Real Tidal Waves Model Paper

Real Tidal Waves Model Paper
My goal is to build a model and find the best possible fit and variance from the real tidal motion throughout these three days. I chose this location
because Florida has always been one of my favorite states and because I like to visit Hollywood in California, and when I saw Hollywood Beach, I
thought it was a perfect fit. The three days I chose in particular were because my birthday is on June 13th and I have visited Florida between this time.
I went to Florida for a week when I was 14 and it happened to fall right on my birthday, so it will forever be a memory. The units for my x and y axis
are the x–axis is the time and the y–axis is the height of the tide converted into feet. The time is significant because since it's over a three–day ... Show
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The line is not a good fit because it does not match up with points exactly. I found the amplitude by finding the average height of each high,
medium, and low point of the tides, and then taking the medium tide average and subtracting that from the high tide average. Then, I took the low
tide average and subtracted that from the medium tide average. From subtracting the medium from the high tide averages I got .748, and from
subtracting the low from the medium tide averages I got .741. Next, I took these two numbers, added them and then divided that by two which
gave me my amplitude of .7445. To find the period I took the middle point of the high points and the middle point of the low points and subtracted
the time value of each of those, which gave me six. Then I put two pie over six which reduces to pie over three and in decimal form equals 1.04. My
phase shit was five because my first x–value was five given from the tide website. My vertical shift was .997 and I found that by taking all of the
middle points and taking the average of those. I used cosine instead of sine because my graph started at the amplitude and went towards the middle
instead of going from the middle to the
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Physical And Human Elements Of Coastal Zone Environment
Describe the interaction of physical and human elements of coastal zone environment and discuss the different strategic response of individuals,
groups and government bodies to the issue of coastal management. The interaction between the physical and human elements of the coastal
environment has had a considerable effect on the various coastal zones in Australia and specific strategic events responses of individuals, groups
and governments. Australia has over 37 000 kilometres of coastline, 11 000 beaches and thousands of coastal landforms. Approximately 85% of
Australia's population live within 50 km of the coast. The coast is where the ocean meets the land and the coastal zone comprises of many different
environments including rivers, bays, wetlands, beaches, coral reefs, estuaries and the continental shelf. Due to rapid urbanisation and development
and other human and physical processes such as erosion Australia's coastline, especially over the last 200 years, has been greatly disrupted.
Individuals, groups and government bodies need to manage these issues in order to achieve a sustainable and equitable management strategies within
our coastal zone. One of the dominant physical elements that has major effects on Australian coastline is the issue of erosion. Erosion is defined as
the wearing away of physical rock by wind and water Many coastal landforms such as cliffs, platforms, headland, caves, blowholes and stacks are
formed by the process of erosion. It is the key

The Effects of Human Activity on Coastal Landforms
The Effects of Human Activity on Coastal Landforms
Human activities add another layer of complexity to the natural processes of coastal lands and materials. These activities may have direct or indirect
effects on our changing coastlines. They may effect sources of new sediment to the coast and the movement of sediment within the coastal environment.
Sediment starvation caused by river and coastal management is one effect of human activities on the coast. For some coastal regions, such as the
Pacific coast, a large part of their sediment is supplied by rivers. Dams built for flood control and water catchment along the rivers leading to these
coasts inhibit the transport of large grained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leaves the sand dunes more susceptible to erosion causing blowouts and disrupting the succession of vegetation in the area. This has been a
problem at Studland Bay in Dorset on the south coast of England. Persistent human leisure activities on the dunes has led to substantial erosion in some
parts of these dunes which has meant that Management programs have had to been introduced by English Nature.
Sand dunes help absorb the pounding of high waves and reduce overwash flooding in storms. It has become common for sand dunes to be bulldozed to
improve the views to the sea. However this destroys the natural protection of the coast.
Human activities such as water transport also can cause problems for coastal areas. The dredging of navigation channels and the discharging of the
material in deep water to enable larger ships to travel though water channels removes sediment from the coastal system leaving the area susceptible to
erosion and will also interfere with longshore drift which will prevent the coastal beach landforms from being maintained such as the development of
a spit. It is likely that a spit will be eroded and start to regress in conditions such as these. An example is Spurn head Spit. Spurn head is lcated, on the
humber Estuary in North East England. The growth

Salt Marshes : Natural Environments
Salt marshes are vegetated mudflats commonly found in high intertidal zones on many low–lying coasts in a wide range of temperate environments
(Thomas and Goudie, 2000). They vary considerably throughout the world both in ecology and geomorphology. This coastal ecosystem is of great
importance. It has specialized salt–tolerant vegetation (halophytes) which traps silt particles and consolidates the environment through processes of
vegetation succession (Holden, J. 2012). Hence, salt marshes are biodiverse and highly productive. They are a vital home for marine life and act as a
natural barrier for the shoreline against coastal storms and erosion, by absorbing wave power. However, salt marshes are rapidly decreasing, blurring
the concept of them being considered 'natural' environments. Due to artificial ditches, sedimentation fields, defenses against erosion and often land use,
salt marshes can be classified as semi–natural (Jan, P. Bakker 2014).
The key reasons behind the notion that salt marshes are 'natural' environments are debated. On the one hand, "For a salt marsh to be classified as
'natural' it must feature undisturbed geomorphological conditions and have no history of direct management", states Jan P. Bakker (2014). They must
have a natural drainage system and no human disturbances. Alternatively, grazing can be due to natural grazers such as geese, hares and pygmy rats.
According to Jan P. Bakker (2014) 'natural' salt marshes are very rare as a result of

Newhaven Beaches Research Paper
Investigate process and/ or landform(s) along a stretch of a coast
Hypothesis
'The transport of sediment affects the morphology of Newhaven beach and Castlehead cliff'
This investigation will be exploring whether the movement of pebbles, shingle, shells and other materials found on the beach have impacted on the
shape and structure of Newhaven beach and Castlehead Cliff. One of the key processes this investigation will focus on is that of long shore drift
caused by strong prevailing winds, prevailing wind is the direction from which the wind usually blows. Cliffs are made from mainly two materials,
chalk which is at the bottom and sand and clay at the top. If cliffs are facing the direction of prevailing wind it may lead in high rates of cliff ... Show
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Using a ranging pole ensuring a consistent height from different variable factors such as height. By using a clinometer it is securing a valid angle to
create an accurate beach profile, using a tape measure with units such as cm and mm establishes more precise data. Constructing a beach profile
determines how the size of the beach changes. By repeating the investigation it allows results to be as precise and reliable as possible. This ultimately
helps me to either prove or disprove my hypothesis.
Beach sediment sizeBeach sediment classification card1)From each ranging pole A–B, observe the sediment from the distance stretched
2)On the IPad, on the adobe reader app open the document called 'Beach sediment classification card'
3)from this card compare the area of sediment onto the beach to the card
4)repeat steps 1–3 until the top of the beach is reached By identifying the sediment size at each station allows the amount of long shore drift
happening at each stage of the beach to be assessed and evaluated. If the size of the rocks decrease in size closer to the harbour arm, it will help prove
my hypothesis
Cliff profileSkitch app on iPad1)Take a picture of the Castlehead cliff using the skitch app on the IPad at the top of the beach, further away from the
sea. Label somewhere on the picture that this is the point at

Glenelg Coastal Management Report
This report will discuss the beach of Glenelg on the coast of South Australia. Aspects that will be elaborated on are the history of Glenelg, the location,
natural processes that affect Glenelg, human impact at Glenelg, stakeholders in Glenelg, summary of management strategies that have been employed
in the past and an evaluation of strategies that could be considered for the future management for Glenelg.
In 1836 between July and December eight ships came across to Kangaroo Island and aboard two of those boats were Col William Light aboard the
HMS Rapid and George Strickland Kingston aboard the HMS Cygnet. They both set off to survey the coastline and found a bigger land mass for the
colonists to settle on and this is when they came across ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Costal development has affected Glenelg as a large quantity of sand has been removed from the beach system as a result of coastal development. All
along the coast of Glenelg suburbs were build on an extensive system of the coastal dunes or alternatively dunes were used to infill coastal back
swamps to provide land for housings. Stormwater and wastewater discharges affects Glenelg as most of Adelaide's stormwater is discharged to the
coast through the Patawalonga, Torrens and Port River systems. "85 smaller outfalls that discharge stormwater are within the dunes or directly onto the
beach." (Adelaide's Living Beaches Strategies, 2005) One of the four wastewater treatment plants is located in Glenelg and has discharged effluents
into the Gulf St

Human Impact On Semaphore Beach
Semaphore beach
Population: 2,832 (2006 census)
Established: 1849
Location: 14 km (9 mi) from CBD
LGA(s): city of port Adelaide Enfield
Staten electorate(s): lee
Federal division(s): port Adelaide
History of semaphore beach
According to Beach Safe (2015) in 1836, when Colonel William Light's ship, the Rapid, sailed into the Port Adelaide River inlet and anchored in the
Gawler Reach, it entered the ecological and cultural landscape within the Tjilbruke Dreaming Track of the Kaurna Aboriginal people.
Along the Track, which stretches from Cape Jervois to Outer Harbor or Mudlang (The Nose), Kaurna people hunted the emu, making camp and
performing ceremonies. At the time of the small scale European settlement on the Le Fevre Peninsula, from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the last 30 years, sand has been needed to replenish the beaches at Brighton and Glenelg North in particular, and this has been taken mostly from
Glenelg, the Torrens Outlet, Grange and Semaphore. Sand has also been dredged offshore from North Haven. In all, the average quantity of sand
moved along the Adelaide coast has been over 100,000 cubic metres each year.
Stakeholders
According to Henley beach and semaphore park coast park community consultation report (2015) Semaphore Park The direction of traffic and
parking are a major concern for the community in terms of safety for users and availability of parking or access to residences. The presented
opportunity for a one way road was seen as a positive measure. Concerns of bike congestion at Third Avenue will need to be investigated. Sand drift
was raised as a concern both safety and environmental reasons. Sand mitigation techniques of fencing and planting will need to be incorporated.
Careful placement of showers, seating and water points will need to be examined to minimise noise for residences Width of path and set back from
roadway are of importance for safety of users and protection of the dunes. Concern was raised in opening discussions about whether this section should
be constructed without a firm plan for the adjoining area to the

The Holiday Cove Mitigation Plan
This Holiday Cove mitigation plan has been developed in concert with State and Federal organizations to ensure the safety and protection of
personal property of its citizens. Funding for programs and specific mitigation methods will be shared among tax programs as well as outsourced
grants and loans such as the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) (FEMA, 2016). Holiday Cove's mitigation plan will include monitoring of
appropriate land use restrictions, responsible building codes, hardening of life line resources, as well as protecting against tourism loss revenue
through beach erosion prevention techniques. This plan has an emphasis on hurricane and flooding damage as history has indicated this is the highest
natural hazard our location must plan for. Location Description Holiday Cove is a medium sized coastal community with a large metropolitan area. A
majority of the citizens live within 5 miles of the beach in single family homes and commute inland for work. The main industry is tourism; a typical
population increase of 10,000 visitors occurs during the summer months. Primary housing for tourism is high rise hotels/condo. The location of
Holiday Cove limits available evacuation routes from the beach area. U. S. Highway 1 is a North – South route that evacuates to Interstate 95N.
Lifeline resources include a Level 4 trauma center; electricity/water/ and sewage are all supported by the city operated publically owned utility
company Holiday Cove Electrical

Brevard's Barrier Island: A Case Study
Background: The roughly 39.4 miles of Brevard's barrier island show archeological evidence of human habitation for thousands of years. However, it
wasn't until modern times, that humans built permanent structures and roads on these geological structures that, by natural design, respond to wind,
currents and rising sea level by migrating landward or drowning (Duran Vincent & Moore, 2015). This concern is a manmade problem due to our
construction on a geologically unstable island. Our beaches are formed by the erosion of offshore rocks and promontories. The fine size crystals of
quartz and other material are carried onshore by waves and deposited on the beach. Numerous methods have been attempted, with varying degrees of
success to combat... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the realm of attempts to stave off coastal erosion and the impact of sea level rise, there are generally two categories of accepted proposals: soft and
hard solutions.
Soft solutions are commonly considered more environmentally friendly, but tend to be less effective than hard solutions are:
Planting sea oats, beach grass and other native vegetation to stabilize the dune line. These efforts are effective only in areas where the dune line remains
in public or county owned areas. Hotels and private residential structures have frequently been built on the dunes. Thus there would be gaps in
vegetation planting lessening the overall effectiveness. Also, this mitigation strategy slows the drifting of dunes, it does not prevent water caused
erosion or destruction of the dune lines resulting in repeated replanting.
Lining the shore with biodegradable jute bags: These bags capture wave energy but still allow sand to drift naturally along the coast. There is concern
that these jute bags can cause damage to the local ecology and are unsightly when decomposing which can have a negative impact on

Terrigal-Coastal Management
Part 1 The geographical processes that are occurring at the Terrigal beach area are: * Erosion, which is effecting: * The Skillion, mainly the
headland and rock platform, which is part of a preserved area of land known as "the Haven" which also contains the rugby oval. The man type of
erosion that affects this is from the sea. * The sand dunes on the beaches. This area is affected by wind erosion as well as the tides if adequate
vegetative cover is not present. The main type of erosion, from the sea, takes the sand from the sand dunes as well as the rest of the beach in a rip.
The sand is then pulled out to sea where it forms a sand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach. * Storm damage can affect coastal...
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* Continued stabilization of the frontal dune through various methods for the past fifteen years. * The efforts of "Wamberal–Terrigal Beach Protection
Group" have been mostly successful. Although a small part of the front dune that was covered in spinifex grass has been lost, the erosion at
Wamberal would have been significantly worse. * "Terrigal Lagoon Bushcare" * What the group has been doing to help and promote sustainability in
the Terrigal beach area: * The group is mostly focused on maintaining the vegetation of the various lagoons in the Terrigal area. As a result, most of
their actions relate to the maintenance of the lagoons. The kind of things they do include: * Restoring lagoon–side bush * Removing weeds and
non–native plants * Planting suitable trees, shrub, grass, etc. * The efforts of "Terrigal Lagoon Bushcare" have been largely successful in keeping the
lagoons around Terrigal ecosystems. Their actions have helped the native plants compete with the introduced species. * What individuals have been
doing to help and promote sustainability: * Stopped building on dangerous areas, usually sand dunes. * Started various community groups in order to
help maintain and protect various aspects of Terrigal and encouraging others to join. * Insuring all property owned if living in an area of risk *

How Do Sand Beaches Affect Coastal Erosion?
Sand dunes are unique among other coastal landforms as they are formed by wind rather than moving waters; they represent a store of sand above the
landward limits of normal high tides where their vegetation is not dependent on the inundation of seawater for stability (French, 2001). During a storm,
waves can reach the dune front and draw the sand onto the beach to form a storm beach profile; in normal seasons the wind blows the sand back to the
dunes. The presence of vegetation in coastal areas improves slope stability, consolidates sediment and reduces wave energy moving onshore; therefore,
it protects the shoreline from erosion. It is very successful in estuarine conditions (low energy environment), but not on the open coast (high energy

Coastal Erosion In Louisiana
In this project we had to pick an environmental issue in our area and research it. In this project I chose coastal erosion because it was the most
common environmental issue. This is a problem because coastal erosion causes many people to lose their home and jobs that live on the coast and if
this continues all of louisiana will be under water then nobody will have anywhere to live in Louisiana. This an issue not in just in Louisiana but on
most every coastline in the world.
Methods:
I picked which issue we wanted
Then I had to research this issue on multiple websites
I then had to make slide show and lab report.
Results: I found out a couple things about coastal erosion. One is that it affects everyone who lives on a coast directly

El Rio De La Huma Research Paper
El Rio de la Plata (Spanish for "Silver River") it is an estuary located southeast of South America in between the countries of Argentina and Uruguay,
draining its waters into the vast Atlantic Ocean. It is formed by the mixture between the ParanГЎ River and the Uruguay River which extend the
estuary for a 274 km of longitude, with 48 km wide at the head of the estuary and 220 km wide at the mouth, making it the widest estuary in the
world. The waters of the estuary flow from the northwest to southeast of South America, traveling through the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay. The location of El Rio de la Plata allows the existence of two major ports located in the cities of Buenos Aires, Argentina,
and Montevideo, Uruguay. The estuary is mostly used for its commercial and sport fishing, access to other important ports, recreation, and tourism.
Also along the northern coastline is an important habitat for a variety marine life such as marine mammals, fishes, aquatic birds, etc. El Rio de la
Plata is characterized as a coastal plain estuary with a south coastline of 393 km, and a north coastline of 416 km long, with a funnel shape
orientation. The estuary has a vast zone estimated to be 35,000 гЂ–kmгЂ—^2 with depths ranging from 2 m at the... Show more content on
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This provides the river with a very active delta at the head of the estuary. A delta is formed when a big amount of deposition of sediment accumulates
in a specific place, normally at the entrance of a river to an estuary. The waters of the estuary are mostly dominated by large shallow banks of sand
which interrupts with navigation of large boats. This leads to the formation of different natural and artificial sediment channels which are utilized as
access routes for large boats to travel from Buenos Aires to the open Atlantic

Human Development : Causes And Consequences Of Human...
Causes and Extent of Change
В¬В¬Climate change has caused dramatic changes in landforms around the world, and beaches have received much of the worst consequences from
this. Alongside this, human development has kept on expanding, especially into previously "pristine" environments, thus removing "access" to a great
deal of the sand that was in the area. Human expansion has also resulted in the introduction of exotic or invasive species of flora, that may have
impacted the native vegetation that existed on the beachfront, and as a result, changed the structure of the pre–existing sand. This is generally due to
the exotic species impacting the food web, and spreading very quickly, likely due to having many seedlings or having few predators in the new
environment.
In Collaroy Beach, the increase in human development has resulted in various consequences, the most prominent being the reduction in the size of the
sand dune system, which has occurred to a large extent in the beach, evident by the clear lack of a hind dune. The same has occurred in Lauderdale
beach, and to a similar extent as Collaroy. However, as Lauderdale receives far more storms than Collaroy, and thus is more likely to need the "sand
bank" stored up, it can be argued that the consequences of human development occurred to a larger extent at Lauderdale beach. On the other hand, with
the increasing effects of climate change, the difference in amount and effect of storms may become less relevant, as more storms will

Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty
In 1970, Robert Smithson created the "Spiral Jetty" with dump trucks, front–loaders, and a tractor to move the basalt stones and sand. The "Spiral
Jetty" is located near the Great Salt Lake of Utah. Smithson created this piece so that the land and the water could meet. This artwork is supposed to
change over time in response to the environment. Robert Smithson represents the idea of entropy in the "Spiral Jetty." Therefore, this landscape looks
different than whenever it was first established. The "Spiral Jetty" is located at a terminal basin, which is a freshwater place with no outlet. Whenever
it is done flowing it will evaporate. So the water is dense with minerals causing the high amount of basalt and sand. For this reason, not many plants

Erosion Of Beach
As we engineer the shoreline, this is a phase that may compare to the changing or altering the nature of the shoreline in order to keep it stabilized.
The stabilization methods of shoreline range from planting dune grass, to large seawalls using bulldozers or cranes. These methods are short term.
Erosion of beaches caused by human may be greater than nature causing. Replenishing of beaches may consist of pumping sand back out onto the
beach, or building back up sand dunes. This would result in not enough money to replenish the beach. Only the upper part of the beach would be
covered with new sand. This would create a steep beach. Creating the steep beach would increase the rate of erosion. With sand being pumped from the
lagoon, or shelf, this

Connecticut River Formation Essay
There are many processes to the formation of Connecticut's surface and landscape.There were many different reasons why Connecticut got its features,
for example plate tectonics formed the Appalachian Mountains. Glaciation put the rocks all along the coastline of Hammonasset Beach. Last is
weathering and erosion again Hammonasset beach had all of those rocks and since they had cracks in the rocks the water got in and froze even some of
the biggest rocks. Plate tectonics are very dangerous when they collide,slide,and move apart. They can create mountains like the Appalachian
Mountains that used to tower over everything then erosion took place. The Appalachian Mountains were formed by convergent boundaries, convergent
boundaries are collide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glaciation happens after a glacier comes over the land like the Wisconsin glacier. After the Wisconsin glacier receded back it left Jobs Pond in CT,
Jobs Pond is a kettle hole which means it has a natural spring. The groundwater which lets it to dry up then one year it shoots right back up and the
process starts all over again. Lake Hitchcock is another great example of glaciation. The wonderful lake that stretched from Vermont to Connecticut.
This body of water was formed when the glacier pushed down the land and when it was receding it left the body of water known as Lake Hitchcock.
Unfortunately, the dam that was holding the water back broke and thousand of gallons poured out of the lake into the ocean. The water that was left
that didn't make it into the river is known as present day CT River. Long Island Sound has also had glaciation happen to the land and water. After the
Wisconsin Glacier melted away the body of water left in Long Island Sound was the CT Lake and that lake held thousands upon thousands of gallons
in it. Again the dam broke forming a 200ft waterfall that was soon brought down mixing fresh and saltwater forming an

Barrier Island Research Paper
Barrier Island is a low edge of sand that is parallel to the mainland with a distance of 2 to 19 miles' off the shoreline, 300 barrier islands border the
shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Padre Island, Texas. The barrier island defends the coast from the full power of storm waves. In the central of
the barrier island and the mainland is a peaceful lagoon or a bay. Mainly most of these barrier island are 0.6–3 miles wide and amid from 9–18 miles
long. The highest structures example of barrier island are sand dunes with the height of 16–33 feet; however, in some places the dunes can reach the
height of 100 feet. Few barrier islands are initiated as spits that were then detached from the inland by upsurge corrosion, rising of sea level resulting

Palm Beach Nourishment Research Paper
OptionsAdvantages and disadvantagesSocial/
PoliticalEconomicEnvironmental
A – Continue current coastal management strategies in terms of the beach nourishment program.
The beach nourishment process is sand being dredged from one location (in terms of palm beach from Currumbin and Tallebudgera creek) and pumped
onto a different beach (palm beach).
This strategy also requires dune restoration which is the process of building dunes and plating vegetation on them so they look natural. + positives
Sewall
Dredging
Pumping
– bypass – 50,000 cubic metres of sand for the replenishment of palm beach (Council of the City of Gold Coast, 2013)
– Helps to protect exposed infrastructure behind the beach such as surf clubs, car parks and beach front ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the sand on the northern side is trapped.
– Erosion will still occur.
B –construct an artificial reef off the shoreline of palm beach to minimise the impact of beach erosion to the beach. An artificial reef is a human made
underwater structure that mimics the characteristics of a natural reef. Artificial reefs are commonly made from old tires, cinder blocks and geotextile
sand bags. In terms of palm beach it would be implemented to control erosion.
Artificial reef is built from boulders which are easily accessible and reasonably cheap (Moore,

Coastal Ecosystems In Florida
Florida's coastal ecosystems are one of the greatest assets that Florida has today. An ecosystem is an interacting and interdependent community made up
of both living and non–living parts. Ecosystems include the air, water, soil, and sunlight as well as all the living organisms present, from the simplest
amoeba to the plantsвЂЁand more complex animals that are all a part of the system. There is no sizeвЂЁlimitation for ecosystems, the entire earth can
be considered as a one ecosystem. And so with more coastline than any other state in the contiguous United States, it is a source of economic,
environmental and recreational benefits. People come from all over the world to visit the beautiful Florida beaches.1 Coastal uplands are composed of
substrate and vegetation influenced primarily by coastal maritime processes such as erosion, deposition, salt spray, and storms with storm surges.
Coastal uplands also consist of mesic or xeric communities restricted to barrier islands and near shore with woody or herbaceous vegetation. Other
communities that can be found with in south Florida's coastal upland environments include beach dunes, coastal berms, coastal grasslands, coastal rock
barrens, coastal strands, maritime hammocks and shell mounds. The levels of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being very dynamic communities and mobile environments, beach dunes continually moves cause the wind blows sand inland from the beach until
trapped by
1 (Florida Natural Areas Inventory and Florida Department of Natural Resources 1990) vegetation. While this occurs during extremely harsh
environmental weather, beach dunes are subject to drastic topographic alterations during winter storms and hurricanes, taking the brunt of storm surges.
As the plants grow upward and burial continues, a fore–dune is built. 2Dune height is largely determined by

Civilian Conservation Corps: Saving The Lighthouse
It became clear that if nothing was done, the lighthouse would soon be engulfed by the ocean. Civilian Conservation Corps, under the leadership of
the National Park Service, began looking for a solution to save the lighthouse. It was believed that pumping in sand dunes was an inexpensive and
effective solution at the time. In the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps began building a sand dune barrier along Hatteras Island but today's
scientists reason that while the dunes helped with minor storms, they did not stop the rising sea level and beach erosion. Sheet pile groins were also
installed to slow down the beach erosion. In 1966 over 300,000 cubic yards of sand was taken from the Pamlico Sound and placed in front of the
lighthouse, but the

Coastal Management In Hastings
Hypothesis Coastal Management in Hastings is effective economically, socially, environmentally and is sustainable for the future.
Hastings was chosen as an area to investigate coastal management because they had three types of hard and soft engineering. Secondly, it has a tourist
industry that can be investigated. Thirdly, it has Shoreline Management Plan so the plan can be evaluated. Lastly, it Ties in withtourism and coastal
parts of GCSE syllabus that are familiar and understood
Key Concepts
Longshore drift is movement of sediment along the coastline. The prevailing wind blows waves carrying sediment into the beach at an angle, the
waves break on the shore and as the water runs back into the sea it carries the sediment back down the beach, perpendicular to the angle. This will
lead to a zigzag motion (/////) as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soft engineering is working with nature by using natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas. some examples of this is beach nourishment
is the process of dumping or pumping sand from elsewhere onto an eroding shoreline which is to create a new beach or to widen the existing
beach,this technique is natural and makes the waves lose power travelling across it,However it dosen't last very long and It does not stop erosion,it
simply gives the erosional forces (usually waves) something else to erode for awhile,another type of soft engineering is managed retreat which is
where Areas of the coast are allowed to erode and flood naturally,this makes the land become an marsh,slowing waves and reducing ersoion,however
land is lost. Another type of coastal management is hard engineering involves building structures to protect the coast. Some examples of this is a sea
wall,which is a wall set up to prevent the sea eroding an area of land,thishelps prevent flooding,however waves bounce off the wall and scour the beach
removing

Shorelines Over Time
I would have to say trying to stabilize the different shorelines can possible contribute to its erosion over time. The various techniques for helping to
preserve our n shorelines could possibly include building a habitat somewhat artificially to help protect the shoreline. As well, someone may wish to
secure the local vegetation in a range that will likewise give an environment to diversion and natural life in the region. However, one would say these
processes are temporary as a result the movement of sediment is always changing. All the same, it is a phenomenal approach to attempt to secure the
shoreline. Shoreline erosion is a natural process that takes place on lakes, streams, waterways and along the coast. It is the progressive, albeit

Fraser Coast
Fraser Coast consists of four main ecosystems which are rocky shores, sand dunes, rainforests and mangroves. All of these ecosystems are important to
the survival of several plants and animals. Each plant and animal work together to keep the ecosystem alive and healthy.
Rocky Shores are found where the sea meets the land which supports a diverse mix of plants and animals that have adapted to survive in the unique
conditions of constant wave action as well as the fall of tides (Ehp.qld. 2016). Most of the ecosystems flora and fauna live in the intertidal zone,
between high and low tide (Ehp.qld. 2016). They are exposed to two environments, being crushed by waves and swamped by the sea water, extreme
temperatures and salinity, and left unprotected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Queensland has the fastest growing population in Australia and the greatest area containing mangroves and with that, inhabiting the greatest number of
estuaries (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The large loss in mangroves area throughout Queensland, especially along the south east coast, is due to the urban
expansions (Mangrove Watch, 2016).
Appendix 2, shows the distribution of mangroves in Australia, from 2000. Most of the area that's coloured, indicating these regions have mangroves
from 0.001 to 578km2 (Olr, 2016). Appendix 3, shows the richness of the distribution of mangroves around Australia from 0 to 32 different species
(Olr, 2016). The richer and denser parts of Australia are above the Tropic of Capricorn, below are parts where there are fewer species and less areas
that include mangroves.
There are many organisms living, thriving and surviving off of the mangrove forests. Mangroves are always being affected by natural and unnatural
factors that create significant threats to this precious ecosystem (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The natural factors can occur seasonally, annually and
periodically, with severe events including cyclones and anything else that affects all biotic (living) and abiotic (non–living)

Explain The Natural And Built Features Of The Spit
There are both natural and built features present at The Spit. Natural features include a long beach, parklands and lots of trees and shrubs on the
side of the road. Built features include a sea world theme park and resort with a large car park for each as well as a one lane road and on the side
of the beach there are rock walls and every few kilometres there are watch towers. Currently The Spit is used in several ways such as a retail
precinct, accommodation, and fishing, it is also used as a tourist attraction by having a beautiful beach that people can swim, hang out or have a nice
jog around. Another use is that The Spit is used for housing and businesses that provide many services for the local area. There are some conservation
methods

Analyzing Coastal Management Strategies Essay
Analyzing Coastal Management Strategies Coastal Management strategies need to consider not only physical processes but also factors associated
with human geography. Analyse why this is the case. Coastal management is a means of controlling development and change in the coastal zone and
undertaking work according to agreed principles and criteria. By taking into account physical and human geography factors and people who come from
the local areas views will help to ensure that there is good coastal management strategy. There are usually three stages in a management strategy,
understanding the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are things such as sea walls, groynes and revetments. Other hard engineering techniques are things such as the dumping of boulders and sub
surface drainage When deciding what coastal management scheme to put in place whether it a sea wall or an area to hold flood water, the people
undertaking the project must look at possible solutions that would be best in relation to physical factors the chosen scheme will be the best scheme
to limit or stop the thing that is occurring. They are likely to take into account the rock type in the area the height of land, shape of the land and the
cause of the problem. Possible and reasonable solutions would be put forward and the best solution in relation to the physical geography is likely to
be put in place. On top of the physical considerations come the human considerations these are things such as are they going to cause unsightly views
is it going to cause conflict between local people and the local government. Human Factors that effect whether a coastal management scheme is put
into place would be things such as, how many people will it be protecting, what type of properties will it be protecting, (the more expensive properties
that are in the area the more likely it is that the area will have a coastal management scheme put in place.) I believe that it is important for all coastal

Coastal Geographic Environment Analysis
How Natural Processes Operate at Coastal Geographic Environment
Natural Processes are actions or events that have natural causes, which result in natural events. The three main coastal environment processes that
operate at Muriwai are Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition.
The elements that interact to produce natural processes are wind, waves and tides. Each phenomenon at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment has
been produced by interaction.
Coastal Erosion is a process at Muriwai that gradually wears away the rock particles of the earth's surface, transporting them to another location. There
are many types of processes that cause erosion at Muriwai such as wave erosion, wind erosion and wave refraction. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These types of erosion have caused the formation of several phenomena at Muriwai.
Motutara Island (stack) was produced by the formation of two caves on either side of the headland –– forming an arch and the roof slowly eroding
away due to vertical erosion.
Fisherman's Rock was produced by cliff retreat when undercutting stones are thrust at the cliff by wave action.
The blowhole was formed by vertical, hydraulic and mechanical erosion causing the cracks and fissures to enlarge over time to produce this hole.
Types of wave erosion operating on the headland have produced the cave.
Wave Refraction is an important process as it influences wave erosion on Otakamiro headland and on the beach at Muriwai (refer to Diagram 1).
Wave Transportation (Longshore Drift) varies spatially due to wave refraction. It is the process by which waves alter their course as they interact in
shallow water with the seabed along the coastline. This process produces wave erosion, which focuses its energy on Otakamiro Point.
Diagram 1
Constructive, Destructive and Dissipative are the types of waves that operate at Muriwai that cause erosion.
Dissipative waves are the waves usually found at Muriwai –– they lose their energy before they reach the shore as they usually break on the offshore
bar. Constructive waves are long waves with little height that leave material at the top of the beach, building it up.
Destructive waves are erosive

beach erosion Essay examples
. Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is the 208–foot tall landmark was just hauled more than a quarter–mile back from its former perch, where it was threatened
by the encroaching sea. Coastal erosion chewed away about 1,300 feet of beach, bringing the waves to within 150 feet of the 4,800–ton sentinel. When
the light was erected in 1870, it stood about 1,500 feet back from the waves. The lighthouse, on the Outer Banks, North Carolina's long barrier beach,
was built to warn ships from waters called "the graveyard of the Atlantic." Ironically, the move should serve as a warning about the
growing problem of coastal erosion. Erosion is not just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
В· The gradual sinking of coastal land (since the height of the land and the sea are both changing, we use "relative sea level rise" to
describe the rise of the ocean compared to the height of land in a particular location). В· Efforts to reduce erosion that have backfired and instead
increased it. В· Global warming, which is expected to accelerate the rise in sea level. The upshot is a threat to beaches and coastal communities around
the world. At stake is far more than a movie mogul's mansion. New Orleans, now several feet below sea level, would face a greater threat of
annihilation. Island nations across the Pacific Ocean could disappear beneath the waves. Millions of Bangladeshis, already exposed to typhoons that
drown hundreds of thousands at a time, would have to find new homes in one of the Earth's most crowded nations. The predictions growing out of
global warming studies are unsettling. Much of Long Island's extensive barrier beach, including not just the homes of the rich and famous in the
Hamptons, but also public treasures like the vastly popular park at Jones Beach, would be submerged if sea levels rise by three feet, according to a
projection by the National Environmental Trust, a Washington, DC, advocacy group. A three
–foot rise over the next 50 to 100 years is possible, but
extremely unlikely, according to current predictions. Coastal

Argumentative Essay On Beach Erosion
Every year millions of dollars of state and federal dollars are spent to essentially place tons of sand on America's beaches. This process known as
beach nourishment. Proponents often point to this method as effective way is a way to fight against beach erosion The causes of this erosion are both
manmade and natural, but regardless of the cause this process is only a stop gap that does not actually address this issue. Instead, both the federal and
state governments have spent billions of dollars over the last few decades to fight the process of erosion with unintended consequences for both the
environment and citizens.
In New Jersey alone state, local and federal agencies have spent 1.2 billion dollars over the last thirty years to dump 120 million cubic yards of sand
over the state's coastline. This high price tag is in part due to the fact that the sand that is placed on the coastline quickly erodes and a new project
must be undertaken. In fact, sand used to nourish beaches erodes at a rate that is often two to three times faster than natural sand.This creates a cycle in
which beaches are constantly needing to be renourished and does nothing to actually prevent the process of erosion. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Steve Ellis, the vice president of Taxpayers for Common Sense, said that roughly 65 percent of the cost of beach nourishment programs is paid by the
federal government and then 50 to 65 percent of the maintenance and upkeep is federally covered. This means that state's without coastlines are having
to foot the bill of a federal activity, which has benefits the tourism industry and beach front real estate of other

Erosion of Shorelines Essays
Erosion of Shorelines
The erosion of shorelines is a natural process that can have beneficial or adverse impacts on the creation and maintenance of habitats. Sands and
gravels eroded from the shores of coastal bays maintain the beach as a natural barrier between the open water and coastal wetlands. Beaches move
back and forth onshore, offshore and along shore with changing wave conditions. The finer–grained silts and clays derived from the erosion of
shorelines are sorted and carried as far as the waters of wetlands or tidal flats, where benefits are derived from addition of the new material. However,
excessively high sediment loads can smother submerged aquatic vegetation beds, cover shellfish beds and tidal flats, fill in riffle ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The longshore drift shapes the coastline by carrying sand from sites of high wave activity to those of low wave activity. The volume of sand carried
away from or delivered to different points along the coast can be as much as 2,000 cubic meters per day (71,000 cubic feet), enough sand to fill an
Olympic–sized swimming pool (Nepf).
The seepage of ground water and the overland flow of surface water runoff also contribute to the erosion of shorelines (http://www.epa.gov/OWOW
/NPS/MMGI/Chapter6/ch6–4.html). The role of ground water is most important wherever permeable subsurface layers of sand are exposed in high
bluffs along coastal bays. In these areas, the seepage of ground water into the waterway can cause erosion at the point of exit. The surface flow of
upland runoff can also dislodge sediments through the creation of rills and gullies on the shoreline banks and bluffs (http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS
/MMGI/Chapter6/ch6–4.html).
Some amount of natural erosion is necessary to provide the sediment for beaches in estuaries and coastal bays. However, excessive erosion has
occurred in the past due to development. Industrial and private development along the world's coastlines has increased dramatically since the 1970s
(Nepf). Developers and builders completed much of this construction without taking into account the effects of coastal erosion. New buildings were
often placed too close to the existing shoreline so that

The Dangers of Coastline Changes Essay
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Countering The Effects of High Seas 2
Hurricanes 3
Beach Protection 5
New Protection Methods 6
Conclusion 6
References 7
Introduction
Coastline changes due to weather and human intervention represent a major concern for coastal planners all over the world. Coastline changes, not only
has an effect on citizens who own property by the seaside, it also has a major effect on our business here at McDuff. While beaches may be vacation
spots for some, their disappearance through erosion a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1: Effects of Accretion (Komar, 1976)
During the summer months, when the seas are calmer and the waves smaller, beaches tend to build up. This process is known as accretion (http:/
/biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/cr133.htm). If the amount of winter erosion exceeds summer accretion, there is overall erosion with the land
behind the beach being eroded as the beach retreats inland. The rate of retreat is called the erosion rate. Erosion may be due to one or more factors:
for example, a severe winter swell, a recent hurricane, the death of an adjacent coral reef or interference in the supply of sand. Conversely, if
accretion exceeds erosion, the beach gets wider over time and accretionary features, such as cuspate forelands, tom bolos, spits and bars, may develop
(see Figure 1).
Hurricanes
Extreme events such as hurricanes are the major cause of shoreline changes in the Caribbean. Many hurricanes originate as tropical waves off the west
coast of Africa and travel across the Atlantic Ocean gaining strength from the warm ocean waters (http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum
/climatechange1/09_2.shtml). As tropical waves strengthen, they pass through several stages, including tropical depression and tropical storm before
reaching hurricane strength. Once a system reaches tropical storm strength, it is named. Hurricanes are further classified

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight...
Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline Erosion
At its simplest, shoreline erosion is the result of the combination of processes, both natural and manmade, by which shoreline and beaches are damaged
or lost. For this discussion, wetlands are also included. There is an ongoing debate over the best way by which to preserve beaches, shorelines, and
wetlands. Conservation extremists argue that limiting or restricting land use, and restoring damaged property with tax money represents the most
prudent answer to shoreline erosion. Included in this position is the inherent role of government intervention to preserve America's shoreline. There are
many problems with the conservation position, and many advantages to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many, if not most, of our coastal environment concerns stem from population growth pressure (Rhinehart, 1997). These trends make it clear that the
hodgepodge of environmental and zoning laws throughout the country ––– many at odds with each other ––– are unable to cope with the pressures
brought to bear on America's shoreline resources. Only the consistently well–reasoned principles of private industry can answer the growing needs of
shoreline, beach, and water resource management.
There are many wise and sensible voices pointing out the failures and shortcomings of the conservation movement. Washington State Representative
Joyce Mulliken, R–Ephrata, has recently announced the proposal of legislation to repeal shoreline regulations approved by the Washington Department
of Ecology (DOE). The regulations would prohibit the use of all lands within 200 feet of a shoreline, including commercial development, farming,
ranching, and other essential activities. Rep. Mulliken points out those state's most extreme environmental lobbyists created these rules, without
concern for legitimate business interests. Further, these regulations constitute an unfunded mandate that would cost millions to local taxpayers.
Regulations such as the ones imposed on the people of Washington State represent a direct threat to the state's farmers, ranchers, dairy producers, and
other agricultural industries. They also constitute a direct threat to private property

Year 10 Geography Research Report
YEAR 10 GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH REPORT:
Introduction:
Cronulla is a beachside suburb in southern Sydney, it is located 34.0574В° S, 151.1522В° E which is 26 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD (see
figure 2). It is governed by the Sutherland Shire Council. Cronulla's coastal environment is on the Kurnell Peninsula, which is made up of a tombolo.
A tombolo is a sand spit connecting a rocky outcrop or island to the mainland. So this forms a barrier between Botany Bay and Bate Bay. The two areas
of study visited were Wanda Beach and the Greenhills Beach development.
A healthy dune system contains a primary and secondary dune defined by the start of vegetation as you progress from the swash and berm. The
vegetation helps stabilise the landform helping to protect it from erosion, it also helps the soil in the secondary dune to become more stable and erosion
resistant. The decaying plant material creates humus which makes the soil more nutrient allowing greater plant diversity.
At Wanda Beach, the tall trees and scrubs act as a windbreaker which further protects the sand formation. According to the field work results collected
using the anemometer (see figure 3), the Aeolian processes at the front and the top of the primary dune is where the wind speed is highest. So it is
important to plant plants such as the hairy spinifex to stabilise the sand due to its expansive root system and its ability to survive low water conditions.
Management Strategies:
The Cronulla coastal environment

Coastal Management Long Reef Notes Geography Essay
Coastal management The aim of this report is to investigate Long Reef and Collaroy Beach's coastal management. Sand Dunes The Importance of
Vegetation Sand dunes are a valid indication of the quality of the soil and the surrounding ocean. When vegetation is established in sand dunes, it
stabilises it– i.e. gives the dunes structure. This structure helps prevent erosion by using the plant life to trap the sand. Without these plants (and
ultimately the sand dunes) sand will be subject to many natural forces without protection, meaning any major storm could theoretically remove large
amounts of sand from the beach with no natural means of replenishing it. Long Reef Beach is commendable in the amount of vegetation it has produced.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impact of Natural Disasters Natural disasters are considered harmful in terms of coastal management and can often cause years of work to be wiped
out. It can take large amounts of sand from the beach and remove plant life. Collaroy Beach has been a victim of such natural disasters. A large storm
back in 1945 caused Collaroy Beach to empty out a large percentage of its sand and damaged many structures. Collaroy Beach's local council,
Warringah Council, has taken action to prevent storm damage in the future. A revetment wall has been established on the sand dunes so waves do not
cause as much damage to the dunes behind. Warringah has also purchased properties that were residential and cleared them, so that a storm will not
damage as many structures. Coastal Management Sand Nourishment Sand nourishment refers to the replacement of sediment on beaches that has
previously been lost, generally through natural processes. It is a commonly used practice in coastal management. Collaroy Beach uses sand
nourishment as longshore drift has moved sand, which cannot be replenished as there are rock formations preventing sediment from refilling the beach.
Collaroy Beach also does not have an established dune system, and cannot trap sand. Management Plan A management plan

The Holderness Coastline Essay examples
The Holderness Coastline
The infamous Holderness Coastline is located on the East coast of Yorkshire, stretching from Flamborough Head to Spurn Point. In the last 2000
years the coastline has retreated by almost 400m and since Roman times over 28 villages have disappeared into the sea between Bridlington and
Spurn Head. About a million years ago the Yorkshire coastline was a line of chalk cliffs almost 32km west of where it now is. During the Ice Age
deposits of soft boulder clay were built up against these cliffs to form the new coastline. It is this soft sand and clay which is easily eroded by the
action of waves, as the ocean slowly claims back the region it used to occupy.
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is evident at both Great Cowden and Easington.
The Holderness Coastline is also extremely exposed with little protection. The original coastline before the ice age consisted mainly of chalk, and is
still present today at Flamborough Head where a headland has formed as chalk is much more resistant to coastal erosion than the boulder clay. This
outcrop of land provides some shelter, although it is minimal, as the stretch of coastline down to Spurn Head is over 50km long, most experiencing
almost head on dominant waves. The coastline is also exposed to strong North/North–East winds, which co–enside with a rather generous fetch.
Destructive waves are a result, which erode the beaches and attack the foot of the cliffs, removing masses of clay in suspension, resulting in strong
marine erosion.
The material eroded and transported elsewhere results in little material left to form beaches, which act as a barrier to protect the cliff line from tides,
currents and storms, therefore the sea's processed are able to keep cutting back the cliff line.
The weather also has a large influence. Often there are winter storm surges producing higher waves, and higher sea levels, meaning higher energy
erosion. In addition is increased sub–aerial denudation brought about by the heavy rain and strong winds. This often leads to increased slumping and

Beach Renourishment Effective
Beaches are one of the main attractions for vacationers. The thrill of laying out under a giant umbrella reading a great book, or being able to surf the
waves and get some serious tan lines brings people from all over. Those beautiful beaches not only bring in a large amount of revenue from tourists, but
also have a lot of money being pumped into them. Beach renourishment, also known as beach replenishment, is the reason so many beaches still remain
in good condition. The questions that need to be asked are what exactly is beach renourishment? Where has beach renourishment been used? Is it
effective in preventing beach erosion and is it cost effective? Beach renourishment is described as "the process of dumping or pumping sand from
elsewhere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preserving coastlines is important for the economy and the environment. The fact that the business world and the preservation world are on the same
page is a good indicator that maintaining beaches are important for both people and animals. The data that has been collected by both parties, thus far
will hopefully bring a more cost effective and more long term solution for beach replenishment. So the beach bums and the sea life may continue to
enjoy one of the most beloved landscape for generations to

Coastal Spots Research Paper
A coastal plain is a low flat surface that is a part of the coast of the Atlantic ocean. This area takes up almost half of the whole state of North
Carolina. Here you get all four seasons, and sometimes you can see it snow on the beach while it can also get to 100 degrees The Outer Banks is
made of three parts. This includes the Tidewater, Outer banks, and the Inner Coastal Plains. The outer banks is about 175 miles long and consists of
many barrier islands. Barrier islands are thin islands separated from shore by sounds. A sound is a narrow, large body of water that separates the two
parts of land. Some of the islands include Hattera,Oracoke, and Bodie islands. Though these islands are major vacation spots in North Carolina they
include... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the smallest region of North Carolina. Here elevation can become a whole mile due to tall mountains. Some mountain ranges here include
Great Smokey, Stone, and Black range which are a part of the Appalachian Mountains. Mount Mitchell of North Carolina is the highest point of the
state and the largest mountain of the eastern side of the country. Then some of rocks in the North Carolina mountains are changed from their
original state if not one of the 6 main types of mountain rocks found in North Carolina. The western and eastern mountains are slightly different. In
the west there are older rocks that date back to a almost a billion years ago. Then in the eastern mountains have volcanic rocks and have existed for
hundreds of millions of years. The Mountain region is the area with the most snow though it does get very hot like the rest of the state.Air pollution
and water pollutions has been a major problem recently in NC. We are currently in the top ten worst states for air pollution.In NC air pollution is very
important since we grow many crops and have many farms that need clean air.The reacently.Storm water run off is another pollution issue in North
Carolina.Storm water runoff can cause erosion of land and impact the quality of water.It can also cause fish in the streams it flows into to die since it
includes so many toxins. Duke energy has been sued recently for polluting water which is a dangerous

Pros And Cons Of Beach Nourishment
Report #3–Multiple Perspectives In this paper, I will address three different perspectives related to the topic of beach nourishment. The first debate is
that beach nourishment is feasible and environmentally excepted method, to reduce storm and flooding risk. The second perspective is that beach
Nourishment is a costly and temporary fix. Third perspective is Beach nourishment does more damage then it prevents, it merely exists to protect the
homes of the wealthy, while damaging the habitats of many beach dwelling species. Below I will show three different perspectives of beach
nourishment. The first perspective is beach nourishment is a feasible and environmentally excepted method, to reduce storm and flooding risks. Beach
nourishment is a shoreline protection program, which are regularly monitored there are a number of guidelines, published by the Corps of Engineers, "
Native Beach Assessment Techniques for Beach Fill Design" also jointly prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency. When starting a beach
nourishment project, the company hired to do so must obtain a permit. Laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment, water
quality, endangered, species, and historic properties also play a role on the beach nourishment project. Along with the guidelines written by the Corps
of Engineers, they also must comply with the National Environmental policy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr.Pikley mentions, beach Nourishment is only a temporary fix and actually speeds up erosion. They set the beach higher and this causes the break
point for the wave to break sooner then it would, which as an effect slams in to the newly nourished beach harder then it would with a gradual slope or
natural slope. My third perspective, Beach nourishment does more damage then it prevents, it merely exists to protect the homes of the wealthy, while
damaging the habitats of many beach dwelling

El Nino Effects On Coastal Environments
El NiГ±o refers to the large–scale climatic relationship between the ocean and atmosphere, linked to a sporadic warming in sea temperatures across the
central and east–central Equatorial Pacific, (What are El Nino and La Nina, 2016). Effects of the El Nino typically develop over North America
before the winter months, and include warmer than average temperatures over western and central Canada and The United States. The force of El
NiГ±o can significantly influence weather patters, marine conditions, and a large proportion of coastal environments, (What are El Nino and La Nina,
2016). Relatively new information considering impacts of El NiГ±o due to warming temperatures has introduced new ideas that El NiГ±o has a direct
effect on coastal landforms in the state of California, (пїјearth a dynamic structure, 2003). Scholars argue that the presence and strengthening of the El
NiГ±o have detrimental impacts on coastal environments in California, (earth a dynamic structure, 2003; Sanders, 2016). These impacts include cliff
erosion and the collapsing of cliffs, bigger waves eroding away beaches and the coast, landslides, and sea level rise, (Richmond & Gibbs, 1998).
Coastal Erosion is a result of many physical processes occurring on earth, El NiГ±o is just one of the processes that significantly destroy coastal
landforms, but climate change plays a major role in increasing the likelihood of coastal erosion due to El NiГ±o. Research done in previous studies
identify many different

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