Theory class

1. Train the trainer
class presentation
2019
Theory Class

2. Biomechanics
Week 3
Training Trainer: Emelieze Isioma & John Adeboye
Duration: 2 hours

3. Biomechanics
This is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way
that it does.
There are two major areas:
Kinematics, the study of form, pattern or sequence of movement without regard
for the force that produced the motion.

4. Biomechanics
Kinetics, is the branch that describes the effect of the force on the body
● Motion and forces
Motion, is a change in an object’s position in relation to another object. It is
necessary to choose a point of reference to determine whether an object is
moving or at rest.

5. Motion and forces
Two primary reference points to analyze the motion of the body: joints, and
segments which are body parts between two joints.
Types of motion
● Rotatory motion, if an object is tied down at a fixed point, it turns around that
fixed point in rotatory motion. Body segments generally move in rotatory
motion as they rotate around the joint at one end.
Some examples of rotatory motion are as follows :
1. The motion of the blades of a fan
2. The motion of a potter's wheel
3. The motion of a spinning top
4. A merry-go-round

6. Motion and forces
● Translatory motion, when an object in motion is not tied down and moves in a
straight line, it moves in a translatory motion; all the part move together and at
the same speed.e.g Millipede, 100m race.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ol9fiOAditk

7. Motion and forces
● Curvilinear motion, occurs when a
translatory motion is combined with
a more obvious rotatory motion of
the segment.
Examples are:
● ball sent across to another player.
● ACar/ vehicle taking a turn
● Plane going up from base
● Cyclist going zigzag
● Stone thrown in horizontal direction
ultimately falls to ground.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyyS
OMjPxt8

8. Fundamental movements
● Sagittal plane (forward or backward), is a vertical plane that divides the
body into right and left sides/portion. Sagittal plane motion would include
forward and backward motions, like sit-ups, back extensions or biceps curls.
The sagittal plane cuts through the center of the body, so the motion is front
to back or back to front, including straight forward running. Squats involve
flexion (forward motion) and extension (backward on the way up).
● Frontal plane (side to side), divides through the body from the left side to
the right, separating the front and back halves. Frontal plane motion includes,
leaning from left to right, lateral raises, jumping jacks.

9. Fundamental movements contd.
● Transverse plane (rotational), cutting straight through the hips to divide the
top of the body from the bottom. An example of the transverse motion would
be alternating oblique crunch.
Transverse or Horizontal Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior
segments. Enables the body to perform rotational movements - lateral /
medial rotation, and external /internal rotation (Wood chop, Russian twist)
● Multiplanar plane, consists of movements occurring in more than one plane.
Multiplanar exercises are known as "functional" exercises because the body
can be conditioned to become stronger and better able to accomplish
"functional" tasks because exercise is progressive in all planes of motion.

10. Fundamental movements contd.
Anatomical Locations
❏ Anterior / Posterior: Front / back
❏ Superficial / Deep: Close to the body surface / below
the surface
❏ Proximal / Distal: Closer to trunk / further from trunk
❏ Superior/ Inferior: Above / below
❏ Medial / Lateral: Closer to midline / further from
midline
❏ Ipsilateral / Contralateral: Same side / opposite side
❏ Unilateral / Bilateral: One side / both sides
❏ Supine / Prone: Lying face up / lying face down

11. Forces
Force makes a thing move, it is a push or pull exerted by one object or substance
on another. A force can be internal or external. Muscular forces are considered
internal forces when the body as a whole is the reference point. However, when
the joint or joint axis is the reference point, muscular forces are classified as
external force because they act outside the joint itself.
Motive and Resistive forces, A motive force causes an increase in speed or a
change in direction. A resistive force resists the motion of another external force.

12. Motive and Resistive forces
● When the muscle acts as the motive force, it shortens as it creates muscle
tension. This is called a concentric action.
● When the muscle acts as the resistive force, it lengthens as it creates muscle
tension. This is called an eccentric action.
● When muscle tension is created, but no apparent change in length occurs.
The muscle action is called isometric.
Muscle force production, there are anatomical and physiological factors that
influence a muscle’s ability to create force;, such as the number and size of
muscle fiber etc. a strong contraction of the upper body muscle can provide
considerable acceleration of the hand.

13. Human Motion Terminology
Human motion terminology, they are usually one-word descriptions of
movement, directions, relationships and position. There also are terms for muscle
functions and the roles muscles play during movement:
● Agonist, also called prime mover is the main muscle that carries out an
action or causes a desired motion.
● Antagonist, are muscles that have the potential to oppose the action of the
agonist.
● Synergist, are muscle that assist the agonist in causing a desired action.
They may act as joint stabilizers or may neutralize rotation or be activated
when the external resistance increases or the agonist becomes fatigued.

14. Mobility and stability
The goal of the stability/mobility phase is to “develop postural stability throughout
the kinetic chain without compromising mobility at any point in the chain” Which
boils down to…the parts that should be stable are stable, and the parts that move
should move correctly which leads to postural stability.
Joint Mobility is defined as: the degree to which an articulation (where two bones
meet) is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues
(ligaments/tendons/muscle).
Joint Stability: is defined as the ability to maintain or control joint muscle
movement or position. Stability is achieved by the coordinating actions of
surrounding tissues and the neuromuscular system.

15. Mobility and stability contd.
Lumbar spine needs to be stable.

16. Mobility and stability contd.
Pelvis needs to be mobile.

17. Mobility and stability contd.
Thoracic spine needs to be mobile –
consider that you’ve got shoulder
attachments, clavicle, ribs etc. attaching
into this area, and think about all the
movement that comes from our upper
back/shoulder/chest area. This is
thoracic mobility; it’s also a big
component in developing and
maintaining good posture.

18. Mobility and stability contd.
Scapulothoracic joint needs to be
stable – this is where the scapula
attaches to the thorax, it isn’t a joint so
much as a spot where the two meet, but
if it is stable then it means our scapula
don’t wing out and they work properly.

19. Mobility and stability contd.
Glenohumeral needs to be mobile – this is
the connection between your shoulder and
your arm. Think about all the things this joint
has to do, then think about frozen shoulder
when people can’t move their arm around
because of restrictions in the tissues there
(including muscle tightness).

20. Mobility and stability contd.
Once the body parts are stable in
the right spots and mobile in the
right spots, we can teach the body
to move and balance as a whole
(static balance). All joints
demonstrate varying levels of
stability and mobility, but they tend
to favor one over the other
depending on their role in the
body.( Hence giving the body the
ability to perform at optimal level )