Breast Biopsy Video Analysis

Breast Biopsy Video Analysis
Due to the new technology such as digital mammography and stereotactic devices, we are now able
to perform minimally invasive needle localization breast biopsy's that are more accurate and less
disfiguring to the patient's breast. This video went over the procedure, giving step–by–step
instructions on how to perform this exam. It begins with a mammogram that demonstrated an
abnormality. There are many options a patient can choose when they find out they have an
abnormality in their breast. One option is to have a breast biopsy. A minimally invasive needle
localization breast biopsy is a relatively easy for the patient. Only local anesthesia is required for
this procedure. The patient lays on their stomach with their breast falling through ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stereotactic imaging is performed to make sure that the needle is at the correct site of the lesion. As
an extra precaution, the coordinates of the needle can be checked by using the computer. A T–
Fastener is also inserted into the breast tissue to fix the tissue in place during the biopsy. Another
stereotactic image is taken to demonstrate where the T–Fastener is at in the breast. After the
stereotactic images are taken, is it now time to begin the removal of the tissue. Before you insert the
cannula into the breast, you have to make sure the needle and T–Fastener are both locked into place
on the stage assembly. The cannula is inserted into the breast by a circular cutting blade. A
transverse incision is made and the skin flaps are folded over the cannula. The cannula is pushed
through the tissue, usually fourteen millimeters past the lesion and T–Fastener. After the cannula is
positioned, another stereotactic image is taken to verify if the lesion is contained within the
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Journal Article Critique : Increasing Hospital Admission...
Journal Article Critique: "Increasing Hospital Admission Rates for Urological Complications After
Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy"
Purpose
Transrectal Ultrasound Guided prostate biopsy is the most common method to determine the
presence of prostate cancer. Previous studies have shown of an increasing number of men requiring
hospitalization as a result of significant infectious complications following prostate biopsy.
However, "those were either small studies, or they were derived from a controlled trial designed
examining different end point (Nam et al., 2012, p.13)." They left researchers questioning if it can
be implied to a larger population. "Increasing Hospital Admission Rates for Urological
Complications After Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy" by Nam et al. is one study that
aims to answer that. This study purpose was to examine a large population based data set to
establish the incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with TRUS guided prostate biopsy.
Research Design This is a population based retrospective study. It examined the incidence of
hospitalization among men who underwent TRUS guided prostates biopsy between January 1, 1996
and December 31, 2005 in Ontario Canada. No independent or dependent variables were identified.
TRUS guided biopsies were carried out by relatively small number (437) of specialist physicians
(urologists) (Nam et al., 2012). The researchers used Ontario Health Insurance Plan codes, Canadian

Breast Cancer Report
1.Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Human epidermal growth factor (HER2) is a specialised protein that has the ability to control the
growth and spread of certain cancers. Breast cancer is defined as HER2 positive (HER2+) when
there is an extremely high level of HER2 receptors present within the cancerous tumour of the breast
tissue (Macmillan, 2013).
1.2 Aims and objectives
This report aims to give an overview on breast cancer focusing on the HER2+ sub–type of the
disease; it includes an overview of aetiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation,
diagnosis and treatment. It will also include how the advances in stratified medicine have helped
tailor treatment for patients suffering from the HER2+ form of breast cancer.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breast cancer has been the most common cancer in the UK since 1997, in 2011 alone it was
accountable for 30% of all new cancer diagnosed in women (Cancer Research UK, 2014). Between
15–25% of newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer will test positive for the over expression of the
HER2 protein (Macmillan, 2014). The incidence of breast cancer in Northern Ireland is close to the
average for developed countries (NI Cancer Registry, 2011). However for the past 20 years Northern
Irelands incidence has been the lowest in the UK (Cancer Research UK, 2014).
3. Pathophysiology
Like all cancers, breast cancer develops because of defects in the DNA of a single cell. Cancers arise
when there is an accumulation of genetic mutations within genes that control cell growth and
division or the repair of damaged DNA. This causes damage allowing cells to grow and divide
uncontrollably forming a tumour. These mutations are called somatic mutations and are not inherited
(GHR, 2007) In addition to these genetic changes researchers have identified many other factors that
increase the risk of developing of breast cancer, these were previously mentioned.
4. Clinical Presentation
The symptoms of breast cancer can be categorised into early stage

Essay On Ultrasound
RESULTS
A total of 194 patients were symptomatic and had screen detected abnormalities. All of the breast
lesions who underwent ultrasound guided diagnostic procedures were sonographically visible and
were classified according to BI–RADS as 3, 4 or 5.
Among 194 patients who underwent needle core biopsy for diagnosis of breast lesions 79 were
reported to be BI–RADS –3, 20 were reported to be BI–RADS –4 and 32 were reported to be BI–
RADS –5 [Table 1]. Out of the 194 patients biopsied, 65 were for screen detected non–palpable
abnormalities and 129 were symptomatic patients.
Table 1: The number of patients in the symptomatic and screen detected cases in each category
Patient category BIRADS3 BIRADS4 BIRADS5
Symptomatic 79 20 32
Screen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the total of 197 patients with a benign diagnosis 115 patients were recommended surgical
excision based on the radiological and histopathological discordance. Ten patients with non–
diagnostic biopsies were also offered excision.
COMPLICATIONS
There was no core biopsy related infections or pneumothorax in our study
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The contingency table analysis (χ2 test) shows that there is a highly statistically significant
association between assessments made on the mammograms and ultrasound of the breast and the
core biopsy results.
Table 3: Histopathological correlation with BIRADS category
PATHOLOGY BI–RADS–3 BI–RADS–4 BI–RADS–5
Cancer 2 12 18
Not cancer 59 3 0
The positive predictive value for BI–RADS–5 is 100%. The negative predictive value for BI–RADS
3 is 97%.HPE–Histopathological examination; BIRADS–Breast imaging reporting and data system.
DISCUSSION
FNAC is preferred over core needle biopsy in developing countries is because of the supposed
reduced cost of the procedure and the relative ease with, which procedure is performed.[2,3,4,5,6,7]
Histological processing is not

Adhesive Patch Test
Melanoma diagnoses are solely dependent on visual assessment of pigmented lesions, which leaves
a margin of error when deciding lesions to biopsy; in turn, this leads to many invasive biopsies
yielding negative results (Ferris et al., 2017). This wastes valuable resources: money, dermatologists'
time, pathologists' fees (Gerami et al., 2017). The purpose of my research was to test the effects of a
non–invasive adhesive patch test in improving melanoma diagnoses. My research question was:
How does the use of DermTech non–invasive adhesive patch test impact overall melanoma
diagnosis in a dermatology clinic? My alternative hypothesis was that the DermTech noninvasive
adhesive patch test would improve diagnosis. My null hypothesis was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, measuring quantitative statistics of negative invasive biopsies was an appropriate
method. I also assumed that there are no other changing factors in the clinic that impact melanoma
diagnosis. This lowered the external validity of my research and made it harder to generalize it to
other clinics, in other parts of the world. Although, the DermTech adhesive patch test claims to work
for all abnormal/atypical skin lesions (Gerami et al., 2017), I only studied melanoma due to the
limited number of patients at my clinic.
For my research sub–question, I compared the results of patients that had lesions biopsied and had
the DermTech test performed on the same lesion. I assumed that the invasive biopsy always yielded
correct results because the noninvasive DermTech was compared against it. I also had to assume that
the any results coming from the DermTech lab that claim to be indecisive were negative since they
have no utility in the diagnosing procedure.
My external validity was low since I only had access to one pathology lab and one dermatology
clinic. Furthermore, the clinic only had one dermatologist whose diagnoses I measured. The
dermatologist did not account for all age groups, levels of experience etc.
My research had high internal validity since the same dermatologist and nurses remained constant
throughout the course of the data that I collected. There have also been no other changes in

Physiological Disorders
P1– Explain the nature of TWO named physiological disorders.
In this assignment I will be looking at the nature of two named physiological disorders. I will
explain its sign and symptoms and access possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the
disorders from their signs and symptoms. The two physiological disorders are coronary heart disease
and breast cancer.
Coronary heart disease: Coronary heart disease is the build–up of plaque such as cholesterol and
other fatty substances within the coronary arteries causing a reduced or no supply of oxygen to the
heart. The process of plaque lining the coronary arteries is called arteriosclerosis. Coronary heart
disease can be caused and triggered by many different factors. These ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If you are concerned about a history of breast cancer in your family you should see GP and they will
want to take a family history. Before seeing your GP it is a good idea to try to find out who in your
family has been diagnosed with breast cancer at what age they were diagnosed ad their exact blood
relationship to you. On the basis of the family history, it is usually possible for your GP to access
your risk as either near–normal, moderate or high. If your risk is moderate or high then if you wish
you may be referred to be a doctor who is specialist for further assessment and counselling.
There are many treatments of breast cancer, the seriousness and the type of cancer will result in what
type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is given to advanced stage of breast cancer. And it
is a nurse role to educate the women receiving chemotherapy about the names of drugs and they are
administered and their side effects.
P2– Explain the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders.
Coronary heart disease
The main symptom of coronary heart disease is angina. Angina is chest pain that occurs when the
blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. It usually happens because the arteries
supplying the heart become

Symptoms And Treatment Of A Thyroid Nodule Essay
Introduction
A thyroid nodule is a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is distinguishable from the
adjacent parenchyma. Sonographic examination of enlarged nodular thyroids, demonstrated that
66% had multiple nodules, whereas 34% had single nodules. Among these single nodules, 85%–
90% were proved to be benign. Adenomatous nodules represent most of benign thyroid nodules
(80%), whereas the remaining benign nodules consisted of adenoma, cyst, and focal thyroiditis (1).
The differentiation of single benign nodule and malignant one is considered an important goal. Early
diagnosis of thyroid cancer avoids unneeded surgery in those complaining of benign nodules and
decreases both mortality and morbidity rates of the disease (2). Although both fine needle aspiration
cytology (FNAC) and ultrasound are considered to be the most important tools in thyroid nodules
evaluation, uncertain diagnosis of the nodule even by experienced hands still remains a problem and
sometimes surgery has to be done for precise diagnosis. The percentage of indeterminate nodules
might be small, however a significant number of patients performed surgery for benign disease (3);
thus there is a need for a new noninvasive presurgical diagnostic test to avoid unnecessary surgery
(4). Routine T1– and T2–weighted MR imaging cannot differentiate benign from malignant nodules
or assess the functional status of thyroid nodules, thus its role in thyroid nodules evaluation is
limited (5).
Diffusion

Taking a Look Granulomatous Mastitis
OBJECTIVE.: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease that has clinical
and radiologic findings similar to those of breast cancer. In the diagnosis and treatment of (GM)
there are multiple controversy. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation
,Diagnosis ,Treatment and outcome of patients with (GM)Granulomatous mastitis . Materials and
Methods: A retrospective study included 206 women from January 2006 and April 2013who met the
required histological criteria of (GM). Clinical data of the presentation, diagnosis , ,histopathology,
management and outcome were analyzed by review of medical records. Results: Mean age of
women ws32years; (range, 22–40 years). The most common presenting symptoms were a breast
mass in 183(89%) patients,axillary adenopathy was noted in28(13.5%) ,others were Pain, erythema
and abscess in 24 ( 12%) of women. Right side in128( 62%) , left side 78(38%)and bilaterally in 4%
)pATIENTS. PREGNANCS in two (0 97%)women. . Thirty eight (18%) of patients undergone
incision and drainage with diagnosis of breast infection or abceses and taking antibiotics before
diagnosis of (GM). Ultrasound examination before and after drainage in this patients showed, A
large irregular hypoechoic mass in 118 (57%), A lobulated or irregular mass was seen in women68
(33%). adenopathy in 28(13.5%) woman and Skin thinking in 20(10%).Mammographic findings
shows irregular mass in120 (58%) patients , asymmetric density in 62 (30%)

Breast Cancer: Risk Factors and Treatment Essay examples
Breast Cancer
What would you do if you found out you had breast cancer? Who would you tell first? How would
you deal with it? The diagnosis of breast cancer is becoming more common today; we need to know
what the symptoms are, and how to help prevent it. Breast cancer is the leading reason of death in
women in the United States; it has increased greatly over the last 30 years. Many people wonder
why it has increased so much in the last few years, and there are many reasons that it has.
Breast cancer is a malignant, metastasizing tumor of the mammary gland. It is the leading cause of
death in women between the ages of 35 and 45 years old, but it is most common in women over the
age of 50. Almost 90% of all breast cancer begins in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Age plays a very big part in the risk factors of breast cancer (Risks and Prevention). Being female
also affects your risk of getting breast cancer. Being female is the most important risk factor for
getting breast cancer. Although men can develop breast cancer, it is about 100 times more common
among women (Risks and Prevention).
Inherited genetic mutations can also increase your risk for breast cancer, although it is not very
common today. It is most common among Jewish men and women. Researchers discovered that
only about 2% of men and women who were diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States have
a link to genetic mutations in their family. It is most common among Jewish men and women (Types
of Breast Cancer).
Childbearing is another factor that affects your risk of developing breast cancer. The link between
having children and developing breast cancer is very complex. Both the number of children you
gave birth to, and the age you were when you had your first child have a big affect on your risk. If
you haven't had any children yet, your risk will be lower than a woman who has had five children,
and is expecting again (Risks and Prevention).
Many studies have been done that support the link between drinking alcohol and breast cancer risk.
Alcohol is very bad for your body; it causes blood

A Career : I Want To Become A Career
Throughout my life, I never really knew what I wanted to do as a career. For a while, nothing special
stood out enough to make me change my mind. When it comes to choosing a career, it can be
extremely challenging. There are so many different options to consider such as education
requirements, pay, and the benefits. Education plays a major role, but I do not want to be spending
my whole life paying off student loans after I graduate from college. My goal is to be able to have as
little debt as possible when I am finished with school. Finding a career that pays well is important to
me. I want to be successful by living a financially stable life. Also, a job that provides benefits such
as insurance coverage and retirement plans. Overall, I want to ensure that the job I decide to have is
something that I love and can be very passionate about doing. Due to my past experiences with my
health and others around me, I have found a genuine interest in becoming an ultrasound technician
also known as a medical sonographer.
An ultrasound is an imaging procedure that produces ultra–high frequency sound waves
(ultrasound). These sound waves bounce off internal bodily structures (Rugg n.pag.). Ultrasounds
are a painless procedure that is performed by a doctor or technician that is specialized with training
(Tavolacci 2316). First, the patient has to undress to expose the area that is being examined
(Tavolacci 2316). Then, the doctor will apply a thin layer of gel to the area that is

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Essay
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, also known as psuedohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, is a typical
sex–linked disorder in which the muscles degenerate throughout a person's life. It literally means
"faulty nutrition of the muscles." Muscular Dystrophy has no cures, and this particular type of
muscular dystrophy affects only males. One in 3,500 baby boys are born with this disorder and
survival is rare beyond the early 30s, death is usually caused by a respiratory disease. (ygyh.org)
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is named after the French neurologist, Guillaume B. A. Duchenne,
who lived from 1806 to 1875. In 1861 he became the first person to describe the disorder. In 1951
Elizabeth Shull Russell, an American geneticist, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(www.ncdi.nlm.nih.gov) Usually, children with muscular dystrophy develop normally during the
first few years of their life. In time some common symptoms appear, including: stumbling,
waddling, difficulty climbing stairs, and toe walking (walking on the toes, not letting the heels hit
the floor). It is also very common for a child with MD to develop large calf muscles. This is a
condition called calf pseudo hypertrophy, in which the muscle tissue is destroyed and replaced by
fat. (www.kidshealth.org) Duchenne?s muscular dystrophy usually affects the patient by age five,
and they?re usually in a wheelchair by the age of twelve. Over time the muscles weaken in the
shoulders, back, arms, and legs. Eventually the respiratory muscles are affected, and a ventilator is
required to assist with breathing. Kids with this form of MD usually have a life span of around
twenty years. Most kids with Duchenne?s muscular dystrophy are of average intelligence, although
one–third of MD cases also experience learning disabilities, and a few cases have mental
retardation. (www.kidshealth.org) Physical therapy can be used to help a child maintain muscle tone,
thereby extending their lifespan. For those that do have Duchenne?s muscular dystrophy activity is
highly encouraged. Inactivity can worsen the muscle disease. Leg braces can also allow a child with
MD to walk independently for a longer period of time.

What Is Muscular Dystrophy?
Muscular Dystrophy When people hear about diseases most of them don't understand what exactly
causes the disease in the first place, or even how widespread it could be. So they go about their days
ignoring the disease all together. Such as the case for Muscular Dystrophy (MD). According to the
Center for Disease Control (CDC) Muscular Dystrophy in its more predominant forms affects 1 in
every 5,000 males. The two most common forms of Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker
(DBMD), affects 1 in every 7,250 males aged 5 – 24 years (CDC, 2017). Muscular Dystrophy has
been shown to affect males more so than females. It has also been shown that DBMD among Non–
Hispanic blacks were lower than Hispanics and Non–Hispanic whites. (CDC). In 2009 ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only thing available to patients are treatments to try and slow down the process of muscle
degradation. There are only two current types of treatments available for patients, drugs and
physical therapy. The two most common types of drugs given are corticosteroids and heart
medications. Corticosteroids can help increase muscle strength and slow progression, although their
long–term use can weaken bones and increase weight gain. Now if the muscular dystrophy impacts
the heart, beta blockers and angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be useful. Now
there are four different types of physical therapy that may help out, the first one is just general
exercise because it helps keep the limbs limber and in motion for longer than if you weren't to
exercise. Now if your muscles weaken to the point where it becomes hard to breath, then a breathing
assistant will be given to help ease the flow of air that you produce. When MD has reached its
advanced stages, then braces and mobility aids are given to keep you moving and to stretch your
muscles and tendons as to slow down the process of weakening muscles. (MNT) The two most
effective ways of treating MD were the corticosteroids and also general exercise. Since the
corticosteroids in the long run cause you to gain weight, the general exercise helps keep that in
check along with keeping you active. Unfortunately with these treatments it does not stop MD from

The Role Of Nutrition Therapy And Crohn 's Disease
Nutrition Therapy and Crohn's Disease The Role of Nutrition Therapy in Crohn's Disease According
to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Crohn's disease (CD) may affect as many as
780,000 Americans1. The exact time of the onset of the disease is unknown, but it often starts
between the age of 15 and 35 for both men and woman. Currently, the diagnosis, etiology, treatment,
and cure of CD remain undefined. However, recent research suggests that hereditary, genetics,
and/or environmental factors play a role in the development of CD. Also, recent research also
suggests that poor diets and high–stress levels aggravate the symptoms, but there is not significant
evidence to support the claim. Hence, the objective of this literature search is to highlight the role of
nutrition therapy as part of the process in prevention, treatment, and recovery of the patient in
regards to CD, because the incidences of CD in the U.S. are on the rise. Therefore, the value of
nutritional support in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition of the patient with CD is
essential, even though the essential role of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for CD is still debated.
Is important to mention that based on the evidence of controlled trials, MNT, and specifically enteral
nutrition, remains one of the most accepted treatments for CD, demonstrating that enteral nutrition
induces the same remission rates as well know pharmaceutical therapies. The goal of MNT in
regards to CD is to maintain

Understanding The Limitations Of A Person With Mcardle 's...
In 2005, my husband was forced to retire from a job at Georgia Pacific. This was a job that he had
been working at for thirty–three years. The muscles in his arms were tearing for no reason that we
knew of and he was having some other health problems. It was very upsetting to both of us not
knowing the outcome about his health and now no income as well. We had seen many doctors on
many different occasions. We kept hitting a dead end. Finally, we were able to see a new doctor, a
neurologist, and after examining my husband, he immediately said to my husband, "you have
McArdle 's disease." It was a term that I was not familiar with at all. My heart dropped and I was not
sure what we were up against. Understanding the limitations of a person with McArdle 's disease is
the best way to live with it.
What is McArdle 's disease? It is a rare skeletal muscle disorder (Choleva, A.J. 2011). 1 in 100,000
persons is affected by the disease. The disease gets its name from Dr. Brian McArdle. McArdle 's
disease is caused by a missing enzyme, myophosphorylase C. This breaks down glycogen (which is
the body form of stored energy) into glucose (sugar).
People who have McArdle 's disease often appear lazy. Just to look at them, they seem to be very
healthy. In order for someone to have the disease both parents would have to have the defective
gene. This is called autosomal recessive inheritance pattern ("McArdle 's Disease Overview &
Facts" June 2014). You are born with the disease but some

Hodgkin Lymphoma Research Paper
The topic I decided to do my paper on is Hodgkin's Lymphoma in this paper I will talk about what
Hodgkin's Lymphoma is different kinds of Hodgkin's Lymphoma, treatment, statistics, and the
survival rate. I will also talk about the staging system, risk factors, how it can be found early, if it
can be prevented, what causes the disease, symptoms and signs of the disease, and how it is
diagnosed and treated.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell,
which is a part of the immune system. The cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of
control. Cells in almost any part of the body can become cancerous. There are two kinds of
Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hodgkin's Lymphoma is diagnosed by symptoms and tests. If symptoms suggest possible Hodgkin's
Lymphoma the doctor will want to know medical history and family's medical history. Then the
doctor will want to run some tests and examine lymph nodes to see if they are swollen. If the lymph
nodes are swollen the doctor will rule out an infection and may place the patient on an antibiotic. If
the lymph node swelling does not go down and the swelling continues or worsens the doctor will
take a small sample of the lymph tissues to test it for

Dmd Research Paper
How is DMD diagnosed?
Symptoms
There are often difficulties with diagnosis in DMD because the symptoms may vary and where there
is no family history DMD may not at first be suspected. It is quite common to see a delayed walking
age with first steps being taken at around eighteen months. Once a boy with DMD is walking he
may fall readily. He often has difficulty climbing (stairs for example), difficulty running and
jumping, and he may develop a 'waddling' gait. Classic symptoms include enlargement
(hypertrophy) of the calf muscles, which occurs in about 90% of cases. He may develop a tendency
to walk on his toes and this is often accompanied by a protruding abdomen and sway–backed stance,
called 'lordosis'. He may experience difficulty getting up from the floor without help, he may use his
hands to climb up his legs for support – this is referred to as 'Gowers sign'. These symptoms
generally begin to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it will allow other family members to be tested to determine the risk of passing the condition
on to future children. Secondly, much of the current research into treatments is focusing on therapies
that are specific for a particular mutation so a genetic diagnosis will determine whether a boy can
participate in a clinical trial or eventually be prescribed a particular medication should it prove to be
an effective therapy.
Muscle biopsy
On very rare occasions when DNA studies do not present a clear picture a muscle biopsy may be
required. A small piece of muscle tissue is taken with a needle, usually from the thigh. Using special
staining techniques in the laboratory the muscle tissue is examined microscopically for dystrophin
protein. In DMD, dystrophin is completely absent while in the related disorder Becker muscular
dystrophy some dystrophin is present. Therefore, the muscle biopsy test is important in providing a
definite diagnosis when DNA tests are inconclusive.
How is DMD

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Cancer
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
Cancer that develops in the cells of the breast 12
Diagnosis requires a tissue biopsy for microscopic examination to determine pathology
CLASSIFICATION
The TNM classification is used for clinical staging of breast tumors. The American Joint Committee
on Cancer (AJCQ 7th edition stages breast cancer as follows: 12 o TX: primary tumor cannot be
assessed o TO: no evidence of primary tumor o Tis: cancer in situ
– Tis (DCIS): ductal carcinoma in situ
– Tis (LCIS): lobular carcinoma in situ
– Tis (Paget): Paget disease of the nipple not associated with DCIS/LCIS o T1: 20 mm but " '50 mm
in greatest dimension o T3: >50 mm in greatest dimension o T4: regional invasion o NX: regional
nodes cannot be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stages o Stage 0: TisNOMO o Stage lA: T1NOMO o Stage IB: (TO–T1)N1miMO o Stage IlA:
(TO–T1)N1 MO, T2NOMO o Stage liB: T2N1MO, T3NOMO o Stage lilA: (TO–T2)N2MO,
T3(N1–N2)MO o Stage 1118: T4(NO–N2)MO o Stage IIIC: any T, N3, MO o Stage IV: any T, any
N, M1
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
History o Breast mass may not be detectable and found incidentally on screening mammography 21
o Mass in breast detected by patient or by screening mammography 21 o Personal and/or significant
family history (First– or second–degree relatives) of breast and/or ovarian cancer, or atypia noted on
prior biopsies 21 o There may be bone pain due to metastasis in advanced disease o Shortness of
breath may be present if spread to the lungs
Physical examination o Palpable breast lumps are detectable in 90% of cancers and are the most
common sign 8 o Eczematous ulcer of the nipple
– Paget 's disease may mimic these findings
o Skin edema/erythema o Breast lymphedema (peau d 'orange) o Skin nodules o In advanced
disease, there may be signs of pleural effusion, and/or hepatomegaly, and/or bone metastases as
regional and generalized spread of the cancer ensues 2 o Bloody nipple discharge:unilateral,
spontaneous

– Nipple discharge generally relates to a benign condition and its most common cause is an
intraductal papilloma, a benign condition treated by excision alone 8 o Skin and/or nipple retraction
o Eczematous ulcer of the nipple
– Paget 's disease may mimic these findings
CAUSES AND

Liver Biopsy Essay
Liver biopsy is a technique used to determine the degree of liver diseases.1 It is done when liver
blood tests are abnormal and can be performed by using a small needle to remove a minute part of
the liver tissue.1This is then viewed with the aid of a microscope to find out the cause of the disease
and the length of scarring of the liver. It can be helpful in examining the effectiveness of several
treatments.1
TYPES OF LIVER BIOPSY
There are different ways liver biopsy can be performed. These include the fine–needle liver
aspiration, transvenous biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy and percutaneous biopsy.3 Each of the different
methods has advantages and disadvantages.3
Percutaneous Biopsy
This is the usual method, in which a liver tissue is taken by introducing a needle into the liver for a
little period of time.1 The area to be injected is anesthetized and a syringe is inserted swiftly into
and out of the liver.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This helps to locate the position of tumour and target the needle's insertion into the liver under direct
supervision.2 This method is allied with small risk of seeding of the needle tract with cancerous
cells and it is commonly a harmless method, even in patients with haemangioma cyst.1
Laparoscopic Biopsy
This is carried out at the point a patient is about to get an abdominal surgery. This allows the
surgeon to examine the liver and take tissue sample as needed.3
Transvenous Biopsy
An interventional radiologist may carry out Transvenous biopsy. 1This normally occurs when the
patient has a major problem with clotting of the blood. 1To do this; a minute tube is introduced into
the neck and radiologically led into the hepatic vein, which makes the liver dry.1A tiny biopsy
syringe is then introduced via the tube and straight into the liver to get a sample of tissue.

Essay on Advanced Technology of the Treatment of Breast...
Advanced Technology of the Treatment of Breast Cancer
This year 203,000 women will be diagnosed with Breast Cancer, and 40,000 of them are expected to
die. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of cancer–related death among women the ages of
35–54. There are numerous ways breast cancer can be treated if found early. The key to treating
breast cancer is early detection, beast self–exams, and early mammograms. One out of every eight
women will get diagnosed with Breast Cancer this year; therefore, new advanced technology of the
treatment of Breast Cancer is the key to life after the disease.
There is a lot of information that has to be known about breast cancer in order to do something
about the disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another way for early detection is Clinical Examination. Women should have their breast checked
by a health professional once each year. Some lumps found, aren't always cancer. However, any
lumps found need to be checked by a professional as soon as it is found.
Checking yourself monthly is a trait that every women should have. Starting at age 2– all women
should check their breast each month. Looking for lumps or thickening in the breast, or any change
in the texture of skin, and nay changes in breast sizes "The technology of the treatment of breast
cancer had come a long way in the past ten years. Ever since the mammograms which are special
breast X–ray that can detect 90 percent of cancers, even before the lump can be felt. Mammograms
are very important be aren't perfect, they still have ten percent chance of missing some sort of
detection. The breast is exposed to a small dose of radiation to produce an image of internal breast
tissue. The image of the breast is produced as a result of some of the x–rays being absorbed
(attenuation) while others pass through the breast to expose the film. The exposed film is either
placed in a developing machine, producing images much like the negatives from a 35–mm camera,
or images are digitally stored on a computer" (RSNA).

Renal Biopsy Research Paper
Renal biopsy an invasive procedure in which a sample of renal tissue is obtained(1) . Microscopic
examination of the biopsied tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor and/or treat
renal disorder. The introduction of renal biopsy in clinical practice has represented one of the most
important advances in the field of clinical nephrology. Renal biopsy has contributed greatly to l
classification of intrinsic renal diseases and, therefore, to a better knowledge of the pathogenesis
involved. In spite of the flood of new and less invasive tests, renal biopsy is still an irreplaceable
tool in assessing diagnosis and prognosis and guiding, the treatment of many renal diseases. It is
being more frequently used, especially with the advancement ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Urinary tract infection:– Active untreated infection of the upper urinary tract is considered a
contraindication to renal biopsy, in view of the potential communication between the collecting
system and a possible perirenal hematoma, with consequent catastrophic infection of the hematoma.
5. High blood pressure:– The risk of complications after biopsy is directly related to the degree of
elevation of blood pressure. Although normalization of blood pressure with antihypertensive agents
may reduce the risk of complications, nevertheless, the transaction of sclerotic vessels is more likely
to produce severe hemorrhage. Uncontrolled hypertension should be considered as a high–risk
factor for complications.
6. Coagulation disorders:– Hemorrhagic diathesis is a formal contraindication to renal biopsy. Many
patients with renal dysfunction present a prolongation of the skin bleeding time associated with
normal results on coagulation tests. The risk of hemorrhagic complications after biopsy is high in
patients with very prolonged bleeding time. However, in many cases preoperative infusion of
desmopressin (0.3 Aµmol/kg over 30 min) can achieve normal values of the bleeding time for some
hours and allow renal

Hereditary Hemochromatosis : An Essential Mineral
Hereditary Hemochromatosis Iron is an essential mineral in the human body. It is involved in the
transport of oxygen in the blood together with the haem group. However an overload of this crucial
mineral causes a chaos in the human body. This overload of iron known as a haemochromatosis is
defined by Dr. Griffiths (Griffiths, 2011) as "...an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by
toxic accumulation of iron". The hereditary type was first described in 1865. But it is until 1966 that
scientist were able to spot the exact gene mutation of haemochromatosis: HFE gene. The main cause
of iron–overload disease is the mutation in the gene that is located in the sixth chromosome, exactly
in the short arm. The mutation is called C282Y. Moreover, ferritin is a protein and"...most of the iron
stored in the body is bound to ferritin. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and
bone marrow. Only a small amount of ferritin is found in the blood" (WebMD, 2014). The amount
of ferritin in the blood shows how much iron is stored in the body. Therefor accumulation of iron
that is associated with ferritin protein provoke what is called Iron overload or haemochromatosis.
On the molecular stage, disruption of the HFE gene as a result of mutations associated with
hereditary haemochromatosis may impair homeostatic mechanisms controlling iron absorption
within the small–intestine epithelium by a direct interaction with transferrin receptor (Griffiths,
Kelly Smith & Cox.

Breast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cancer
In the United States, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Although it can
occur in both men and women, it is very rare in men. An individual's breast has many components.
It contains glands, ducts and breast tissue that contains fat, connective tissue, lymph nodes and
blood vessels. The most common type of breast cancer in the U.S. is ducts carcinoma. This type of
cancer begins within the cells of the ducts, but it can also begin in the cells of the lobules and other
tissues of the breast. There are five stages of breast cancer. The stages are dependent on the tumor
size, lymph node status and metastases. The progression of the cancer tends to be consistent and
predictable. When cancer is left untreated, it will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, individuals at this stage are about 52 years old. Stage two breast cancer has many
subcategories. The tumor is typical 2 cm in diameter or less, but the cancer cells have already
metaswized to the lymph nodes. A breast tumor that is larger than 5 cm, and had not spread to the
lymph nodes is also considered stage 2 breast cancer. Stage three breast cancer is often referred to as
a "locally advanced" breast cancer. At this stage, the primary tumor is greater than 5 cm in diameter,
and has no apparent metastasis, or the tumor is is between 2–5 cm, with evidence of rather
significant metastasis. Another way that stage three breast cancer can be looked at is that an
individual with either have a large but operable breast cancer, or a medium sized tumor that is
difficult to treat with surgery alone. Many times, the cancer will invade a muscles, or attach to major
arteries, nerve trunks or veins in an individual's body, which therefore makes them impossible to
surgically remove completely from the body. Stage four or "advanced stage" breast cancers "indicate
the presence of distant metastasis to other parts of the body, such as the liver or bones" (Halls 2015).
The prognosis for stage four breast cancers is very low, often being 16–20%. These breast cancers
may be recurrences following an individual's initial treatment. "Bone scans, chest Xrays, CAT scans,
MRIs, and blood tests may be used to check for metastasis" (Halls 2015). Often times

Biopsy
Ateneo de Zamboanga University
College of Nursing
Nursing Skills Output (NSO)
Biopsy
Report no.___
I. Description: A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional
radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination.
It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a
disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be
analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an
excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological
architecture of the tissue's cells, the procedure is called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the area being biopsied is on the skin, ascalpelwill beused to scrape off a sample.The biopsy may
be taken with the assistance of medical imaging such asultrasound. The medical imaging is used to
correctly identify the area of interestso that the sample is taken from the right place.In a wire–guided
biopsy, the imaging is used while fine wires are placed to mark the area which needs to be biopsied,
and a surgeon uses the wires as a guide for asurgical biopsy.
Assess client's response. IV. Diagram/ Illustration
September 12–14,2011Date Que, Honey Sharlotte Clinical Instructor's InitialsIllustration/diagram
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES Before Procedure:
Before the procedure, you need to discuss a range of issues with your doctor or surgeonincluding:
Medical history, including any prescription drugs, over–the–counter drugs, herbs, vitaminor mineral
supplements you may be taking. Some preparations can interact with surgicalmedications and need
to be avoided.
Other tests, such as blood tests or ultrasound scans, may need to be done prior to the biopsy
(depending on the nature of the condition under investigation).
Clean the area where the biopsy is supposed to be done. If hair is present, shave it off.
Inform the patient that he/she will experience discomfort during the procedure.
Instruct the patient to stay completely still during the procedure, if conscious. During Procedure:

Neoplasm Essay
The neoplasm is assumed to have a nonaggressive nature; however, data regarding the course in
HIV immunocompromised persons is scant. A case of orolabial bowenoid papulosis caused by
HPV–32is noted.[63]
Histopathology: reveals features of an intraepithelial carcinoma. Secondary amyloid deposition has
been reported histologically in one case of BP.[64]
Differential diagnosis Lichen planus, common warts, seborrhoeic warts, naevi and condylomata lata.
A biopsy is indicated in instances where the clinical diagnosis is uncertain.
Treatment and follow up Treatment depends on many factors. Circumcision removes a major risk
factor for cancer and provides extensive tissue for histology. Topical 5–fluorouracil as a 5% cream is
a well established conventional option for the treatment of BP,[65–67] but there have not been any
clinical trials. Other treatments include cryosurgery, curettage and electrocautery, excisional surgery,
glans resurfacing, Mohs micrographic surgery, laser and photodynamic therapy.[ 65–69]
Radiotherapy should be avoided. Topical imiquimod may help some patients.[70–72] Patients
presenting with these conditions should be counselled and screened for HPV and other sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. They should stop smoking. Sexual ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only 25% are extraocular and the majority of these appear on the head and neck. One–half of
periocular tumors arise from Meibomian glands. The neoplasm appears as a firm, skin–colored, or
yellowish papule that slowly grows into a nodule. Metastasis occurs in 14 to 25% of patients.
Several cases reported in HIV–infected patients achieved unusually large sizes and were not present
on the

A Short Note On Cell Lymphomas And Its Clinical Findings...
Abstract
B–cell lymphomas can be identified by many clinical findings with signs, symptoms, and changes in
the tissue. Splenic B–cell lymphoma is an invasion of the b–cells overtaking the normal white tissue
of the spleen. Through research, the ability to identify these clinical symptoms has been boosted.
Splenic lymphoma with splenomegaly is the classic identifier for B–cell lymphomas; they may lead
to hyperslenism or complete removal of the spleen. There are various classifications of B–cell
lymphomas which may be directly or indirectly related to the spleen. There are both large and small
B–cell lymphomas. Small B–cell lymphomas are primarily associated with nodal or extranodal
specifically, and are also associated with the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the stomach.
Large B–cell lymphomas are associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Both large and small B–
cell lymphomas are characterized as splenic lymphomas. Although the spleen is frequently involved
in distributing B–cell Non–Hodgkin's lymphoma, splenic presentation as the primary or only site of
disease is uncommon. Each has normal associations, risk factors, symptoms and prognoses.
Sonographically, we are able to visualize and identify such lymphomas.
Splenic B–Cell Lymphomas
Splenic B–cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases involving several entities that
demonstrate overlapping features. Diagnosis of these lymphomas has been reliant on the
histopathologic examination

Percutaneous Medical Image And Ultrasound Image
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
It has been proved that ultrasound imaging is the main and primary device that is used as guidance
for percutaneous medical procedures (Gray 2006). However, poor needle tip localization needs to be
solved. Also, localize the needle tip in deep locations (`Cheung & Rohling 2004) and slope insertion
angles (Edgombe & Hocking 2010). Enhancing the needle visibility will lead to decrease
procedures' failure.
Mohammad mentioned that in his studies in 2013, an ultrasound actuated needle with a transducer
can be visualized under ultrasound colour Doppler–mode, which also, can reduce the force during
needle penetration process. However, the validity of the actuating needle in this study needs to be
proved.
The aim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A needle insertion techniques with ultrasound are described in detail in Section
2.3. A biopsy and nervous system are mentioned in section 2.4. And 2.5. 2.6 And 2.7 sections are
talking about the ultrasound and Doppler imaging with needle localization. A Needle phantom and
its types are illustrated in section 2.9. Finally, an ultrasound actuated needle device piezoelectric,
and its components are presented in Section 2.10.
2.1 Background
There are many clinical practices which involve skin percutaneous diagnosis and therapies. A thin
tool such needle, catheter, tissue ablation probe etc, is inserted into a tissue to reach a target
(Abolhassani et al., 2006). Take a biopsy from (breast, kidney, and liver), nerve block, drug delivery
and blood sampling, are some applications of percutaneous needle procedures (Bishoff et al. 1998).
The accuracy of needle insertion determines the efficiency of a percutaneous diagnosis or therapy
(Youk et al., 2007). According to Abolhassani et al., (2006), the type of application or procedure
determines the required accuracy of the procedures. For example, biopsy, anaesthesia, and
brachytherapy, are required accuracy of millimetres while in other producers such as eye, brain, ear,
and foetus are required much higher accuracy in nanometres. According to Kohn et al., (2000), the
target could be in the millimetre neighbourhood of another organ, nerve or vessel. Hence, needle
insertion producers

Breast Cancer: A Mammogram Analysis
A mammogram is a picture created during an X–ray exam for patients' breasts to check for breast
cancer. How it works is that the patient would put their breasts on a flat surface. Then, a parallel
compressing plate would press down onto the breast which would create images and transmit
electronic signals to make a digital image. The compression helps by stabilizing the patient and also
it flattens the patient's breast which would make it easier for the X–rays to travel through faster
meaning less radiation goes through the body and higher quality images. On a mammogram, lower
density areas appear to be translucent whereas higher density areas appear to be white which can be
seen since the mammogram has a black background.
There are two types of mammogram. The first type is the screening mammogram which is an X–ray
of the breast. It is used in order to see breast changes. It is usually for women who exhibits no
sign/symptoms of breast cancer. The other type is the diagnostic mammogram which is also an X–
ray of the breast, but it is used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salomon would take each breast and compare them next to each other to look for lumps which
indicated that they would have breast cancer. Then in 1949, the compression technique started being
in use which ended up to be a technique that doctors still use today. After that, another technique
was born and it is to use an intensifying screen with an industrial film which would create much
clearer images. According to studies, death rates caused by breast cancer was lowered by a third at
this time. In 1969, the mammogram we use today was invented, so now X–ray could help with
breast imaging. Several years later, in order to find images in better quality, fast processing, and a
much shorter exposure towards radiation. Nowadays, we have mammograms with less radiation and
high–quality 3D

Alopecia Research Paper
Luckily, most cases of Alopecia do not require a biopsy, but Diffuse Alopecia may be an exception.
There are no specific blood tests done with Alopecia, but some doctors may do blood tests to double
check for Thyroid disease and will continue the tests if there is a need to. When a biopsy is done, a
needle is injected into part of the scalp to take a piece of skin out. Tests are done on this tissue to
reveal inflammatory cells, which usually looks like a swarm of bees around the hair follicle. There
currently are no cures for Alopecia, but many treatments. The effectiveness of treatments varies
from case to case and some cases that are counted as effective may not be enough to stop wearing a
wig or a hat. True effectiveness is very difficult to determine unless a placebo treatment is used.
Placebo by definition is "a pill or substance that is given to a patient like a drug but that has no
physical effect on the patient" (Merriam–Webster). Current treatments only affect the hair loss that
is present and cannot prevent future hair loss. Treatments are also continuing for a long period of
time due to the enduring type of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dose usually differs depending on the patient and the area that is being affected. A steroid called
Triamcinolone acetonide is most frequently used. Regrow of hair is normally seen after two to three
months of treatment and injections are done roughly once a month. "Reportedly 60 to 67 percent of
patients experience regrowth (but remember that all quoted response rates should be taken with a
grain of salt)" (Mackay–Wiggan 32). Injections are continued for approximately six months as long
as some hair growth is seen. Anyone who doesn't experience hair regrowth may be immune to the
steroid treatments. Unfortunately, side affects of steroid injections may include the skin to thin or
lighten where the injection is and also great amounts of

Explanations For Breast Cancer
Diagnosis is the process of finding the cause of a health problem. This problem is detected through
physical examination. Most of the tests to find out if you have breast cancer also show the stage of
where your cancer is at. The following are a few tests done for diagnosis. Medical History test is a
record of present symptoms, risk factors and medical events/problems a person has had in the past.
This includes a personal history of breast disease or breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy,
previous radiation therapy to the chest, and a family history of breast cancer, other cancers and
symptoms that may relate to breast cancer. A Physical examination a doctor will do the Clinical
breast examination test (CBE) to check the breast and lymph ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All specialists specialize in different things such as surgery, radiation therapy and others in
chemotherapy. Treatment plans are designed to meet needs of people with cancer. Decisions for
breast cancer are based on, the stage of the breast cancer. Treatment options for breast cancer are
surgery, in most cases a woman would be able to choose which type of breast cancer she would like
to do. Although these are the options, breast–conserving surgery, followed by radiation therapy or
modified radical mastectomy. Other surgical procedures that may be done include axillary lymph
node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy offered in certain situations. Radiation therapy
external beam radiation therapy is always given after breast–conserving surgery. It is sometimes
given after a mastectomy. Systemic radiation therapy may be asked to be done for women with
breast cancer that has spread to large areas of the bone, this is called bone metastases.
Chemotherapy is an option for breast cancer that is early stage. The chemotherapy drugs used
depend on the stage of breast cancer. Chemotherapy includes many drugs. Breast cancer is mostly
treated with an anthracycline, a taxane or both types of drugs. Hormonal therapy is offered for
hormone receptor positive breast cancer that is either early stage with a low risk of recurrence,
locally advanced, advanced or recurrent, and the type of hormonal therapy offered will depend on
whether or not the woman has reached menopause. The type of biological therapy offered will
depend on the HER2 status of the breast

In a joint study with Deakin University, Australia, and...
In a joint study with Deakin University, Australia, and University of Waterloo, Ontario Canada,
students analyzed increases in lipid metabolism gene expression in human skeletal muscle tissue
after exercise training. Looking at previous studies, endurance exercise elicits increased metabolism
of fatty acids (FA) and carbohydrates, in relation with the metabolism of FA it has been shown that
up–regulated genes exhibit their corresponding proteins to transport, initiate, bind, and increase
enzyme activity in response to exercise. Therefore the hypothesis is that certain genes will show
expression and the expression of the corresponding proteins will be more abundant after acute
exercise and after an individual has gone through a short term ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once samples were obtained they were placed in liquid nitrogen, once ready for testing of the
sample the researchers used Real Time PCR and corresponding lab chemicals and procedures to get
results of gene expression. In addition to the muscle biopsy they tested VO2 peak, blood glucose
and lactose levels, and heart rate exchange. These results were used to analyze fat oxidation. After
the nine day exercise bout the initial FA oxidation had increased in the skeletal muscle by 24%. This
increase equates to be 4.5 g of oxidized fat. The analysis of the results shows gene expression when
measured after acute exercise showed no significant change in FA uptake and breakdown in the
(FABP), and (FAT CD36) genes. It also had no significant change in the corresponding transcription
factors. These results are from the biopsies obtained directly after exercise and 3 hours after exercise
on the first day of exercise. The results differed when analysis of the biopsies were obtained on the
ninth day after the exercise routine had ended. This also was tested one and three hours after
exercise had stopped. The results showed that there was in increase in FAT CD36 and CPT I genes.
This shows that there is a direct relationship with exercise training and the genes responsible for FA
being taken across plasma membrane (FAT CD36) and also for transport gene transporting across
the mitochondrial membrane (CPT l). These results show that that the researchers treatment for the
study

Digital Breast Biopsy Research Paper
NASA's Digital Breast Biopsy System
By definition, the NASA's Digital Breast biopsy system is the procedure of locating and scrutinizes
abnormities through the technology of mammography. Formed by the foundations of NASA's
Hubble Space Telescope, the development of the Digital Breast Biopsy system, has extended to
possibilities of science, by advancing in 'life–changing' clinical performances, to support patients
with earlier detections of breast cancer.
By the Digital Breast Biopsy system improving through Space Exploration from NASA, more
women each year are dramatically benefited from the reduction in diagnostic time, identifies lesions
more clearly, reduces the number of unnecessary surgical invasive biopsy procedures, pain, scarring,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Political – National legislation/Federal agencies regulate/oversee policies to ensure dangerous
cancer detection devices are not endorsed into the public/private health system; endorsed legislation
and government bodies ensure appropriate training standards of medical technology is adhered to
and upheld, with strict quality assurance checks to ensure that objectives and procedures are in
place.
–Environmental – Ionizing radiation in the form of x rays is artificially produced in a world in
which radiation is naturally presented in the form of ultraviolet light, for example. This in turn
increases the amount of radiation in the environment. The discovery of ionizing radiation has led to
dramatic advances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, it can be harmful to human
beings, and people must be protected from unnecessary or excessive exposures. As there still
remains an element of radiation exposure with the Digital Imaging Breast Biopsy System, which can
be viewed as a negative, such radiation exposure is reduced against the conventional x ray procedure
of detecting breast

Weekly Research Assignment
Weekly Research– Week 2– A & P III –Tamara Goins– Antonelli College– Ericca Peacock–
Instructor This topic of someone or myself having a brain tumor, the tumor can be removed but I or
someone I loved would lose all of the memories. Would I give the go ahead to remove it? No. I
would not remove it on myself. It would be like living with Alzheimer's disease. I would not
remember anyone's name or faces. They would be like strangers to me. My memories are very much
indeed precious to me. I would not be able to live with myself. It would be so confusing and
distressing. As for someone I loved having the brain tumor removed. The decision would be totally
up to them. I would let them know that I would always support them in their own decision

The Effect Of Insufficient Production Of Dystrophin
The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the sarcomere. Sarcomeres are mostly comprised of actin and
myosin which pull and slide upon each other. These contractile units are linked end to end, like a
chain, throughout the length of any given muscle. Certain proteins link the ends of these chains to
the cell membrane. When a normally healthy individual exercises, some of these fibers, both in the
sarcomere and at the connections to the cell wall, will be broken down due to damage (Leyva,
2013). Associated with this process includes the rebuilding of these fibers, in which the body builds
back what was damaged stronger than before the damage occurred (Leyva, 2013). One of these end
proteins is dystrophin. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of insufficient
production of dystrophin, as in DMD.
Pathology
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X–linked genetic disorder in which muscle cells do not
reproduce dystrophin. This means that during the rebuilding of new muscle, the muscles of those
individuals who have MD do not appropriately repair and rebuild the fibers containing dystrophin.
In essence, it is similar to a minor tendon tear on a microscopic level happening on the inside of the
muscle. Due to this dysfunctional rebuilding of these connective components, there is an even
greater discrepancy between the amount of force the sarcomeres can produce and the amount of
force the fibers which connect to the cell membrane can withstand. This causes more

Growing Up For My Life
Growing up for me wasn't always easy, I mean I've never been one to complain but I can also face
the reality of knowing I've had many struggles throughout my life. From the beginning, when I was
two years old my dad walked out on my mother, my sister, and me. When I was younger I never
knew the reason why and I thought it was normal to not have a dad since I never really had one. In
reality, my mom had to go through struggle to support my sister and I but, we never really knew
everything she did until we were old enough to realize it. When Christmas came around every year
we just figured Santa left us all these great gifts when in reality my mom had to work hard to pay all
the bills and keep us happy.
"I could see you coming home after work late, you're in the kitchen trying to fix us a hot plate". –
Tupac "Dear Mama" I was always a top priority to my mom and my happiness was what made her
happy. No matter how hard of a day she had or any other problems she would always put them to
the side to make sure we were taken care of. As I started getting a little older I used to ask myself
how my mom did it. I would think how does she wait with me in the morning for the school bus, go
to work, pick me up from daycare, help me with my homework, have dinner cooked every night,
take me to any doctor's appointment I had, take my sister to cheerleading practice and manage to get
me ready for football practice at the same time, take us home to get ready for bed just to do it all
over

My Sister Is A Two Time Breast Cancer Survivor Essay
My sister Kate was laying on a stretcher in the hallway of her local hospital with a badly broken
ankle. Her ankle was shattered, splintered, destroyed. And this was good news!
Kate's ankle was broken because she had slipped on snow–covered ice during a blinding New
England snow storm, referred to by New Englanders as a Nor'easter, while walking from her office
to her car. She was laying on a stretcher in the hospital hallway because many others in her town had
met with misfortune during this storm and were also in the hospital awaiting care and there was no
room for Kate except for where she lay. This was good news because Kate was in the hospital for
something other than the breast cancer she had been battling over the past several years. Good
things can come in odd packages sometimes.
My sister is a two–time breast cancer survivor. The first time was an early diagnosis and routine
treatment that was successful. The second time was an aggressive, dark, menacing monster that was
dangerous and spreading. After chemotherapy, radiation and a complete mastectomy she had a long
road back to her normal self; or what would become her new normal. Kate is now healthy, active
and thriving but she has to keep an eye out for any sign that the monster is returning.
Kate's cancer journey was terrifying enough on its own but it lead me to my own terrifying journey.
Kate's breast cancer was not the only occurrence in my family. My maternal grandmother had
succumbed to breast

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Research Paper
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is diagnosed from many symptoms in many ways. Since the disorder
is most likely going to be inherited, doctors will look at the medical history of the family. Once the
background of family history is done, a physical examination of the patient will occur. The
examinations are done in various ways. One of the first examinations that physicians do would be
the CK ( creatine kinase) level blood test. Creatine Kinase is an enzyme that disclosures out
damaging muscles. "The normal upper limit of serum CK is 200 units/L; in patients with DMD,
levels are 5,000 to 15,000 units/L" (Sussman, 2002). If the results of the CK blood test come back
high this concludes that the muscles have damaging occurring causing the

The Effects Of Training On Elite Endurance Athletes
DuFour et al. (2006) conducted a study on the effects of training in normobaric hypoxia
intermittently and how it affected two performance measures in elite endurance athletes. Eighteen
subjects were used to test the effects of intermittent normobaric hypoxia training in comparison to
standard training protocols in normoxic environments. The subjects were divided into two groups.
Prior to training all subjects were tested for first and second ventilatory thresholds (in normoxic and
hypoxic conditions respectively), VO2max in a normoxic environment and time to exhaustion in a
normoxic environment. Subjects performed two high–intensity training sessions above their
predetermined second ventilatory threshold per week for a six week training ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The first group (n=7) performed training in a normoxic environment (fraction of inspired oxygen =
20.9%) and the second group (n=8) performed the same protocol in a normobaric hypoxic (fraction
of inspired oxygen = 14.5%) environment. Following the 6 week training protocol all measures were
tested again and a second muscle biopsy was collected. The results of this study showed an increase
in VO2max and time to exhaustion. The tested biopsies post training showed an unchanged
oxidative capacity, but a shift in mitochondrial regulation occurred. This study suggests that
intermittent normobaric training in hypoxia supports a more efficient mitochondrial integration
between the supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the demand for it by the skeletal muscle
cells. This would suggest improvement in anaerobic performance via an increase in ADP
phosphorylation speed within the muscle making ATP more readily available post hypoxic training.
An additional follow up study conducted by Zoll et al. (2006) used the same training protocol once
more on 15 male long distance runners. This particular study dubbed this training protocol "Training
High, Living Low" despite the lack of atmospheric pressure change. The subjects were divided into
two groups. Prior to training all subjects were tested for first and second ventilatory thresholds (in
normoxic and hypoxic conditions

Breast Cancer : A Malignant Tumour Essay
BREAST CANCER
The health issue I am investigating is breast cancer in New Zealand. Breast cancer is a malignant
tumour, a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of
the body, that starts in the cells of the breast. If a breast lump is found, or any other symptoms
(change in size/shape, dimpling of the skin, discharge etc.) , one would be referred to a breast
specialist. From this point there are three stages in accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. The first is a
clinical examination with a specialist. They will examine both breasts, checking the size, position
and other characteristics (hard/soft, regular/irregular) as well as discussing how long the lump has
been there for and whether it is painful. The doctor will also discuss about previous breast lumps
and family history. The next stage is a mammogram and/or ultrasound scan. A mammogram is a safe
low dose x–ray of the breast tissue that indicates any suspicious areas (This method can detect
cancer far before a lump can be seen or felt). An ultrasound scan (sonography) uses sound waves to
form an image of the breast tissue, usually used to target a specific area of concern after a
mammogram. The ultrasound can help distinguish between cysts (fluid filled sacs) and solid masses.
The third stage of diagnosis is the Biopsy. In biopsies, doctors take cells/tissue samples from the
suspicious lump so they can be analysed in a laboratory. There are four types of biopsies: Fine

The Muscular Dystrophy Was First Discovered By Guillaume...
Duchenne muscular dystrophy was first discovered by Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne in the
1860's, but due to lack of medical knowledge little was known until the 1980's. It was in 1986 that
researchers that were supported by the MDA, muscular dystrophy association, identified the
particular X–chromosome that leads to DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin is the
protein that is associated with the gene and was named in 1987.The DMD gene is the second largest
gene to date, and it produces dystrophin.(Genome, 2013) Lack of the protein Dystrophin in the
muscle cells causes them to weaken and become fragile. (MDA, 2015). DMD is an inherited
disorder, but there are rare cases where it can spontaneously appear in a child with no previous
family history due to a random mutation in moms X–chromosome. DMD is a gender specific
disease that only appears in males. Females are carriers in their X–Chromosome and they have the
chance of passing the disease on to their children, 50–50 to a girl and 50–50 to a boy. If the girl does
receive the gene she becomes a carrier. If the boy gets the gene then he has the disease. Males do not
pass on the gene to their children because they pass on the Y–chromosome and the disease is X
specific. Some female carriers have indicators of being a carrier by having symptoms of
cardiomyopathy, shortness of breath during exercise, and muscle weakness in the back, arms, and
legs. There have been very rare instances where a girl has not received a

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