Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in a systematic way. Wastes can be categorized based on their source and type, such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, medical, and electronic wastes. Common solid waste management methods include open dumping, landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and recycling/reuse. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact, cost, and practicality. Proper waste management is important to reduce pollution and allow for more sustainable practices.

2. Waste (also known as rubbish, refuse, garbage, junk)
is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is
any of the many unwanted substances expelled from
living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and
sweat.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management is the process of collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste in a systematic,
economic and hygienic manner.
‘Or’
Solid-waste management is the process of the collecting,
treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it is of no longer use.

3. 1.Based on physical nature:
Garbage
Ashes
 Combustible and non-combustible wastes
 Demolition and construction wastes
 Hazardous wastes

4. Sources of Wastes

5. Classification of wastes according to their origin and type
Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
construction & packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any
municipality.
Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, products
generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences.
Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing &
processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas,
sanitary & paper etc.
Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances
are mostly biodegradable.
Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities.
E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may
be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap
components, such as CRTs, wires, circuits, mobile, computers etc.

6. Management of Medical solid waste
Management of non-degradable solid waste
Management of Hazardous waste
Management of non-hazardous & biodegradable
solid waste
Management of electronic waste “e-waste”

7. i. Management of Medical solid waste:
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
or in research activities in these fields or in the
production or testing of biological.
Medical solid waste includes both non-hazardous and
hazardous waste constituents.
The non-hazardous waste
Hazardous wastes
Treatment options:
Incineration
Sanitary landfill
ii. Management of non-degradable solid waste:
Recycling
Sanitary landfill
Incineration

8. iii. Management of Hazardous waste:
Treatment options-Thermal treatment
Incineration
Biological treatment
iv. Management of non-hazardous & biodegradable solid
waste:
Non-hazardous solid waste is total waste including
municipal waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste and
sewage sludge.
Following methods are followed by management of non-
hazardous and biodegradable solid wastes:
Open Dumps
Landfills
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Vermicomposting

9. Open Dumps
Landfills
AnaerobicDigestion
Composting
 Pyrolysis
Incineration

10.  Open dumps refer to uncovered areas that are used
to dump solid waste of all kinds.
 The waste is untreated, and not segregated.
 It is the breeding ground for files, rats, and other
insects that spread disease.
 The rainwater run-off from these dumps
contaminates nearby land and water, thereby
spreading disease. In some countries, open dumps
are being phased out.

12. A landfill may also refer to the ground that has been filled in with soil and
rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific
purpose, such as for building houses .
 A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is
the oldest form of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of
organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.
Landfill, also known as a dump or tip, is a site for disposal of waste
materials by burial.
Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of
adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction
of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate.

14. ADVANTAGES
 Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local
council.
 Jobs will be created for local people.
 Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by
landfill in comparison to other waste disposal methods.
 The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and
used for generating power.
DISADVANTAGES
 The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
 Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause
local air pollution and contribute to global warming.
 Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping
through the ground from the landfill site.
 Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used
for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.

15. Anaerobic digestion is a regulated version of the natural events of landfill, in that it results in
the controlled release of methane-rich biogas, which offers the potential for a very real form of
energy from waste.
 It is carried out in large fermented tanks.
 In these tanks, solid waste is taken in the absence of oxygen and the anaerobic bacteria convert
the large organic molecules mainly into methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2.
 Unlike composting, Anaerobic Digestion occurs at one of three distinct temperature ranges,
namely:
 Cryophilic (<20 ◦C)
 Mesophilic (20–45 ◦C)
 Thermophilic (>45 ◦C)
Micro-organisms involved in Anaerobic digestion:
There are four main groups of bacteria involved in Anaerobic digestion, as shown below, with
some typical examples of each:
 Hydrolytic fermentative bacteria – Clostridium and Peptococcus.
 Acetogenic bacteria – Syntrophobacter and Syntrophomonas.
 Acidogenic bacteria – Methanosarcina and Methanothrix.
 Methanogenic bacteria – Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacterium.

16. The digestion process:
The digestion process involves 4 steps. They are:
 Hydrolysis
 Acidogenesis
 Acetogenesis
 Methanogenesis

17.  Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste under controlled
aerobic condition.
 Industries as paper, agricultural and food processing give
out wastes which are almost 100% organic. This organic matter can be composted
to yield good manure.
 Compost is the end product obtained after subjecting the
organic fraction of solid waste to aerobic or anaerobic decomposition to yield
humus like solid, carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy.
 Different stages of composting:
 Segregation of solid waste
 Processing the compostable matter
 Preparation for compost
 Digestion
 Curing
 Screening

18. COMPOSITION CYCLE

19.  Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of
waste in the absence of air to produce char,
pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of
wood to charcoal also it is defined as
destructive distillation of waste in the absence
of oxygen. External source of heat is employed
in this process.
 Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000 ˚C.
 Gas, liquid and chars are the by products

21. Incineration is the most common thermal treatment process.
It is burning of the waste at a temperature of 1000°C ± 100°C in the presence
of oxygen so as to eliminate all odours and to ensure good combustion.
After incineration, the wastes are converted to carbon dioxide, water vapour
and ash.
It converts hazardous organic substances into less hazardous components.
ADVANTAGES
Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods.
The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.
Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.
Gases are used to generate power.
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Required skilled labour.
The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants
and may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).
high energy requirement.

23.  The fundamental objective of waste processing
is to reduce the amount of wastes through
recycling and disposal of waste in a way not to
impair environmental conservation.
 Four R’s should be followed for waste
management:
 Refuse
 Reuse
 Recycle
 Reduce