This document summarizes the immune system and its components. It describes the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as passive and active immunity. The innate immune response is nonspecific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes. The adaptive immune response produces antibodies in response to specific antigens. Active immunity is induced within the host by antigen exposure, while passive immunity involves transferring antibodies from another immune host. The document also outlines the process of phagocytosis and describes monoclonal antibody production.

2.  Immune System – overall protective response
of the body against a foreign matter
 Antigen – An antigen is a foreign molecule
that, when introduced into the body, triggers
the production of an antibody by the immune
system.
 Antibody – Any of numerous proteins
produced by B lymphocytes in response to
the presence of specific foreign antigens,
including microorganisms and toxins.

3.  Innate immunity - or nonspecific
- skin, mucus membrane, enzyme and secretions,
phagocytosis
 Adaptive immunity – defense through the
antibody
 Naturally acquired immunity occurs through contact
with a disease causing agent
 Artificially acquired immunity - introduced into a
body from an external source. (ex. Vaccination).
 Passive immunity is acquired through transfer of
antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and
is short lived -- usually lasting only a few months.
(ex. Breastfeeding)
 Active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen,
and lasts much longer, sometimes life-long.
(ex. Attenuated vaccination)

4. 1. Intact Skin and mucus membranes
2. Phagocytosis – by monocyte/macrophages
3. Antibody production – by lymphocytes

5. 1. Recognition
2. Ingestion- pseudopods engulf microbe through
endocytosis
3. Vacuole Formation- vacuole contains microbe
4. Digestion- vacuole merges with enzymes to
destroy microbes
5. Exocytosis- microbial debris is released
--this is all occurring within a macrophage.

7.  Process by which large quantities of antibodies
(targeted against a particular antigen X) can be
produced.
 Steps:
 A mouse is immunized by injection of an antigen
X to stimulate the production of antibodies
targeted against X. The antibody forming cells
are isolated from the mouse's spleen.
 Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing
single antibody-forming cells to tumor cells
grown in culture. The resulting cell is called
a hybridoma.
 Each hybridoma produces relatively large
quantities of identical antibody molecules. By
allowing the hybridoma to multiply in culture, it
is possible to produce a population of cells,
each of which produces identical antibody
molecules. These antibodies are called
"monoclonal antibodies" because they are
produced by the identical offspring of a single,
cloned antibody producing cell.
 Once a monoclonal antibody is made, it can be
used as a specific probe to track down and
purify the specific protein that induced its
formation.