3. Extra A02 for Matching Hyp…
◦McKillip & Riedel (1993)
◦Pairs of friends also tend to be equally matched in
terms of physical attraction
4. According to Filter Model…
◦Jack and Rose were from different parts of London and
from different socio-economic status groups. They formed
a relationship whilst aboard a cruise ship to New York.
They both shared the same values of living life outside of
the restraints of high/low status groupings. If Jack
survived, do you think their relationship would have
lasted? How did you come to that conclusion?
10. Reward/Need Satisfaction Model
◦Byrne & Clore (1970)
◦We form relationships b/c we find them rewarding
◦Partners reward us both and directly (via Operant
Conditioning) and indirectly (via Classical)
12. Explaining Monica and Chandler
Direct rewards, through operant
conditioning…
Liking through association,
through classical conditioning…
13. Operant Conditioning – Direct
Reinforcement
◦ If we feel down and someone helps us escape that mood,
they are providing negative reinforcement
◦ (increasing likelihood of attraction)
◦ Relationships can be Positively Reinforcing by satisfying our
‘needs’
14. Argyle (1994) List of ‘Needs’
◦ B – Biological : Collective Eating
◦ A – Affiliation : Seeking Approval from others
◦ D – Dependency : Comforted or nurtured
◦ D – Dominance : Assertive to others
◦ A – Aggression : Dominance
◦ S – Self Esteem : Being Valued by others
◦ S – Sex : Being Desired
15. Rewards
◦ Relationships become rewarding when they meet our needs…
◦ Rusbult & Van Lange (1979)
◦ ‘Initially, people who don’t know each other too well, will exchange
rewards equally, “Exchange Relationships”.
◦ Over time, rewards become less reciprocal and are given without
expectation of return… “Communal Relationships” ‘
Rewards are given with the sole desire to please the partner
16. Self-Disclosure
◦ Intimacy develops through self-disclosure as people gradually reveal
more information about themselves.
◦ This can be positively reinforcing as it implies trust and is often
reciprocal
◦ This may explain how relationships form and move on from
friendship
17. Classical Conditioning…
◦Liking through association:
◦Pleasant emotions experienced when in the presence of a
someone else increases likability of that person
◦Association of pleasantness to somebody present
◦Holidays
◦Weddings
18. May & Hamilton (1980)
◦Showed pps photographs of male strangers
◦Photos shown either when whilst pleasant or
unpleasant music was being played
◦Pps asked how attractive they think
the man is…
19. May & Hamilton (1980)
◦Results showed that pps in the pleasant music condition
rated the stranger significantly more attractive than controls
and those in the unpleasant music condition
◦ supports possibility of relationship formation as a result of
association with pleasant emotions.
Editor's Notes
Classical and operant conditioning – how is the relationship rewarding / meeting needs?
Directly – OC = Give us rewards
Be specific about operant and classical conditioning.
Direct – being friendly or funny is rewarding – leads to positive non-verbal signals and provide positive reinforcement. Satisfies social needs.
Association – wedding/holiday is pleasant event
Rebounds - Think of needs…
Determines whether relationship will be ongoing/created