking." This is God's plan in returning
from a polytheistic world and church to a monotheistic

Christian Theology Vs. Theatre
As a minister, worship leader, and actor, I've constantly had to balance these roles. Either in a church
environment or in a theatrical environment. Christian theology and theatre have never intersected for
me. I've always kept each role separate in its own category. I felt each role was different enough that
they would never cross over into each other's world. Or maybe, they have crossed over and I just did
not realize the connection. I never thought that the roles had any similarities. After taking this class,
I've learned differently. According to Johnson & Savidge, there is a "symbiotic connection between
theatre and Christianity; they are not just similar; rather they share major commonalities at the core
of their existence. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the psychiatrist encounter the boy's imaginary world, his own life is exposed as passionless and
frozen. The play then tells the story of a boy, who because of his repressed sexuality, his religious
mother and his hypocrite father, makes his own religion based on horses, the bible, and sex. The
psychiatrist, who is not able to imagine anything like that, who has lost his passion for his wife and
who walks around carrying an unfulfilled dream about passion, ends up envying the boy the ability
to create and believe in a religion." The beginning state of Equus opens with the two main
characters. First, there's Alan, a mentally disturbed 17–year–old young man who has had done a
horrible crime. Second, Dr. Dysart, Alan's psychiatrist, a complacent man who questions his
profession and his relationship with his wife. The end state of these characters closes the scene; Alan
getting the professional help he needs and Dr. Dysart was willing to take a look at pursuing his
dreams. There are several themes we can consider that the play depicts; such as freedom, growth
and development, God and religion. One of those themes I like to consider from the play is God and
religion. Although, this play does speak to the audience from the perspective of a theological
context. The audience may not initially see the play from that perspective. The story strongly points
to Alan, his relationship to Jesus Christ, to his

Christian Spanish Theology Essay examples
Luke Savidge
Linda Peacore
Systematic Theology
10.28.2011
Manana: Christian Theology From A Hispanic Perspective
Manana: Christian Theology From A Hispanic Perspective examines the basic ideas and concepts of
Christian theology through the lens of the Hispanic culture. Justo Gonzalez, who writes the book, is
a Cuban immigrant who feels as though the world in which he grew up helps him understand not
only the Hispanic culture better, but theology and how it relates to Hispanics. Gonzalez explores
different divisions within Christian theology in the book such as Biblical theology, reading the Bible
in Spanish, Trinitarian theology, theology of creation, anthropology, Christology, and pneumatology.
He draws a great picture and idea of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gonzalez also explains how he feels like there have been many 'macroevents' and 'macroformations'
that are going on now in the 20th century, which can be tied back to the 16th century and the
Protestant Reformation. He talks about how history has shaped where the Hispanic culture is today,
and how that ties into how they view theology and the Word.
In chapter 5, which is titled Reading the Bible in Spanish, Gonzalez turns his focus onto Hispanic
theology and how it interprets scripture. He primarily uses two separate terms when trying to
explain the Hispanic perspective on the Bible, though he does not do a good job of clearly
explaining the distinction between the two, which can make it difficult for the reader. The two words
that he uses a plethora of times are innocent history and noninnocent history. He says that
throughout the Old Testament, which he usually refers to as the 'older' testament, he feels as though
this is the innocent history. He gives examples of this such as Abraham lying to Sarah, Jacob
stealing the birthright, and other stories where it is blatantly against the Word. Gonzalez says that
the New Testament, can be referred to as the noninnocent history, and uses examples of the Gospel
writers. He states that when the writers of the Gospels were writing, that they held the noninnocent
view, and he uses examples like the genealogy of Jesus, the incest of

Christian Theology And Psychology Is Necessary
Living in a pluralistic world naturally lends its inhabitants to a culture plentiful of varying belief
systems in which integration becomes beneficial, as opposed to detrimental. Theology, or more
specifically Christianity, and the field of psychology are central ideologies that often call into
question the need for unification. The intermingling of the two for certain people is logical; whereas,
others view them as absolutely distinct with no benefit of integrating. Either standpoint offers valid
claims with both being worthy of examination.
The idea of whether or not integrating Christian theology with psychology is necessary is well–
stated by David Cartwright (2010), a professor at Colorado Christian University, in that this depends
on one's perspective (Integration of..., Video 1). Certain Christian circles believe that not only
should these two areas be interrelated, but they also naturally are, as all things fall under God's
realm of creation. Yet, other believers stake their claim in a different camp with the mindset that
theology and psychology should never intersect, let alone meld into one another. On the opposite
end of the spectrum, this question is a moot point for one who adheres to an atheistic worldview.
Personally, my stance follows a Christ–centered worldview, thus, aligning with author David
Entwistle's proposal of the 'allies' approach. Truth originates with God, and either discipline affords
one the means to seek out knowledge concerning humanity

In Christian counseling, the counselor should integrate this three aspect; psychology, theology, and
spirituality. McMinn's textbook Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling
delivers a vibrant portrait of the three characteristics that can be used to help someone have a
superior understanding of them and how to use them. If a Christian counselor uses the psychological
ideas and abandons the theological and spirituality of what a Christian's seeking, that person may
not full get what they are seeking, healing. It advises a counselor the significance utilizing all three
aspects. But what does that look like? McMinn texts gives a counselor ways to integrate theology
and spirituality with psychology in the counseling office ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He aligns a great deal of thrilling miscellaneous theological and psychological perspectives.
McMinn shows that if the counselor misuses prayer and Scripture, then the results could be bad for
the client. He encourages the counselor to be sufficient in his faith, so that he or she could provide
the client with proper Christian

Reflection Of Systematic Theology

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