This document provides an overview of normal variants and anatomy of the intracranial arteries, beginning with abbreviations used. It then describes the gross anatomy and specific segments of the internal carotid, basilar, vertebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. Vascular territories supplied by each artery are outlined. Finally, the document discusses normal variants and anomalies that can occur in the internal carotid artery anatomy. In particular, it notes that fenestration of the distal internal carotid artery is a rare finding associated with aneurysm formation. It also describes hyperplastic anterior choroidal arteries as a normal variant where the artery is enlarged beyond typical size.
Interventional Neuroradiology: Anatomy of the internal carotid artery (ICA)Mohamed M.A. Zaitoun
The document discusses the anatomy of the internal carotid artery, including its cervical, petrous, and cavernous portions. It describes the variant known as the persistent stapedial artery, a rare congenital anomaly where the stapedial artery, normally present in fetal development, persists into postnatal life. This can be detected on imaging as a small vessel arising from the internal carotid artery and passing through the middle ear. Radiographic findings that suggest a persistent stapedial artery include an absent or hypoplastic foramen spinosum and an enlarged facial nerve canal.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological vascular anatomy of the head and neck.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological vascular anatomy of the head and neck. It begins with an introduction to brain anatomy, describing its main components and vasculature. It then describes the anatomy of key blood vessels originating from the aortic arch that supply the head and neck region, including the common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, vertebral and subclavian arteries. It details the branches and course of these vessels. It also provides an overview of cerebral and dural venous anatomy. Images are included to illustrate key anatomical structures and relationships.
The document summarizes the cerebral venous system, including:
- Cerebral veins drain the brain and lack valves, emptying into dural venous sinuses between the dura layers.
- The major dural venous sinuses include the superior and inferior sagittal, straight, occipital, transverse, sigmoid, and cavernous sinuses.
- The sinuses receive blood from cerebral veins and CSF from arachnoid villi before draining into the internal jugular veins.
Vascular brain anatomy for Radiology by Dr Soumitra HalderSoumitra Halder
The document provides an overview of cerebral arterial and venous anatomy. It discusses:
1) The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, including the internal carotid artery (ICA) and its branches that form the anterior circulation, and the vertebrobasilar system that forms the posterior circulation.
2) The branches of major arteries like the external carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries.
3) Anatomical variations that can be seen, like hypoplastic vessels, fenestrations, and duplications.
4) Venous anatomy, including the dural venous sinuses and cerebral veins.
imaging and anatomy of blood supply of brainSunil Kumar
The summary provides an overview of the arterial supply of the brain in 3 sentences:
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries give rise to branches that supply the anterior circulation including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. These arteries anastomose at the circle of Willis and give off numerous smaller branches to perfuse the brain.
This document describes the venous anatomy of the brain. It discusses the various dural venous sinuses, including the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinuses, and sigmoid sinuses. It also describes the cerebral veins, separating them into superficial cortical veins, deep cerebral veins, and brainstem/posterior fossa veins. Key anatomical structures discussed include the cavernous sinus, vein of Galen, internal cerebral veins, and arachnoid granulations.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy and vascular supply. It begins by describing the protective coverings, brain parenchyma structures, and vascular anatomy. It then discusses the arterial supply in more detail, covering the territories of the internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, anterior choroidal, vertebrobasilar, posterior cerebral, and circle of Willis arteries. It also reviews the vascular territories of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum/brainstem, and basal ganglia/internal capsule. Finally, it discusses watershed areas and their appearance on neuroimaging.
Interventional Neuroradiology: Anatomy of the internal carotid artery (ICA)Mohamed M.A. Zaitoun
The document discusses the anatomy of the internal carotid artery, including its cervical, petrous, and cavernous portions. It describes the variant known as the persistent stapedial artery, a rare congenital anomaly where the stapedial artery, normally present in fetal development, persists into postnatal life. This can be detected on imaging as a small vessel arising from the internal carotid artery and passing through the middle ear. Radiographic findings that suggest a persistent stapedial artery include an absent or hypoplastic foramen spinosum and an enlarged facial nerve canal.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological vascular anatomy of the head and neck.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological vascular anatomy of the head and neck. It begins with an introduction to brain anatomy, describing its main components and vasculature. It then describes the anatomy of key blood vessels originating from the aortic arch that supply the head and neck region, including the common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, vertebral and subclavian arteries. It details the branches and course of these vessels. It also provides an overview of cerebral and dural venous anatomy. Images are included to illustrate key anatomical structures and relationships.
The document summarizes the cerebral venous system, including:
- Cerebral veins drain the brain and lack valves, emptying into dural venous sinuses between the dura layers.
- The major dural venous sinuses include the superior and inferior sagittal, straight, occipital, transverse, sigmoid, and cavernous sinuses.
- The sinuses receive blood from cerebral veins and CSF from arachnoid villi before draining into the internal jugular veins.
Vascular brain anatomy for Radiology by Dr Soumitra HalderSoumitra Halder
The document provides an overview of cerebral arterial and venous anatomy. It discusses:
1) The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, including the internal carotid artery (ICA) and its branches that form the anterior circulation, and the vertebrobasilar system that forms the posterior circulation.
2) The branches of major arteries like the external carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries.
3) Anatomical variations that can be seen, like hypoplastic vessels, fenestrations, and duplications.
4) Venous anatomy, including the dural venous sinuses and cerebral veins.
imaging and anatomy of blood supply of brainSunil Kumar
The summary provides an overview of the arterial supply of the brain in 3 sentences:
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries give rise to branches that supply the anterior circulation including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. These arteries anastomose at the circle of Willis and give off numerous smaller branches to perfuse the brain.
This document describes the venous anatomy of the brain. It discusses the various dural venous sinuses, including the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinuses, and sigmoid sinuses. It also describes the cerebral veins, separating them into superficial cortical veins, deep cerebral veins, and brainstem/posterior fossa veins. Key anatomical structures discussed include the cavernous sinus, vein of Galen, internal cerebral veins, and arachnoid granulations.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy and vascular supply. It begins by describing the protective coverings, brain parenchyma structures, and vascular anatomy. It then discusses the arterial supply in more detail, covering the territories of the internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, anterior choroidal, vertebrobasilar, posterior cerebral, and circle of Willis arteries. It also reviews the vascular territories of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum/brainstem, and basal ganglia/internal capsule. Finally, it discusses watershed areas and their appearance on neuroimaging.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin to termination. The cervical segment passes through the carotid sheath alongside nerves before entering the carotid canal in the petrous bone. The petrous segment loops within the temporal bone. The lacerum segment passes over the foramen lacerum. The cavernous segment passes through the cavernous sinus. The clinoid and ophthalmic segments are intradural before the communicating segment joins the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The carotid siphon refers to the cavernous and intracranial portions that form an S-shape.
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF BRAINMohammad Naufal
1. The arterial supply of the brain comes from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain.
2. The main branches of the vertebral arteries include the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior spinal arteries. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery.
3. The internal carotid artery gives off branches that include the anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. These arteries supply different regions of the brain.
4. The circle of Willis is formed by the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries connecting the left and right internal carotid and basilar arteries, allowing for collateral blood flow in case of arterial occlusion.
The document describes the anatomy and course of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It discusses the anterior and posterior circulations fed by the ICA and vertebrobasilar trunk. Key points include the ICA coursing through the cavernous sinus and giving off branches like the ophthalmic artery. The posterior communicating artery connects the ICA to the vertebrobasilar system.
radiology Arterial and venous supply of brain neuroimaging part 1Sameeha Khan
The document discusses the anatomy and imaging of cerebral vasculature. It begins by covering the major vessels arising from the aortic arch, including the brachiocephalic trunk, right and left common carotid arteries, and right subclavian artery. It then details the branches and course of the external carotid artery. The remainder discusses the segments and branches of the internal carotid artery as it passes through the petrous, cavernous, and supraclinoid regions. Key branches include the ophthalmic artery and inferior hypophyseal artery. Various angiographic views and MRI/CT techniques for visualizing these vessels are also summarized.
The document summarizes the anatomy and contents of various brain cisterns. It describes the locations and structures contained within several major cisterns, including:
1) The cisterna magna, which contains the cerebellar medullary veins and lower cranial nerves.
2) The interpeduncular cistern, which is divided by membranes and contains the basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and cranial nerves 3 and 6.
3) The ambient cistern, which surrounds the midbrain and contains the posterior cerebral artery and cranial nerve 4.
4) The suprasellar/chiasmatic cistern, located above the pituitary fossa,
1. The document describes the anatomy of the external carotid artery (ECA), including its origin, course, branches, and the branches of some its major vessels.
2. It provides detailed information on the origin, course, branches and territories of the superior thyroid, lingual, and ascending pharyngeal arteries.
3. The ascending pharyngeal artery divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the anterior division supplying structures like the pharynx and soft palate and the posterior division supplying the hypoglossal nerve and dura.
Presentation1.pptx sellar and para sellar massesAbdellah Nazeer
The document provides information on imaging techniques and differential diagnosis for sellar and parasellar masses. CT and MRI techniques are described for imaging the sella turcica region with details on slice thickness, field of view, and contrast usage. An anatomic approach is outlined to analyze sellar masses which involves identifying the pituitary gland, lesion location and characteristics, and establishing a differential diagnosis. Common pathologies that can occur in the sella and surrounding structures are then described individually, including the pituitary gland, stalk, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, carotid artery, cavernous sinus, and meninges. Imaging examples of lesions such as pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and meningi
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the temporal bone as visualized on HRCT scans. It describes the 3 main planes of scanning and their utility. It then details the individual bones that make up the temporal bone and the external, middle, and inner ear structures. Numerous axial, coronal, and sagittal HRCT images are presented to illustrate key anatomic landmarks and relationships. Structures like the ossicles, facial nerve canal, internal auditory canal, labyrinthine and cochlear anatomy are specifically called out.
Brain vascular anatomy with MRA and MRI correlationArif S
This document provides an overview of the vascular anatomy of the brain. It discusses the arterial supply, venous drainage, and dural venous sinuses of the brain. For arterial supply, it describes the anterior and posterior circulations, including the internal carotid, vertebral, basilar, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also discusses branches and territories of these vessels. For venous drainage, it outlines the internal cerebral veins and external cerebral veins, as well as dural venous sinuses such as the superior sagittal sinus. Watershed zones and vascular territories on cross sections are also depicted.
This document discusses the anatomy seen on CT scans of the temporal bone in different planes. It provides details on key structures visible in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes, including the semicircular canals, cochlea, facial nerve canal, ossicles, and mastoid air cells. Different anatomical compartments of the middle ear are also described based on coronal imaging. The purpose is to identify relevant anatomy, assess disease extension and surgical planning for ear procedures.
This document provides an anatomy overview of the oral cavity and pharynx. It describes the two parts of the oral cavity - the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper. It then discusses the structures that form the roof, floor and walls of the oral, naso-, oro- and laryngopharynx. It also describes the muscles of the tongue, floor of mouth and pharyngeal walls. The document concludes with descriptions of spaces in the oral cavity like the sublingual and submandibular spaces, as well as the retromolar trigone and pterygomandibular raphe.
The document describes the anatomical structures of the temporal bone, including its four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. It details the locations and structures of the mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, external acoustic meatus, middle ear cavity, mastoid antrum, ossicles, inner ear, internal auditory canal, carotid canal, jugular foramen and fossa, and course of the facial nerve. CT and MRI are described as the main imaging techniques used to evaluate the temporal bone, with CT excellent for osseous structures and MRI better for soft tissues.
The document discusses the venous anatomy of the brain. It describes the superficial and deep venous systems that drain the brain. The superficial system includes four drainage groups - the superior sagittal, sphenoidal, tentorial, and falcine groups. These groups drain into dural sinuses. The deep system includes ventricular veins that drain the lateral ventricles and cisternal veins that drain the basal cisterns. Key veins discussed include the internal cerebral veins, great vein, basal vein, and veins within the posterior fossa. Understanding the venous anatomy is important for surgical planning and radiological localization of lesions.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the neck.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the neck. It describes the superficial and deep neck structures, including the seven compartments of the deep neck. It details the various spaces in the suprahyoid and infrahyoid regions of the neck. Images and diagrams show neck anatomy on different MRI sequences at multiple levels. Specific structures like the brachial plexus, larynx, lymph nodes, and vasculature are called out. The document serves as a reference for radiologists to understand neck anatomy on radiological exams.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of cerebello pontine angle mass lesi...Abdellah Nazeer
This document describes the anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle and summarizes various pathologies that can present as masses in this region as seen on radiological imaging. It discusses solid masses like schwannomas and meningiomas, cystic masses like arachnoid cysts and epidermoid cysts, lipomatous masses, vascular lesions, and other less common pathologies that can secondarily involve the cerebellopontine angle. For each type of lesion, it provides examples of imaging findings and characteristic features on MRI.
Imaging sectional anatomy of brain part 1drnaveent
This document provides an overview of the history and anatomy of neuroimaging modalities. It discusses pioneers in X-rays, CT, MRI, and neuroradiology. It then describes the appearance of brain structures on different imaging sequences and outlines key anatomical regions including lobes, sulci, ventricles, cisterns, and CSF spaces. Hounsfield units and densities of brain tissues on CT are defined.
The document provides an overview of temporal bone anatomy, focusing on the petrous bone and inner ear structures. It describes the five parts of the temporal bone and how sound travels through the external ear canal to the oval window. Imaging techniques for evaluating the temporal bone such as CT and MRI are discussed. Key structures of the inner ear including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals and their functions are explained in detail.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin at the common carotid artery bifurcation to where it enters the cranium. Each segment has unique anatomic features and branches. The segments are named cervical, petrous, lacerum, cavernous, clinoid, ophthalmic, and communicating. The petrous, cavernous, and ophthalmic segments each have important branches including the vidian artery, meningohypophyseal trunk, and ophthalmic artery respectively.
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin to termination. The cervical segment passes through the carotid sheath alongside nerves before entering the carotid canal in the petrous bone. The petrous segment loops within the temporal bone. The lacerum segment passes over the foramen lacerum. The cavernous segment passes through the cavernous sinus. The clinoid and ophthalmic segments are intradural before the communicating segment joins the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The carotid siphon refers to the cavernous and intracranial portions that form an S-shape.
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF BRAINMohammad Naufal
1. The arterial supply of the brain comes from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain.
2. The main branches of the vertebral arteries include the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior spinal arteries. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery.
3. The internal carotid artery gives off branches that include the anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. These arteries supply different regions of the brain.
4. The circle of Willis is formed by the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries connecting the left and right internal carotid and basilar arteries, allowing for collateral blood flow in case of arterial occlusion.
The document describes the anatomy and course of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It discusses the anterior and posterior circulations fed by the ICA and vertebrobasilar trunk. Key points include the ICA coursing through the cavernous sinus and giving off branches like the ophthalmic artery. The posterior communicating artery connects the ICA to the vertebrobasilar system.
radiology Arterial and venous supply of brain neuroimaging part 1Sameeha Khan
The document discusses the anatomy and imaging of cerebral vasculature. It begins by covering the major vessels arising from the aortic arch, including the brachiocephalic trunk, right and left common carotid arteries, and right subclavian artery. It then details the branches and course of the external carotid artery. The remainder discusses the segments and branches of the internal carotid artery as it passes through the petrous, cavernous, and supraclinoid regions. Key branches include the ophthalmic artery and inferior hypophyseal artery. Various angiographic views and MRI/CT techniques for visualizing these vessels are also summarized.
The document summarizes the anatomy and contents of various brain cisterns. It describes the locations and structures contained within several major cisterns, including:
1) The cisterna magna, which contains the cerebellar medullary veins and lower cranial nerves.
2) The interpeduncular cistern, which is divided by membranes and contains the basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and cranial nerves 3 and 6.
3) The ambient cistern, which surrounds the midbrain and contains the posterior cerebral artery and cranial nerve 4.
4) The suprasellar/chiasmatic cistern, located above the pituitary fossa,
1. The document describes the anatomy of the external carotid artery (ECA), including its origin, course, branches, and the branches of some its major vessels.
2. It provides detailed information on the origin, course, branches and territories of the superior thyroid, lingual, and ascending pharyngeal arteries.
3. The ascending pharyngeal artery divides into anterior and posterior divisions, with the anterior division supplying structures like the pharynx and soft palate and the posterior division supplying the hypoglossal nerve and dura.
Presentation1.pptx sellar and para sellar massesAbdellah Nazeer
The document provides information on imaging techniques and differential diagnosis for sellar and parasellar masses. CT and MRI techniques are described for imaging the sella turcica region with details on slice thickness, field of view, and contrast usage. An anatomic approach is outlined to analyze sellar masses which involves identifying the pituitary gland, lesion location and characteristics, and establishing a differential diagnosis. Common pathologies that can occur in the sella and surrounding structures are then described individually, including the pituitary gland, stalk, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, carotid artery, cavernous sinus, and meninges. Imaging examples of lesions such as pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and meningi
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the temporal bone as visualized on HRCT scans. It describes the 3 main planes of scanning and their utility. It then details the individual bones that make up the temporal bone and the external, middle, and inner ear structures. Numerous axial, coronal, and sagittal HRCT images are presented to illustrate key anatomic landmarks and relationships. Structures like the ossicles, facial nerve canal, internal auditory canal, labyrinthine and cochlear anatomy are specifically called out.
Brain vascular anatomy with MRA and MRI correlationArif S
This document provides an overview of the vascular anatomy of the brain. It discusses the arterial supply, venous drainage, and dural venous sinuses of the brain. For arterial supply, it describes the anterior and posterior circulations, including the internal carotid, vertebral, basilar, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also discusses branches and territories of these vessels. For venous drainage, it outlines the internal cerebral veins and external cerebral veins, as well as dural venous sinuses such as the superior sagittal sinus. Watershed zones and vascular territories on cross sections are also depicted.
This document discusses the anatomy seen on CT scans of the temporal bone in different planes. It provides details on key structures visible in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes, including the semicircular canals, cochlea, facial nerve canal, ossicles, and mastoid air cells. Different anatomical compartments of the middle ear are also described based on coronal imaging. The purpose is to identify relevant anatomy, assess disease extension and surgical planning for ear procedures.
This document provides an anatomy overview of the oral cavity and pharynx. It describes the two parts of the oral cavity - the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper. It then discusses the structures that form the roof, floor and walls of the oral, naso-, oro- and laryngopharynx. It also describes the muscles of the tongue, floor of mouth and pharyngeal walls. The document concludes with descriptions of spaces in the oral cavity like the sublingual and submandibular spaces, as well as the retromolar trigone and pterygomandibular raphe.
The document describes the anatomical structures of the temporal bone, including its four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. It details the locations and structures of the mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, external acoustic meatus, middle ear cavity, mastoid antrum, ossicles, inner ear, internal auditory canal, carotid canal, jugular foramen and fossa, and course of the facial nerve. CT and MRI are described as the main imaging techniques used to evaluate the temporal bone, with CT excellent for osseous structures and MRI better for soft tissues.
The document discusses the venous anatomy of the brain. It describes the superficial and deep venous systems that drain the brain. The superficial system includes four drainage groups - the superior sagittal, sphenoidal, tentorial, and falcine groups. These groups drain into dural sinuses. The deep system includes ventricular veins that drain the lateral ventricles and cisternal veins that drain the basal cisterns. Key veins discussed include the internal cerebral veins, great vein, basal vein, and veins within the posterior fossa. Understanding the venous anatomy is important for surgical planning and radiological localization of lesions.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the neck.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the neck. It describes the superficial and deep neck structures, including the seven compartments of the deep neck. It details the various spaces in the suprahyoid and infrahyoid regions of the neck. Images and diagrams show neck anatomy on different MRI sequences at multiple levels. Specific structures like the brachial plexus, larynx, lymph nodes, and vasculature are called out. The document serves as a reference for radiologists to understand neck anatomy on radiological exams.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of cerebello pontine angle mass lesi...Abdellah Nazeer
This document describes the anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle and summarizes various pathologies that can present as masses in this region as seen on radiological imaging. It discusses solid masses like schwannomas and meningiomas, cystic masses like arachnoid cysts and epidermoid cysts, lipomatous masses, vascular lesions, and other less common pathologies that can secondarily involve the cerebellopontine angle. For each type of lesion, it provides examples of imaging findings and characteristic features on MRI.
Imaging sectional anatomy of brain part 1drnaveent
This document provides an overview of the history and anatomy of neuroimaging modalities. It discusses pioneers in X-rays, CT, MRI, and neuroradiology. It then describes the appearance of brain structures on different imaging sequences and outlines key anatomical regions including lobes, sulci, ventricles, cisterns, and CSF spaces. Hounsfield units and densities of brain tissues on CT are defined.
The document provides an overview of temporal bone anatomy, focusing on the petrous bone and inner ear structures. It describes the five parts of the temporal bone and how sound travels through the external ear canal to the oval window. Imaging techniques for evaluating the temporal bone such as CT and MRI are discussed. Key structures of the inner ear including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals and their functions are explained in detail.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin at the common carotid artery bifurcation to where it enters the cranium. Each segment has unique anatomic features and branches. The segments are named cervical, petrous, lacerum, cavernous, clinoid, ophthalmic, and communicating. The petrous, cavernous, and ophthalmic segments each have important branches including the vidian artery, meningohypophyseal trunk, and ophthalmic artery respectively.
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, its branches, and ligation. It begins with an introduction and overview of the embryological development of the external carotid artery. It then describes the common carotid arteries and their course in the neck. It discusses the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and structures located there - the carotid sinus and carotid body. The external carotid artery is then described in detail, including its course, branches, and relations. The branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries. Indications for ligation and surgical approaches are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of the normal anatomy and variants of intracranial arteries, with a focus on the internal carotid artery. It describes the typical course and branches of the internal carotid artery and its major divisions including the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. Various anatomical variants are also discussed, such as fenestrations, hyperplastic anterior choroidal arteries, fetal-type posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating artery infundibula, and persistent carotid-basilar anastomoses like the trigeminal artery. Clinical correlations including aneurysm formation and hemorrhagic risk are also mentioned.
The document describes the common carotid artery and its branches. It discusses the course and relations of the common carotid artery as it divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It then focuses on the internal carotid artery, describing its course through the neck and skull. It outlines the branches and distributions of the external carotid artery.
The brain receives its blood supply from two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. These vessels anastomose at the base of the brain to form the Circle of Willis. The internal carotid artery gives off branches that supply the anterior circulation, including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, which supplies the posterior circulation via the posterior cerebral artery. Venous drainage follows complex patterns into dural sinuses and cerebral veins before emptying into the internal jugular veins.
1. The cerebral vasculature includes the internal carotid and vertebral arteries which supply blood to the brain. Venous drainage occurs through dural sinuses and cerebral veins.
2. The Circle of Willis is a major vascular structure that connects the arteries of the brain. It includes components like the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries.
3. Imaging techniques used to evaluate the cerebral vasculature include conventional angiography, CT angiography, MR angiography, ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography. Each has advantages and disadvantages for assessing the anatomy and identifying abnormalities.
The document provides an overview of the arteries of the face. It notes that the face is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery including the facial artery, transverse facial artery, and maxillary artery. It also discusses the internal carotid artery and its terminal branch, the ophthalmic artery, which gives off the zygomaticofacial and dorsal nasal arteries that supply parts of the face. The anastomoses between the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries are mentioned as well.
The document discusses the anterior cerebral circulation, including the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery. It describes the typical vascular territories and clinical deficits that can result from occlusions or infarctions in different segments of these arteries. Key points include that unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion can cause contralateral hemiplegia and homonymous hemianopia, while bilateral anterior cerebral artery occlusion can lead to paraplegia and urinary incontinence.
The document discusses the blood supply of the brain. It begins by describing the two pairs of arteries that supply the brain - the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. These arteries are interconnected to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The vertebrobasilar system arises from the vertebral arteries and forms the basilar artery, which divides into the posterior cerebral arteries. The internal carotid system gives rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. These arteries and their branches supply different regions of the brain. The circle of Willis provides an important anastomosis between the two systems to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.
1. The document provides information about the circle of Willis and various skull base approaches through diagrams and images. It discusses the anatomy of arteries like the anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, and internal carotid artery.
2. Different skull base surgical approaches are described, including the subfrontal, supraorbital, and frontotemporal approaches. Diagrams show the incision sites and bone exposures for each approach.
3. Images show views of the circle of Willis arteries that can be achieved through these approaches, such as the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Landmarks discussed include the optic nerves, carotid arteries, and anterior communicating complex.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the circle of Willis and cerebral blood supply. It describes the circle of Willis as a polygonal anastomotic channel at the base of the brain supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It then discusses the branches and functions of the circle of Willis, cortical and central arteries, lenticulostriate arteries, and the blood-brain barrier. Finally, it provides details on the regional arterial supply of different brain regions and applied anatomy related to various neurological syndromes.
The external carotid arteries and internal carotid artery supply blood to the craniofacial complex. The external carotid arteries supply blood to the head, face, mouth and neck through branches like the occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, and various arteries of the lips and oral cavity. The internal carotid artery supplies the brain, eye, forehead and nose through branches like the ophthalmic artery. Veins like the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein drain blood from the craniofacial complex. Key arteries supply specific structures in the head and face with blood while corresponding veins drain blood from the same areas.
This document provides an overview of diagnostic evaluation and surgical management of internal carotid artery aneurysms, with a focus on posterior communicating artery, anterior choroidal artery, and ICA bifurcation aneurysms. Key points include diagnostic techniques such as CT, CTA, MRA, and DSA. Preoperative care aims to address risks such as rebleeding, hydrocephalus, and vasospasm. Surgical techniques aim to achieve proximal control and preserve important perforating vessels while completely clipping the aneurysm neck. Postoperative care monitors for complications like vasospasm, hydrocephalus, and rebleeding. Outcomes are generally good but depend on initial grade and presence of vasospasm or atherosclerosis.
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery enters the cranium and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis, which provides an alternative blood supply if one of the arteries is occluded. Occlusion of specific arteries can cause deficits in regions supplied by that artery.
This document discusses the blood vessels of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the classification and structure of arteries and veins. It then describes the major arteries, including the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and its branches, and subclavian artery. It also discusses some of the major veins draining the head and neck, including the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein. Finally, it covers some clinical considerations regarding these blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, varicose veins, lusoria, brain hemorrhage, carotid artery bruits, and carotid endarterectomy.
The document discusses the venous drainage of the head and neck. It begins by defining veins and their role in transporting deoxygenated blood. It then describes the different types of veins and the structure of vein walls. The document discusses the development of the venous system during embryogenesis. It provides details on specific veins that drain the head, face, neck and brain, such as the facial vein, supraorbital vein, maxillary vein, and internal and external jugular veins. It notes that facial veins have no valves and connect to the cavernous sinus, so infections can spread from facial veins to intracranial sinuses.
This document discusses cerebral blood flow, its autoregulation, clinical relevance, and the role of collaterals in ischemic stroke. It begins with an overview of cerebral blood supply and drainage, then describes the autoregulation mechanism and its importance. It also discusses cerebral collaterals and their significance in acute ischemic stroke. The majority of the document provides detailed descriptions of the anatomy of cerebral arteries, veins, and sinuses. It explains factors that regulate cerebral blood flow and perfusion pressure, including metabolism, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and autoregulation.
Radiologic Anatomy of the Blood Supply to the Brain.pptxWilliamsMusa1
The document summarizes the radiologic anatomy of the arterial blood supply to the brain using various imaging modalities. It describes the relevant gross anatomy of the major cerebral arteries, including branches and segments. MR angiography is discussed as the preferred noninvasive method for evaluating the cerebral vasculature. CT angiography and conventional angiography provide detailed images but are more invasive. Ultrasound can also be used to image intracranial vessels through various acoustic windows. Variations in anatomy, such as those seen in the circle of Willis, are commonly observed.
This document discusses the vascular anatomy of the head, including the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and their branches. It provides details on the origin, course, branches, and key relationships of these arteries. The internal carotid artery is discussed in particular depth, outlining its 7 segments and typical branches within the cervical, petrous, lacerum, cavernous, clinoid, ophthalmic, and communicating segments. Key anatomy and variations are highlighted throughout.
The brain receives its blood supply from two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The internal carotid artery gives off branches that supply the anterior circulation, including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, which supplies the posterior circulation via branches such as the posterior cerebral artery. Various arteries anastomose to provide collateral circulation. Venous drainage involves superficial and deep veins that drain primarily into the dural venous sinuses.
This document describes the anatomy of the major arteries of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations. It discusses the course and branches of the internal carotid artery as it passes through the petrous, cavernous, and clinoid segments. It also describes the anterior, middle, and anterior cerebral arteries, their branches, and vascular territories. Finally, it summarizes the vertebral and posterior cerebral arteries that make up the posterior circulation.
The origin, course, branches, and distribution of internal carotid artery.
The origin, course, branches, and distribution of basilar artery.
Describe the formation, branches and distribution of circulus arteriosus.
Outline the venous drainage of the brain.
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain. It begins by noting the brain's high metabolic demands and sensitivity to hypoxia. It then discusses the various arterial systems that supply the brain, including the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, as well as the arterial circle of Willis. It provides details on the territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also briefly discusses the venous drainage of the brain and blood-brain barrier.
BLOOD SUPPLY of brain and spinal cord.pptxmunnam37
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the major arteries including the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It describes the branches and territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also discusses important anastomoses like the Circle of Willis. Various artery syndromes are summarized such as anterior cerebral artery occlusion presenting with contralateral leg weakness. Important veins are also mentioned along with clinical correlations of arterial occlusions.
A stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, either from a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of acute stroke. Non-contrast CT is used initially to rule out hemorrhage. CT angiography can identify potentially treatable vessel occlusions. CT and MRI perfusion can identify irreversibly damaged tissue and the ischemic penumbra that may be salvaged with reperfusion. The ASPECTS score on CT assesses early ischemic changes and prognosis.
The document discusses vascular anatomy of the brain. It notes that 18% of total blood volume circulates through the brain, which accounts for 2% of body weight. Loss of consciousness occurs within 15 seconds and irreversible brain damage within 5 minutes if blood flow to the brain stops. It then describes the various arteries that supply the brain, including the carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and branches within the brain. It provides details on imaging techniques used to evaluate the vasculature such as angiography, CTA, MRA. Overall, the document provides an overview of the anatomy and imaging of brain vasculature.
The document summarizes the arterial and venous anatomy of the brain. It describes the major arteries that supply blood to the brain, including the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It discusses the circle of Willis and territories supplied by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also outlines the dural venous sinuses and cerebral veins that drain blood from the brain. Key structures mentioned include the cavernous sinus and superior sagittal sinus.
Blood supply of the brain & spinal cord by dr sarwarporag sarwar
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. There are two main systems - the carotid system supplying 80% and the vertebrobasilar system supplying 20%. The vertebrobasilar system supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and parts of the diencephalon and telencephalon. It is formed from the two vertebral arteries joining to form the basilar artery. The basilar artery then gives off branches including the posterior cerebral arteries. The carotid system arises from the internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery gives off branches including the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain.
Cerebral circulation and brain stem syndromesDrRudra Naresh
This document discusses cerebral circulation and brainstem syndromes. It begins by outlining the major regions of the brain and noting that the brain receives a large portion of cardiac output due to its high metabolic needs. It then describes the anterior and posterior circulations, focusing on the branches and territories of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Specific syndromes that can result from occlusions or lesions in different vessel segments are outlined, such as anterior cerebral artery syndromes and middle cerebral artery syndromes. Blood supply and clinical syndromes involving the brainstem structures like midbrain, pons, and medulla are also summarized. The document provides an in-depth overview of cerebral vasculature and the neurologic deficits that can arise from
1. The brain receives blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, whose branches anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain.
2. The internal carotid artery enters the skull through the carotid canal and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior communicating artery.
3. Occlusion of the internal carotid or its major branches can cause symptoms such as hemiparesis, aphasia, or visual field defects depending on the location of occlusion.
The internal carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and travels upward through the neck and into the skull. It has seven segments from C1-C7 as it passes through the carotid canal, cavernous sinus, and terminates by joining the circle of Willis. The internal carotid artery has few branches in the neck but gives off important branches in the cavernous sinus and within the skull such as the ophthalmic artery. Anatomical variations and injuries to the internal carotid artery during surgery can lead to serious complications if not properly managed.
This document summarizes the major arteries of the brain. It describes the circle of Willis and its components. It then discusses the internal carotid artery and its segments. It provides details on the branches and segments of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. It also describes the basilar artery and its branches before terminating into the posterior cerebral arteries. In summary, it provides an overview of the major arteries that supply blood to the brain.
لقطة شاشة ٢٠٢٣-١١-١٢ في ١١.٤٥.٤٨ ص.pdfahmad2100799
The document summarizes the vascularization of the brain. There are two main arterial circuits that supply the brain - the anterior circulation supplied by the internal carotid arteries, and the posterior circulation supplied by the vertebrobasilar system. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The anterior circulation includes the internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, and middle cerebral arteries. The posterior circulation is supplied by the vertebral arteries, basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and posterior communicating arteries.
anterior choroidal artery course, clinical implications, angiography and surgical importance
clinical features of aneurysm, AVM involving the anterior choridal artery
Similar to Internal Carotid Artery and Normal Variants (20)
An 18-year-old woman presented with primary amenorrhea and dyspareunia. MRI showed a complete absence of the cervix and uterus with an abnormally truncated vagina, along with normal ovaries and unilateral renal agenesis. This is consistent with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, a condition caused by disruption of müllerian duct development during embryogenesis that results in müllerian duct anomalies. Imaging plays an essential role in diagnosing müllerian duct anomalies and determining appropriate treatment.
The petrous apex is a pyramid-shaped structure formed by the medial portions of the temporal bone. It contains several vascular and neural channels and is bounded by inner ear structures, petro-occipital fissure, petrosphenoidal fissure, internal carotid artery, and posterior cranial fossa. The petrous apex can be affected by developmental, inflammatory/infectious, neoplastic, vascular, and osseous dysplasia lesions. Common developmental lesions include cholesterol granulomas and cholesteatomas. Inflammatory lesions such as petrous apicitis result from medial extension of acute otitis media into the petrous apex.
This document discusses the normal appearance of cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) on medical images. It describes the anatomy and pathways of these nerves from their origins in the brainstem through the cerebellopontine angle cistern and internal auditory canal. Key points covered include the divisions and branches of the facial nerve, as well as the cochlear and vestibular components of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The document provides recommendations for imaging these cranial nerves to evaluate conditions like facial palsy and sensorineural hearing loss.
The document discusses the cranial nerves, beginning with an overview of their groupings and imaging approaches. It then provides detailed sections on CN1 (Olfactory Nerve) and CN2 (Optic Nerve). For CN1, it describes the olfactory epithelium, transethmoidal segment through the cribriform plate, intracranial pathways in the olfactory bulb and tract, and central pathways in the brain. For CN2, it outlines the four segments of the optic nerve from intraocular to intracranial, discusses the partial decussation of fibers at the optic chiasm, and describes the retrochiasmal structures involved in vision.
This document provides an overview of the limbic system's anatomy and terminology. It describes the limbic system as comprising the limbic lobe and some subcortical structures. The limbic lobe consists of three nested C-shaped arches surrounding the diencephalon and basal ganglia, including the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and adjacent structures. Key components are described in detail, such as the hippocampus, fornix, and amygdala. Imaging features of these structures are also reviewed, along with common anatomical variants.
The document provides an overview of the normal appearance and imaging of cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve). It describes the anatomy and segments of each nerve from their nuclei in the brainstem through their paths in the cerebellopontine angle cistern and internal auditory canal. Imaging with CT and MR is recommended to evaluate these nerves in cases of facial paralysis or sensorineural hearing loss, focusing on the brainstem, cistern, canal and peripheral structures. Lesions are often best visualized with high-resolution MR sequences.
The optic nerve (CN2) is the nerve of sight. It has four segments - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. In the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from the medial half of each retina cross to the opposite side. From the chiasm, the optic tracts extend posteriorly to terminate in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus, forming connections to the primary visual cortex via the optic radiations.
1. The petrous apex is a pyramid-shaped structure within the temporal bone that contains several vascular and neural channels.
2. Cholesterol granulomas are the most common petrous apex lesions, appearing hyperintense on T1- and T2-weighted MRI. Other developmental lesions include cholesteatomas, mucoceles, and cephaloceles.
3. Inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, and osseous dysplasia lesions can also involve the petrous apex. Large or cranial nerve-compressing lesions may cause symptoms like hearing loss, facial weakness, or trigeminal nerve dysfunction.
The limbic system is composed of the limbic lobe and some subcortical structures involved in memory, emotion, and olfaction. The limbic lobe consists of three nested C-shaped arches that surround the diencephalon and basal ganglia. These arches include the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and other structures. The hippocampus proper contains the CA1-4 regions and dentate gyrus. It connects to the parahippocampal gyrus via the subiculum and is linked to other areas by the fornix. Other key limbic structures are the amygdala and fornix. On imaging, the hippocampus is curved and
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
3. Gross Anatomy
• Anterior Circulation
- Intracranial Internal carotid artery and its
branches + ACoA, PCoA
• Posterior Circulation
- Basilar artery and its branches
4. Internal carotid artery
• Proximal to termination gives off ophthalmic artery,
PCoA, AChoA
• Terminal bifurcation into ACA (smaller, medial), MCA
(larger, lateral)
• ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY has 4 segments
- Horizontal or pre communicating (A1) segment
courses medially above optic chiasm, joined by ACoA to
contralateral A1
- Vertical or postcommunicating (A2) segment
courses superiorly in interhemispheric fissure, around
corpus callosum genu
- Distal (A3) segment courses posteriorly under inferior
free margin of falx cerebri, gives off cortical branches
• Perforating arteries arise from A1, ACoA
• RAH arises from distal A1 or proximal A2
5. Internal carotid artery
• MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY has 4 segments
- Horizontal (M1) segment courses laterally to sylvian
fissure below anterior perforated substance, bi- or
trifurcates
- "Genu" or "knee" of MCA is gentle posterosuperior turn
towards lateral cerebral (sylvian) fissure
- Insular (M2) segments course within lateral cerebral
fissure, over insula
- Opercular (M3) segments begin at top of insula, turn
laterally in sylvian fissure to reach overhanging
frontal/parietal/temporal operculae
- Cortical (M4) branches emerge from lateral cerebral
fissure, course over hemispheric surface
- Perforating arteries arise from M1
6. Basilar Artery
•
Courses cephalad in prepontine cistern to terminal bifurcation
ventral to midbrain
- Gives off AICA, superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), pontine,
midbrain perforating arteries
• Bifurcates into POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES, each of
which has 4 segments
- Mesencephalic or pre communicating (P1) segment lies within
interpeduncular cistern, curves posterolaterally from BA to PCoA
junction
- Ambient (P2) segment extends from PCA-PCoA junction, curving
around cerebral peduncles just above tentorium, above oculomotor
nerve
- Quadrigeminal (P3) segment extends posteromedially from level
of quadrigeminal plate
- Cortical (P4) branches arise from distal PCA at or just before
reaching calcarine fissure
- Perforating branches arise from P1
• Vertebral arteries
- Intracranial (V4) segments enter dura near foramen magnum
- Give off anterior/posterior spinal arteries, perforating arteries
to medulla, PICA
7. Vascular Territory
• Vascular distribution of ACA, MCA, PCA vary
from individual to individual, have typical as well
as maximum, minimum territories
• Two vascular "watershed" zones exist at
confluence of territorial supply, are vulnerable to
hypoperfusion
- Cortical watershed = subpial confluence of
cortical ACA / MCA / PCA branches
- Deep white matter watershed zone =
confluence of deep cortical penetrating
branches, perforating branches from circle of
Willis (COW)
8. Vascular Territory
• Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Perforating branches: Corpus callosum
rostrum, heads of caudate nuclei, anterior
commissure, anteromedial putamen /
globus pallidus / anterior limb internal
capsule (if RAH present)
- Cortical branches: Inferomedial frontal
lobes, anterior 2/3 of medial hemisphere
surface, 1-2 cm over brain convexity
9. Vascular Territory
• Middle Cerebral Artery
- Perforating branches: Most of putamen,
globus pallidus, superior half of internal
capsule, most of caudate nucleus, some
deep white matter
- Cortical branches: Most of lateral
surface of cerebral hemispheres, anterior
tip (pole) of temporal lobe
10. Vascular Territory
• Posterior Cerebral Artery
- Perforating branches: Much of central
brain base (thalamus, hypothalamus),
midbrain, choroid plexus
- Cortical branches: Most of inferior
surface of temporal lobe, occipital pole,
variable amount of posterolateral surface
of hemisphere
11. Vascular Territory
• Basilar Artery
- All of PCA territory (including perforating
branches), most of pons, superior
cerebellum/vermis
• Vertebral Arteries
- Most of medulla, cerebellar tonsils,
inferior vermis / cerebellar hemispheres
20. Overview
• Complex course with several vertical /
horizontal segments, 3 genus (one
petrous, two cavernous)
• Six intracranial segments (Cervical lCA =
C1):
- Petrous (C2), Lacerum (C3),
Cavernous (C4), Clinoid (C5),
Ophthalmic (C6), Communicating (C7)
21. Petrous (C2) segment
• Contained within carotid canal of temporal bone
- Surrounded by extensive sympathetic plexus
- Two C2 subsegments joined at genu
• Short vertical segment - anterior to internal jugular vein
(lJV)
• "Genu" (where petrous ICA turns anteromedially in front
of cochlea)
• Longer horizontal segment
- Exits carotid canal at petrous apex
- Branches
• Vidian artery (artery of pterygoid canal)
anastomoses with external carotid artery (ECA)
• Caroticotympanic artery (supplies middle ear)
22. Lacerum (C3) segment
• Small segment that extends from petrous
apex above foramen lacerum, curving
upwards toward cavernous sinus
• Covered by trigeminal ganglion
• No branches
23. Cavernous (C4) segment
• Three subsegments joined by two genus (knees)
- Posterior vertical (ascending) portion
- Posterior (more medial) genu
- Horizontal segment
- Anterior (more lateral) genu
- Anterior vertical (subclinoid) segment
• Covered by trigeminal ganglion posteriorly
• Abducens nerve (CN6) is inferolateral
• Major branches
- Meningohypophyseal trunk (arises from posterior
genu, supplies pituitary, tentorium and clival dura)
- Inferolateral trunk arises from horizontal segment,
supplies cavernous sinus (CS) dura / cranial nerves;
anastomoses with ECA branches through foramens
rotundum, spinosum, ovale
24. Clinoid (C5) segment
• Between proximal, distal dural rings of
cavernous sinus
• Ends as ICA enters subarachnoid space
near anterior clinoid process
• No important branches unless ophthalmic
arteries arises within C5
25. Ophthalmic (C6) segment
• Extends from distal dural ring at superior clinoid
to just below posterior communicating artery
(PCoA) origin
• Two important branches
- Ophthalmic Arteries (originates from
anterosuperior ICA, passes through optic canal
to orbit; gives off ocular, lacrimal, muscular
branches; extensive anastomoses with ECA)
- Superior hypophyseal artery (courses
posteromedially; supplies anterior pituitary,
infundibulum, optic nerve / chiasm)
26. Communicating (C7) segment
• Extends from below PCoA to terminal lCA bifurcation
into anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery
(MCA)
• Passes between optic (CN2), oculomotor (CN3) nerves
• Major branches
- Posterior communicating artery
- Anterior choroidal artery (courses posteromedial,
then turns superolateral in suprasellar cistern; enters
temporal horn at choroidal fissure; supplies choroid
plexus, medial temporal lobe, basal ganglia,
posteroinferior internal capsule)
27. Normal Variants, Anomalies
Petrous (C2) segment
• Aberrant ICA (aICA)
• Presents as retrotympanic pulsatile mass; should not
be mistaken for glomus tympanicum tumor!
• Absent vertical course; alCA courses more
posterolaterally than normal (appears as mass in
hypotympanum abutting cochlear promontory)
• Persistent stapedial artery
• Arises from vertical segment, crosses cochlear
promontory and stapes footplate
• Enlarges tympanic segment of facial nerve canal
• Terminates as middle meningeal artery
• Seen as "Y-shaped", enlarged geniculate fossa of CN7
on CT
• Foramen spinosum is absent
28. Normal Variants, Anomalies
Cavernous (C4) segment
• Persistent trigeminal artery
• Most common carotid-basilar anastomosis (0,2-0,5%)
• Parallels course of CN5, passes posterolaterally
around (or through) dorsum sellae
• Connects ICA to vertebrobasilar system, forms "tridentshape" on lateral DSA, sagittal MR
• May supply entire vertebrobasilar (VB) circulation distal
to anastomosis (Saltzman type I) or fill superior cerebral
arteries (SCAs) with posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs)
filled via patent PCoAs (Saltzman type II)
29. Clinical
• Horner syndrome results from interruption
of periarterial sympathetic plexus around
ICA (dissection, "bruising" of plexus, etc.)
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. NORMAL VARIANTS
“Normal Variants of the Cerebral
Circulation at Multidetector CT
Angiography”
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043 • Simon J.
Dimmick, BPthy, MBBS • Kenneth C. Faulder, MBBS,
FRANZCR
56. Internal Carotid Artery
• Fenestration of the distal internal carotid
artery is a rare anomaly.
• We are aware of only six previously
reported cases in the literature.
• Fenestration of the distal internal carotid
artery, like fenestration in other sites, is
associated with aneurysm formation.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
57. Fenestration of the internal carotid artery.
Three-dimensional reconstruction from DSA depicts fenestration
(arrow) of a distal segment. The overlying artifact was produced
by aneurysm clips.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
58. Hyperplastic Anterior
Choroidal Artery
• The anterior choroidal artery, usually a small vessel,
arises from the supraclinoid internal carotid artery just
distal to the posterior communicating artery.
• From there it subdivides into important branches that
supply the cerebral peduncle and optic tract.
• The temporo-occipital branches of the posterior cerebral
artery may arise from the anterior choroidal artery.
• In people with this cerebrovascular variant, the anterior
choroidal artery is described as hyperplastic.
• The prevalence of hyperplastic anterior choroidal arteries
is reported to be 1.1%–2.3%.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
60. Fetal Origin of the Posterior
Cerebral Artery
• In the presence of this anomaly, the caliber of the
posterior communicating artery may be the same as or
greater than that of the ipsilateral P1 segment, and the
dominant blood supply to the occipital lobes comes from
the internal carotid artery.
• Fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery occurs when
the embryonic posterior cerebral artery fails to regress.
• It may occur on the right side (10% of the general
population), the left side (10% of the general population),
or bilaterally (8% of the general population).
• The P1 segment may be absent in fetal origin of the
posterior cerebral artery, but its absence is an
uncommon finding.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
61. Bilateral fetal posterior cerebral arteries.
Three-dimensional multidetector CT angiogram shows bilateral
large posterior communicating arteries (arrows), which provide
most of the blood supply to the posterior cerebral artery territory.
Both P1 segments are present but hypoplastic.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
62. CT angiogram shows bilateral fetal posterior cerebral arteries
(arrows). Both P1 segments are absent. The arrowheads indicate
the superior cerebellar arteries.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
63. Posterior Communicating Artery
Infundibulum
• An infundibulum is a funnel-shaped region of
dilatation at the origin of the posterior
communicating artery from the internal carotid
artery.
• It may be round or conical, has a diameter of
less than 2 mm, and is symmetric.
• The internal carotid artery is at its base, and the
posterior communicating artery arises from its
apex.
• An infundibulum must be distinguished from
aneurysms of the posterior communicating
artery and internal carotid artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
64. CT angiogram shows a posterior communicating artery
(arrowhead) that arises from the apex of a funnel-shaped
infundibulum (arrow). The base of the infundibulum is located at
the origin of the posterior communicating artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
66. Persistent Trigeminal Artery
• The persistent trigeminal artery is the most
common and most cephalic of the persistent
carotidvertebrobasilar anastomoses.
• Its reported prevalence is 0.1%–0.6%.
• This artery originates from the internal carotid
artery immediately after its exit from the carotid
canal and anastomoses with the midbasilar
artery.
• The part of the basilar artery that is caudal to the
anastomosis with the trigeminal artery is usually
hypoplastic.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
67. Persistent Trigeminal Artery
• Two types of persistent trigeminal artery have
been described — lateral and medial.
• Both types are equally common.
• In the lateral type, the artery courses
posterolaterally with the trigeminal nerve.
• The medial type has an intrasellar or
transhypophyseal course, coursing
posteromedially from its origin, compressing the
pituitary gland, and penetrating the dorsum
sellae.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
68. Persistent Trigeminal Artery
• A persistent trigeminal artery also is classified according
to the configuration of the ipsilateral posterior cerebral
artery:
- In the presence of a Saltzman type 1 persistent
trigeminal artery, the posterior communicating artery is
absent and the persistent trigeminal artery supplies the
entire vertebrobasilar system distal to the site of
anastomosis.
- In the presence of a Saltzman type 2 persistent
trigeminal artery there is a fetal posterior cerebral artery,
and the ipsilateral P1 segment is absent.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
69. Persistent Trigeminal Artery
• An association has been found between persistent
trigeminal artery and other vascular anomalies in an
estimated 25% of cases.
• Associated anomalies include intracranial aneurysms,
which are seen in approximately 14% of patients with a
persistent trigeminal artery.
• Knowledge of the presence of a persistent trigeminal
artery in a medial or intrasellar location in a patient who
is to undergo transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary
adenoma is clinically important because accidental
transection of the artery may result in a lifethreatening
hemorrhage.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
70. CT angiogram shows a lateral Saltzman type 2 persistent
trigeminal artery (arrows). Note the typical hypoplastic appearance
of the basilar artery (arrowhead) proximal to its anastomosis with
the trigeminal artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
71. Variants of Persistent
Trigeminal Artery
• Cerebellar arteries that arise from the
precavernous internal carotid artery and are not
connected to the basilar artery are considered
variants of persistent trigeminal artery.
• The reported frequency of such findings is
0.18% at conventional angiography and 0.76%
at MR angiography.
• The anteroinferior cerebellar artery is the most
common of these variants, but a posteroinferior
cerebellar artery or superior cerebellar artery
also may arise from the internal carotid artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
72. Variants of Persistent
Trigeminal Artery
• A persistent trigeminal artery variant is not
usually associated with hypoplasia of the
proximal basilar artery.
• Persistent trigeminal artery variants are usually
small in caliber, which makes their visualization
and recognition difficult.
• These anomalous arteries are usually found
incidentally but may be associated with
aneurysms and may be responsible for ischemia
and trigeminal neuralgia.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
73. Trigeminal artery variant.
DSA image of the left internal carotid artery demonstrates a
trigeminal artery variant that arises more proximally on the internal
carotid artery than is usual for a persistent trigeminal artery. The
aberrant artery supplies the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar
artery (arrows).
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
74. Primitive Hypoglossal Artery
• The persistent hypoglossal artery is the second
most common carotidvertebrobasilar artery
anastomosis, with a prevalence of 0.02%–
0.10%.
• The persistent hypoglossal artery originates from
the internal carotid artery at the levels of the C1
through C3 vertebral bodies, courses through
the hypoglossal canal, and anastomoses with
the basilar artery.
• A primitive hypoglossal artery does not
passthrough the foramen magnum.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
75. Primitive Hypoglossal Artery
• In 79% of cases, the posterior communicating
arteries are hypoplastic, and in 78% of cases,
the vertebral arteries are hypoplastic.
• Definitive diagnosis is based on the recognition
of na anomalous artery in the enlarged
hypoglossal canal.
• A persistent hypoglossal artery has been
reported to cause glossopharyngeal neuralgia
and hypoglossal nerve paralysis.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
76. Persistent hypoglossal artery.
(28) Axial image from CT angiography shows an artery that courses through the hypoglossal
canal (arrows). (29) CT angiogram depicts a hypoglossal artery (arrowhead) that arises from
the proximal internal carotid artery (arrow) at the C2 vertebral level and anastomoses with
the basilar artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
77. Proatlantal Intersegmental Artery
• The proatlantal intersegmental artery originates from the
common carotid artery bifurcation, external carotid
artery, or internal carotid artery at the levels of the C2
through C4 vertebral bodies; joins the horizontal part of
the vertebral artery in the suboccipital region; and
traverses the foramen magnum.
• Two variants have been described:
- The first variant (type 1) originates from the dorsal
aspect of the internal carotid artery and accounts for
38% of cases.
- The second variant (type 2) arises from the external
carotid artery and accounts for 50% of cases.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
78. Proatlantal Intersegmental Artery
• Aplasia or hypoplasia of one or both
vertebral arteries proximal to the
anastomosis may be identified in 50% of
cases.
• In addition, cerebrovascular abnormalities
were found in 59% of patients with a
proatlantal intersegmental artery.
• Such abnormalities included intracranial
aneurysm in 10% of patients.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
79. Proatlantal intersegmental artery in two different patients.
(30) Lateral composite projection image from DSA of the right common carotid artery demonstrates a
proatlantal intersegmental artery that arises from the internal carotid artery (arrowhead) at the level of
the C2 vertebra (arrow). (31) Anteroposterior composite projection image from DSA shows a proatlantal
intersegmental artery (arrow) and right internal carotid artery (arrowhead).
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
80. Persistent Otic Artery
• The existence of an otic artery is a matter of controversy.
• Unlike the three embryonic vessels described earlier, an
otic artery has never been identified in lower animals.
• Nevertheless, the medical literature contains descriptions
of such an artery arising from the petrous internal carotid
artery within the carotid canal, coursing laterally through
the internal auditory canal, and anastomosing with the
proximal basilar artery.
• There are eight previous case reports of persistent otic
artery and one of an otic artery variant .
• However, an assessment of the origin, course, and
termination of these reported otic arteries is difficult
because of the variable quality of image reproduction,
the inclusion of only a single angiographic projection, or
both.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
81. Persistent Otic Artery
• Some reported cases of persistent otic artery
may in fact represent a persistent trigeminal
artery.
• Similarly, anastomoses may occur between the
internal auditory artery (a branch of the anterior
inferior cerebellar artery and, thus, the basilar
artery) and the internal carotid artery via
trigeminal and stapedial artery remnants.
• Such anastomoses may be best understood as
representing overlapping vascular territories
rather than persistence of an embryonic vessel.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
82. Trigeminal artery.
DSA image demonstrates a persistent trigeminal artery (arrows) that
arises from a more proximal location on the internal carotid artery than is
normal. The finding was previously reported as a persistent otic artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
83. Persistent Dorsal Ophthalmic
Artery
• During early embryonic development, two
primitive ophthalmic arteries are present: The
ventral ophthalmic artery, which normally
persists, and the dorsal ophthalmic artery, which
normally regresses.
• In some instances, the opposite situation occurs,
and the dorsal ophthalmic artery persists.
• At CT, this anomalous artery is seen to arise
from the dorsal aspect of the supraclinoid
portion of the internal carotid artery and enter
the orbit by way of the superior orbital fissure
instead of the optic canal.
84. Dorsal ophthalmic artery.
Three-dimensional image from multidetector CT demonstrates the origin of the
left dorsal ophthalmic artery from the dorsal aspect of the distal cavernous
segment of the internal carotid artery and shows its course through the superior
orbital fissure (arrow). The contralateral ophthalmic artery is seen to traverse
the optic canal (arrowhead).
85. Persistent Primitive Olfactory
Artery
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A persistent primitive olfactory artery is a rare variant of the anterior
cerebral artery.
The proximal portion of the persistent primitive olfactory artery
courses in an anteroinferomedial direction, along the ipsilateral
olfactory tract.
The artery then makes a hairpin turn posterosuperiorly and
continues in the distribution of the anterior cerebral artery.
During normal development, the primitive olfactory artery usually
regresses to a remnant known as the recurrent artery of Heubner.
In people with a persistent primitive olfactory artery, the anterior
communicating artery also is absent.
In five of 13 previously identified cases of persistent primitive
olfactory artery, a saccular aneurysm was found in the anomalous
artery.
These findings are indicative of an increased prevalence of
aneurysm.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
87. Persistent Stapedial Artery
• The stapedial artery is a normally transient
embryonic anastomosis between the branches
of the future external carotid artery and internal
carotid artery.
• Persistent stapedial artery has a reported
prevalence of 0.48%.
• The stapedial artery originates from the vertical
part of the petrous internal carotid artery, passes
through the obturator foramen of the stapes, and
terminates as the middle meningeal artery,
within the extradural space of the middle cranial
fossa.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
88. Persistent Stapedial Artery
• CT findings along the course of a persistent stapedial
artery may include a small canaliculus at the distal end
of the carotid canal; a linear structure that crosses the
promontory of the tympanic cavity; an enlarged facial
nerve canal, or a separate canal that parallels the facial
nerve canal; and absence of the foramen spinosum,
which normally contains the middle meningeal artery.
• An aberrant internal carotid artery and anomalies of the
stapes and facial nerve also may occur in association
with a persistent stapedial artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
89. Persistent Stapedial Artery
• People with a persistent stapedial artery may
present with pulsatile tinnitus.
• At CT, this artery may be mistaken for a vascular
neoplasm of the middle ear (glomus tympanicum
tumor).
• It is important to identify a persistent stapedial
artery preoperatively, as its presence may
complicate tympanotomy, stapedectomy, and
cholesteatoma resection and prevent cochlear
implantation.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
90. Aberrant Internal Carotid
Arteries
• Recognized aberrant internal carotid arteries
include intratympanic and lateral pharyngeal
variants.
• There are 50 previously reported cases of
aberrant intratympanic internal carotid artery in
the literature.
• This anomaly may be secondary to disturbed
differentiation of the third branchial artery.
• It is characterized by an enlarged inferior
tympanic artery that anastomoses with the
horizontal petrous part of the internal carotid
artery.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
91. Aberrant Internal Carotid
Arteries
• On axial CT images, the presence of an aberrant
intratympanic internal carotid artery may be signaled by:
(a) an internal carotid artery with a reduced diameter
and a course posterior and parallel to the jugular bulb
(b) a mass in the hypotympanum
(c) deficiency of the bony plate along the tympanic
portion of the internal carotid artery
(d) absence of the vertical segment of the carotid canal.
• On coronal CT images, the important features are a
hypotympanic mass and enlargement of the inferior
tympanic canaliculus.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
92. Aberrant Internal Carotid
Arteries
• Preoperative recognition of an aberrant intratympanic
internal carotid artery is essential for avoiding potentially
catastrophic consequences during myringotomy and
middle ear surgery.
• This vascular anomaly, like a persistent stapedial artery,
may mimic a glomus tumor.
• The lateral pharyngeal internal carotid artery is an
anomalous vessel that extends to or near the midline of
the posterior pharyngeal wall and is at risk during
oropharyngeal tumor resection, tonsillectomy,
adenoidectomy, or palatopharyngoplasty
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
93. Aberrant internal carotid artery.
Axial images (bone window settings) from multidetector
CT of the skull base depict an internal carotid artery with
reduced caliber, that courses adjacent to the jugular bulb
(arrow in a) and, at a higher level, within the
hypotympanum (arrow in b). The bony plate along the
tympanic portion of the internal carotid artery is absent
(arrow in c).
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
94. Internal Carotid Artery Agenesis
• Congenital absence of the internal carotid artery has a
prevalence of 0.01%.
• CT of the skull base and CT angiography in such cases
demonstrate an absence of the carotid canal.
• The anomaly may be unilateral or, more rarely, bilateral.
• The recognition of internal carotid artery agenesis is
important, especially in patients with cerebral
thromboembolic disease due to atherosclerosis of the
vertebrobasilar system.
• Poor collateral blood supply to the head places these
individuals at high risk during conventional angiography
and surgery.
• There is also a strong association between internal
carotid artery agenesis and the development of
intracranial aneurysms.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
95. Bilateral carotid agenesis.
Axial multidetector CT image of the skull base demonstrates bilateral absence of the carotid canals from their expected locations (arrows). (36)
Bilateral absence of the internal carotid artery. DSA image obtained in a patient with bilateral agenesis of the internal carotid artery shows that the
vertebral arteries supply both the anterior and the posterior circulation. (37) Unilateral agenesis of the internal carotid artery. Axial multidetector CT
image of the skull base shows absence of the left carotid canal, a finding indicative of unilateral agenesis. Arrows indicate the normal right carotid
canal. (38) Unilateral agenesis of the internal carotid artery. Three-dimensional reconstruction from MR angiography depicts the basilar artery
supplying the left middle cerebral artery via the left posterior communicating artery (straight arrow). By contrast, the contralateral internal carotid
artery (arrowhead) appears normal. Absence of the A1 segment (curved arrow) is noteworthy.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
96. Bilateral carotid agenesis.
Normal internal carotid arteries are not seen in the carotid
spaces, and no carotid canals are noted on the high
resolution CT scan of the skull base.
The middle cerebral artery arises from the basilar artery
through an enlarged posterior communicating artery.
Images from www.sherlockradiogy.com
97. Hypoplasia of the
Internal Carotid Artery
• Congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid
artery is associated with a small carotid canal
and should not be confused with acquired
causes of diffuse narrowing, such as dissecting
aneurysm, fibromuscular dysplasia, or
segmental stenosis.
• Congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid
artery may be associated with anencephaly and
basal telangiectasia.
RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043
98. References
• Diagnostic and Surgical Imaging Anatomy.
Brain, Head & Neck, Spine / H. Ric
Harnsberger. [et al.] ; managing editor, André J
Macdonald. 1st ed. I: 278-291.
• RadioGraphics 2009; 29:1027–1043 • Simon J.
Dimmick, BPthy, MBBS • Kenneth C. Faulder,
MBBS, FRANZCR. Normal Variants of the
Cerebral Circulation at Multidetector CT
Angiography