Effects Of The Printing Revolution

Effects Of The Printing Revolution
Prior to the printing revolution, Europe was arguably on the same playing field technology wise as
the rest of the world. Religion guided most people's lives and before the 15th century, very few
peasants and Europe's challenged it. The could be said for Europe. The Catholic Church dominated
Europe. The Catholic Church had its control structure throughout Europe silencing those who would
challenge the beliefs of the Catholic church. Along with that the average individuals thought was
limited because the common man didn't have the information to see outside what the church said. In
the 15th century, the printing revolution changed Europe forever, making it resemble more modern
and individualistic as Europe is today. How did the Printing Revolutionize? The Printing Revolution
was a catalyst for the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the Renaissance and the
Reformation by acting as a mechanism for individualism and modernity
Prior to the Printing Revolution, information spread in Europe through people rewriting books and
copying the Bible. Johannes Gutenberg, a German, invented the printing press in 1450s. By 1450,
there were many more printing presses around the world, Italy had (80), Germany (52), France (43).
This small amount of printers would revolutionize Europe going into the next century
The Scientific Revolution began in 1543. "Scientific Revolution refers to historical changes in
thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that
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The Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church
At the dawn of the 16th century, the Catholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the
Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church
started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine
councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any
noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the
Church's rules and the abuses of the Catholic Church continued. As a result of conflict in the
Catholic Church, Western Europe underwent extensive changes in society, in the arts and in politics.
This conflict, the Protestant Reformation, began in 1517 when German Augustinian Friar, Martin
Luther, displayed a list of grievances, now known as the Ninety–Five Theses, against the Catholic
Church. As the reformation spread, other reformers joined the cause: John Calvin, in Geneva, John
Knox in Scotland and Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland. In response to the accusations against the
Church, the church called the Council of Trent in 1545.
In the 16th century, the Church linked "membership" in the Catholic Church with the people's
salvation. The church used the threat of excommunication as a tool to keep followers in line and to
punish those who dared to defy the Church's rules of conduct. The Church taught that only the
Catholic Church alone was instrumental to God and the only link to salvation on Earth. The

History 101 Midterm Study Guide
I.Religion and Politics Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
1.Explain age Discovery and expansion
i.Motives
i.God, gold and glory. ii.Merchants, adventures, and government officials had high hopes of finding
metals and new areas of trade ( access to the spices )
ii.Voyages
i.European increased their resources and turned their energies beyond their boarders ii. Europe
achieved a level of wealth and technology. iii.Maps and the axial rudder allowed more voyages for
Europe
iii.Impact of expansion
i.new cultures as Europeans settled and mixed with native peoples. ii.Gave Europeans a feeling of
superiority over other races. iii.The trade introduced new products to Europe and European products
to peoples around the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
iv.Explain religious tolerance
i.Religious tolerance is the willingness to accept and permit religious beliefs and practices which
disagree with one's own. ii.For individuals, religious tolerance generally means acceptance of other
people's religions without totally agreeing with it. iii.Within a nation or ethnic group, it is
acceptance of the right to hold beliefs that differ from the dominant religion, worship freely
according to these beliefs and attempt to peacefully convince others to convert to that faith.
v.How did religious wars open the doors to secular perspective? vi.Discuss in writing your
understanding of Martin Luther and the rise of Lutheranism.
i.Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin
Luther. ii. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Roman Catholic Church
launched the Protestant Reformation. iii.His main focus was salvation and after becoming a monk
and studying theology iv.He discover another way of viewing his problems, to him humans are
saved not through their good works but though faith in the promise of God, made possible by the
sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.
v.He also believed in two only two sacraments. vi.The Bible is the final source for the truth about
God, not a church or its priests. vii.The Bible is the final source for the truth about God, not a church
or its priests. vii.What role role did John

Counter Reformation Dbq
The development of new ideas and inventions lead to a spread of ideas which resulted in the
protestant reformation and in retaliation to this, the Catholic Church initiated the Counter–
Reformation. The Protestant Reformation began because of rapidly changing views on how the
world works and the introduction of new inventions such as the printing press. As people began to
focus more on the world around them they began expand their view of things. Many scientists
opposed agreed upon ideas such as the Earth being the center of the universe. The Catholic Church
at the time understood this as blasphemy and excommunicated people from the church. This lead to
the creation of protestant denominations. Among the many reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin
are arguably the most known. Martin Luther was not only a reformer but a professor of theology,
composer, priest, and a monk. His belief that freedom from god's punishment could be purchased
with money through indulgences. He strongly believed that this was wrong and against what God
wanted. His ideas and beliefs eventually lead to this excommunication and condemnation as an
outlaw buy the emperor. Luther's beliefs include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Counter–Reformation sought to reform four major elements; ecclesiastical reconfiguration,
religious orders, spiritual movements, and political dimensions. Seminaries for proper training of
priests, returning of orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on
ones devotional life and relationship with Christ. Among these reforms was the Inquisition. The
Inquisition was responsible for the "purifying" of Christians. They were mostly peaceful but were
also known for burning many people at the stake. At times as many as two hundred in one day were
burned under accusations of witchcraft. They aimed to retake areas that had previously been
converted to

The Impacts Of Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther (Nov. 10, 1483– Feb. 18, 1546) was ambitious, stubborn, and strongly opinionated.
He isn't just known as one of the most influential individuals in Christian History, but also as the
individual that started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his 95 Theses, criticizing
the Church's corruption and establishing two beliefs: 1) the bible was "the central religious
authority" and 2) people may "reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds." With these
beliefs, he translated the Bible from Latin to German, printed the first copy in 1534, sold over
100,000 copies of the Bible in 40 years. Martin Luther's actions helped revise the structure of
religion and culture in the Western Hemisphere, influencing other countries such as Switzerland and
England with the establishment of Lutheranism and Calvinism. In the 16th Century, corruption in
the church began to show. There were priests committing adultery, misinterpretations of the Bible,
and popes selling indulgences. There was no way to show the common people how the church was
corrupt because only those that were educated in Latin could interpret the Bible to understand what
deeds committed by religious leaders were wrong. This was disadvantageous to the people because
they had to trust in the pope's interpretations of the Bible instead of their own. Therefore, when
Martin Luther translated the Bible from Latin to German in 1534, distributing over 100,000 copies
all over Europe, he was going

Catholic Church During The Protestant Reformation
The three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant
Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also
known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated
among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. Symptoms include aching of
limbs, high fever, vomiting of blood, and swelling of the lymph nodes. After the lymph nodes
swelled they would then burst quickly followed by death. It was believed by many Christians that
the cause of the plague was God's anger at the sinfulness of mankind. Extreme measures were being
taken to appease this anger. Groups of people known as the Flagenece went through the towns
offering penance trying to make amends for the evil of the world. Due to their extreme approach of
turning their anger on the Jews and priests who did not approve of them, they were suppressed and
condemned by the Pope in 1349. There were questions as to why God was so angry with his people,
and why his servants and leaders in the Church could not appease his anger. In the history of the
church there have been a lot of Abuse of Indulgences. An indulgence can be seen like a certificate of
credit. It is apparent by the Catholic doctrine, when a person has sinned, they can perform various
forms of penance to earn the spiritual 'credit. ' This credit can then be used towards an early release
from Purgatory. The Indulgence had been

Martin Luther And The Roman Catholic Church
In the 16th century, people were unsatisfied and criticized the way the Roman Catholic Church was
dealing with doctrines, education and dealing with behavior. Hearing what people were saying about
the Roman Catholic Church reformers such as Martin Luther, Henry VII, decided to take matters in
their own hands and find a way to reform. Martin Luther was a German professor who then decided
to become a priest in 1507. He was against indulgences in which people believed forgave all sins
that were committed. As a result, Luther wrote "Ninety–five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" to
argue against indulgences, it was argued, "indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament
of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of the
charity in Christian life" (McKay p.381). The Ninety– five Theses were then published in pamphlets
in Latin then translated into German. A new invention that was made to help spread Martin Luther's
Ninety–five Theses was the Gutenberg's Printing Press. People agreed and believed in Luther, but
others had a different approach and pushed for Luther to give up on his new belief. Luther gained
followers who were referred to as Protestants. Luther's belief persuaded more reformers to take
action. The Reformation continued the next step for Martin Luther was he wanted to get support
from German princes and gained their support. The German peasants were inspired by Martin
Luther who put their faith and trust to

The Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant...
The Counter–Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation
set in motion by Martin Luther. It was a period of revival for Catholicism stemming from the
Council of Trent. The Council was established to address the numerous issues disputed by
Protestantism, defining and reforming Church teachings, doctrine, and structure. Catholicism and
Protestantism were also divided regarding the visual arts. The Protestant Reformation promoted
iconoclasm, calling for the removal and destruction of religious images. Idolatry, the worshiping of
an image or physical object as God, was prohibited. In response, the Catholic Church called for
greater production of religious art, becoming the most prominent patron. These new artworks were
meant to glorify God and assert the authority of the Catholic Church. Caravaggio's The Conversion
of Saul [Saint Paul] (c. 1601) is one example of such artworks. Depicted in the oil painting is Saul
of Tarsus, who will become Saint Paul, on the ground after falling from his horse. Saul is blinded by
the light and succumbs to the voice of God. The figure of Saul pours forward into the space, creating
a diagonal composition extending the image outward to the viewer. His arms reach out to shield
himself from the horse that towers above him. The power of the horse is threatening, arrested in
motion as if about to stomp on the fallen Saul. Characteristic of Caravaggio is the intense contrast
between light and dark or

The Protestant Reform Movements On The European Continent...
Following the Evangelical reform movements on the European continent against the Roman
Catholic Church, England also experienced its own reform movements and reformists. During the
fifteenth century and the early sixteenth century, the English monarchy was Catholic, and thus
opposed to reform, prosecuting evangelicals as heretics. In the first half of the reign of Henry VIII,
the second Tudor monarch, this pattern continued under the administration of Cardinal Thomas
Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, and later with Sir Thomas More in that same office (Marshall 31).
However, in 1526, Henry VIII was in love with Anne Boleyn, and the delay of Pope Clement VII to
grant him an annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon set in motion the events ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite at the time reassuring Katherine, saying, "if it is a daughter this time, by the grace of God,
boys will follow. We are both still young," Henry later revealed he had had his doubts that his
marriage to Katherine was valid (Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII 119). Sons were crucial in
achieving a peaceful succession in Henry's mind, since England had just emerged from the War of
the Roses, a civil war between the royal houses of Lancaster and York, when Henry VII, Henry
VIII's father, took the English throne in 1485.
Henry was very Catholic in his religious beliefs and well versed in Scripture, producing a work with
the aid of Richard Pace, Thomas More, and Bishop John Fisher in 1521 against Martin Luther
entitled Assertio Septem Sacramentorum adversus Martinus Lutherus (A Defense of the Seven
Sacraments against Martin Luther) which earned him the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith)
from Pope Leo X (Weir, Henry VIII: The King and His Court 231). Henry in this work takes the
Pope's authority for granted, stating that he would "not wrong the Bishop of Rome so much, as
troublesomely, or carefully to dispute his Right, as if it were a matter doubtful.... For he [Luther]
cannot deny, but that all the Faithful honour and acknowledge the sacred Roman See for their
Mother and Supreme..." (Henry VIII 202), revealing that at the time of writing the

Protestant Reformation: The Lies And Flaws Of The Catholic...
The Protestant Reformation, beginning in 1517, started by Martin Luther in which he opened
various debates about the lies and flaws of the Catholic Church mainly how they selfishly and
knowingly sold indulgences to people guaranteeing them forgiveness and eternal life for lots of
money. Luther knew the Church was just in it for the money and quickly exposed them. On October
31st, 1517, Martin Luther would later on paste the 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg church,
which was a list of 95 flaws of the Catholic Church surrounding the indulgences. This was the
official beginning of the Protestant Reformation and would overall aim to correct the problems of
the Catholic Church and spark a centuries worth of religious civil war. As said before,

The Church Of The Desert Summary
1) Where and what was "The Church of the Desert"?
Officially, there were no more Protestant left in France after the Edict of Fontainebleau. During this
time Protestant religious practice was banned in France, service were held in secret ("Church of the
Desert" meetings) in many parts of the country. Many who had been outwardly converted held fast
to their faith. And those that had denied their faith now returned to the desert church out in open
fields or clearing in the woods for Protestant worship because they lack a church building. The
king's agent were unable to stamp out the Christian of the desert, as the Huguenots now call
themselves. (Gonzalez.189)
2) How did the 13 Colonies receive the church?
In the beginning of the 13 colonies receiving

The Protestant Reformation : Causes And Conflicts Against...
The Protestant Reformation began on October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther proposed 95 Theses
and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. This label, "Protestant Reformation", generally
refers to a series of theological revolts against the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation can be
broken down into four different subcategories, all which have their own personalities and slightly
differ in beliefs which is why it is best to looks at each these divisions separately to best capture
their intentions. The epitome of Protestant theology and what set it apart from the Catholicism can
be described best with five essential doctrines. First is sola scriptua (scripture alone). This asserts
that Christian Scriptures are the highest, most supreme authority on all matters. Second is sola fides
(faith alone) which states that believers are justified in Christ by faith and not by their works or by
following of Law. Third is sola gratia (grace alone); believers are saved by God's grace which He
gives freely to the faithful. According the this doctrine, doing good works will not help you attain
salvation. Fourth is solos christus (Christ alone) which says that salvation can only be found in Jesus
Christ. Last is soli doe gloria (For the glory of God alone); believers are to give glory to God, and
only God. Protestants and Catholics also differ in the sacraments that they recognize; sacraments
are, "outward signs of inward grace, instituted by Christ for our sanctification"

Protestant Reformation And The Reformation
HI 101
Essay 3
Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important
schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety–Five Theses
on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in
1648. The Reformation was a religious movement triggered by the rise of humanism during the
Renaissance and the general corruption of the Roman Catholic Church that eventually led to the
break out of wars of religions all over the Europe. Among all the causes of the Protestant
Reformation during 16th and 17th century, Renaissance played a very important role of sparking
questions and challenges against the Catholic Church. Renaissance humanism was the study of
classic Latin and Greek literatures and philosophies, attempting to restore ancient morals and that
emphasized the value of human beings. Similarly, Martin Luther sought to restore Christianity back
to as it was in the apostolic church in which he believed that everything God required of us laid in
the Scripture. Also, the strike of the Black Death during the 14th century had made people grow
suspicious of the divine salvation as it killed millions of innocent. Because of the Black Death, there
was a severe shortage of clergies in Europe and many of them were poorly trained. Consequently,
church and church teachings became less relevant to people's daily lives that people switched their
focus onto the simple

Differences Of The Protestant Church And The Roman...
During the Reformation, Martin Luther found problems within the Roman Catholic Church and
decided that he no longer desired to follow their ways. As a follower of Christ, he instead turned to
the Bible to rediscover truths that the Church had twisted. Now, because of Luther's then radical
ideology, we have two different bodies of Christ: the Protestant Church and the Roman Catholic
Church. Today, there are many differences between them concerning fundamental beliefs and how
the church should operate.
One difference between Protestants and Catholics is where they get their teachings from. Protestants
focus only on the Bible. They believe that it is the only source of information about who God is and
what He has done. They only use the Bible for the foundations of their faith and for how to live out
your faith in your daily life. From the Hebrew Bible of twenty–four books, Protestants made thirty–
nine books with the exact same information. The Catholic Bible includes several more books that
are derived from another Hebrew canon called the Septuagint. During the Reformation, the
Protestants decided that these books shouldn't be in the Christian Bible because they aren't in the
Hebrew Bible, but the Catholic Church disagreed. Secondly, Protestants differ from Catholics
because Christianity splits into many denominations, whereas Catholics have no denominations.
They are all one Church, under the Pope, sharing the same beliefs in every Catholic church. Even
though Protestants

The Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay
The Protestant Reformation
Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church.
The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the
16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther's '95 theses' which were a list of 95
criticisms towards the church. The Reformation formed another branch of Christianity called
Protestantism which is comprised of many different Christian denominations including Anglican,
Presbyterian, and Lutheran. The Protestant Reformation is considered a vital part of the Christian
Church's history and in order to explain why, this essay will look at three key parts of the
reformation: the events which lead to Luther nailing his 95 theses on the door of the church, the
event itself, and the consequences on the Catholic Church, the Protestant Church, and Western
Society.
The first cause that I am going to talk about is the corruption that was going on within the Catholic
Church which led Martin Luther to write his 95 theses. In order to understand why people did what
they did, one must understand that everyone was religious and no one assumed that it might be
possible that what they were taught was wrong, heaven was up above and this was why the churches
were built tall, in order to be closer to heaven and god. Hell was below and was for the sinners; and
the in–between state of Purgatory, for people who didn't deserve either. Purgatory was considered a
place of

The Roman Catholic Church And The Protestant Reformation
There are many different denominations of Christianity in the world today including the Anglican
Church, Orthodox Church, Catholicism, and Episcopal for example. Nonetheless, in the early 1500s,
Catholicism was the predominant denomination. An argument that often comes up against the
validity of Christianity is the actions of the Catholic church in the era prior to the Protestant
Reformation. To quote Jesus Christ, "...build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail
against it." (Matthew 16:18). Many will interpret this as a broken promise when you consider
Catholicism the church, which easily fell into serious error. However, even prior to the Protestant
Reformation, the Catholic church was not the only church. The Catholic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People were forced to pay for such things as pay for their children's christening, pay for sacred
ground for burials, and pay for marriage ceremonies. In addition to this, people were forced to give a
tithe to the church, which amounts to a tenth of their annual income and had to work on church land
certain days of the week. Heretics or people who denied the church were severely punished, with
such things as public burnings. The Vatican officially sanctioned relics, things often thought to be
holy, and by donating money to them or purchasing them one would become much holier. These
relics were often ridiculous, with such things as torn pieces of clothing or even tears of Jesus
himself. There was also indulgences for sale, essentially pardons sold to forgive the buyer of sins.
Indulgences were originally rewards for people who fought in the crusades, but it was a way to
make sure that one or someone's deceased family member made it into heaven. Finally, they had
pilgrimages, where a person would be required to journey to a holy site, pay for such things as holy
water and certificates as proof of the journey. In 1517 when Luther published the 95 Theses, he was
speaking out directly against the Catholic church and was risking not only public punishment (being
burned alive) but eternal damnation. Martin Luther changed the course of Catholicism,
revolutionized Christianity,

Protestants Were The Victims Of The Catholic Church 's...
Protestants were the victims of the Catholic Church's persecution during the Reformation. Even
while Protestants were fighting their own persecution, some Protestants were persecuting others
who wanted the same freedom to practice their own religions. The Anabaptists were one group who
suffered the persecution of both the Catholic Church and fellow Protestants. Pacifism, as well as
martyrdom were two elements of Anabaptism that appealed to females because these elements
fostered opportunities towards equality and the blending of gender norms through their practice of
pacifism.
Protestant leaders such as Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli enabled the Anabaptists and other sects
to challenge Catholic beliefs. Early leaders of the Anabaptists formed their distinct beliefs just as
Luther and Zwingli did, however the Anabaptist ideas were not considered the correct beliefs, which
resulted in their persecution. The primary reason Anabaptist beliefs were not considered correct by
other groups was due to their rejection of the state churches. This reflected their rejection of
hierarchy in churches and opposition to ritual. Adult baptism was the Anabaptist's defining
characteristic because not only was infant baptism invalid, but it was also linked to the state
churches. The tension stemming from the differences between mainstream Protestantism and radical
Protestant sects such as the Anabaptists led to widespread persecution throughout Europe. Unlike
most persecuted

Protestant Reformation: The Church In The 16th Century
The Church had lost much of its loyalty , many people were starting to join the protestant
reformation because of what The Church had previously done such as, selling indulgences. Which
was one of the main reasons that people started to lose faith in The Church. Accordingly the Church
had to defend its faith in the 16th century from the protestant reformation. The Church made
multiple attempts to reestablish its faith. The Church Established new religious orders and, made
attempts such as The Council of Trent. The attempts were not successful because of what the
protestant reformers did as a response. The attempts that The Church made to stop the Protestant
Reformation was called The Counter Reformation. One of the attempts that The

The Protestant Reformation Of The Western Church During...
The Protestant Reformation was the religious revolution that took place in the Western church
during the 16th century and was initially aimed at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman
Catholic Church. Western Christianity was developed in the areas of the former
Western Roman Empire and consisted of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church, the
Waldensians, and Hussites, along with a wide variety of Protestant denominations, that include
Anglicanism, Anabaptism, Calvinism, and Lutheranism. This movement is said to have been
sparked by Martin Luther in 1517 and resulted in the split of Western Christianity.
During the Reformation, Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk
who was a very significant and influential figure. Luther's teachings state that redemption and
eternal life after death are not earned by the good deeds performed throughout your life. Instead,
salvation is only received as a gift of God's grace through how strong one's faith is in Jesus Christ as
redeemer from sin. This theology he believed in challenged the authority of the church and Pope by
teaching that the Bible is the only source of knowledge from
God. Luther also openly "opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy
priesthood." Sacerdotalism is the belief that propitiatory sacrifices for sin require the
2
intervention of a priest along with the belief that a special order of men, called the Levitical
Priesthood, are the only

The Protestant Reformation Essay
The intent of this paper is to evaluate the distinct character and quality of the expressions of the
Protestant Reformation. This paper will discuss Lutheran Reformation, The Anabaptist, and The
English Puritans as well as the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. It is
the hope that after the reader has had the opportunity to view each of the characteristics and the
expressions of each of the reformation the reader will have a better understanding of each and will
be able to articulate the differences of each.
The Protestant Reformation called the Protestant Revolt and known too many as The Reformation.
This movement was the European Christian reform movement this was the beginning of
Protestantism the branch of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Written in his theses was the debate and criticism of the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope.
Luther concentrated upon the selling of indulgences, which are extra–sacrament remission of the
temporal punishment due in God's justice, to sin that has been forgiven, which remission is granted
by the Church in the exercise of the power of the keys (Knight 1993, 2009) the indulgences replaced
the severe penances of the early church. The theses also included the debate of doctrine policies
about purgatory, judgment, devotion to Mary the Mother of Jesus, the intercession of and devotion
to the saints and the authority of the Pope there are others that were not mention in this paper. The
Lutheran Reformation is particularly associated with the German territories and the pervasive
personal influence of one charismatic individual Martin Luther. Luther's concern was the doctrine of
justification, which formed his central point of his religious thoughts. The Lutheran Reformation
was initially an academic movement, concerned primarily with reforming the teaching of theology
at the University of Wittenberg (McGrath 2007). The Lutheran began in 1822 this happen after
Luther's return to Wittenberg from his enforced isolation in Wartburg. Luther was condemned for
"false doctrine" by the Diet of Worms in 1512 (Noll 2000). The

Protestant Reformation: Great Schism From The Roman...
Prof. Andrea Donovan
Humanities 252
5 May 2016
Protestant Reformation and Literature "For in the true nature of things, if we rightly consider, every
green tree is far more glorious than if it were made of gold and silver." Martin Luther. The Protestant
Reformation was a great schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther. He
was widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with his 1517 work "The Ninety–Five
Theses" in which he began by criticizing the selling of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no
authority over purgatory and that Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no further
foundation in the Gospel. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal
changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide. The central drive behind these changes was theological,
though many others factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that
eroded people's faith in the Papacy, the impact of humanism and the new learning of the
Renaissance which questioned much of traditional thought. Many humanist were churchmen, most
notably Pope Sixtus IV, and Leo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concentrating on the values, beliefs, and behavior of the people during this time. She found, "in
contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as the vast cultural upheaval, a social and
popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity." The Reformation was a triumph of
literacy and the new printing press. Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive
moment in the spread of literacy, as well stimulating printing and distribution of the religious books
and pamphlets. John Calvin was a French theologian and pastor during this time, he published his
first edition of his "institutes of the Christian Religion. His work was an apologia of his faith and a
statement of the doctrinal position of the

Protestant Reformation Dbq Essay
1. The Protestant Reformation affected England the reign of Henry VIII in a plethora of ways. The
Protestant Reformation was a huge European movement in the 16th century intended to change the
beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. (The Protestant Reformation) Henry VIII wanted to make the
land and tax money belong to the Church of England. (Sergi notes) If the money and land belonged
to the church, the church would overrule England and all the citizens would probably be forced to be
Catholic and not have a choice of religion since that is what Henry VII wanted. One other way the
Protestant Reformation affected the reign of Henry VIII is it separated the church and state in
England. In other words, the church no longer owned the land and tax

Descriptive Essay On The Abu Bbakr Temple
The temple that we visited was the Abu Bakr Mosque, a Sunni temple, and the largest Islamic
Mosque in the state of Colorado. The temple can accommodate up to 3,000 people at its maximum.
Abu Bakr is a part of the Colorado Muslim Society and is the first masjid in Colorado after the
building was purchased in 1974 and relocated to its current location. My first impression of the
masjid was that it did not seem like a religious building at first sight. Because of the simple masonry
of the exterior, I would have assumed that it was a school or office building. I originally expected
more windows and more of a radial pattern of the site. Everyone that I encountered outside of the
temple was friendly and wanted to interact and teach me more about about Islam. One man in the
multicultural room of the temple said that he couldn't distinguish if I was muslim or not because I
had the traditional head scarf on as well as being covered to my wrists and ankles. He said that I was
very respectful by dressing conservatively. The people seemed more conservative with the
separation of the sexes and with the timeliness of the prayer, but we were told that we were
completely separated to eliminate distraction for both men and women, and the exact timing of the
prayer helped because it was a Saturday, and it was easier for the attendants to be more on time.
They are also very understanding of schedules because the masjid is open all day to accommodate
everyone. The community was very

Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church Essay
Chloe Cooper Mrs. Trahan English 10, 1st period 10 November 2016 Catholic vs Protestant
Throughout history, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church have developed similarities
and differences among their religions. Because they are both a major part of history they're both
equally important. The most important thing is knowing facts about our history and major events
that occurred. Catholicism and Protestantism are both two very different religions that have different
opinions. While Catholics use statues and paintings as a sign of inspiration Protestants did not
permit them. Another key difference was Catholics believed that the Pope should have the authority
while Protestants did not. While Catholic believed that Sunday was the only day of worship and was
a personal sacrifice during lent Protestants thought it too should be Sunday but believed in other
days if treated with the same amount of worship. While in church Catholics believed that if they
confess their sins it goes straight to God through the priest while Protestants believed it went to God
through Jesus. Catholics also consider Mary an intercessor of God and that you could pray to her.
Protestants believed that besides being the mother of Jesus she was just another simple human
(Catholics vs Protestants.) The magisterium was also a major part to the Catholics but not the
Protestants. To the Catholics it provided a trusted voice and allowed church officials to make
announcements on issues. Also a

Significant Differences Between The Protestant Church And...
The Protestant Church originated in Rome during the Protestant Reformation. The In the 16th–
century religious, political, intellectual and cultural out break through the Protestant Reformation
went against Catholic Europe. It helped settle different type of belief. The Protestant Church was
established because people believed that the Catholic Church had errors. The Catholic Church also
originated in Rome. The Catholic Church has an authoritative leadership. The pope is the most
powerful person in this church. Lower than the pope there are bishops and priests. There are two
significant differences between the 16th century Protestant religious doctrines and the doctrines of
the Catholic Church. The two significant differences are their justification and authority. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rosario) Protestant good works and belief gets you justified in God's eyes. Martin Luther started
the movement of justification by peace. Since Martin Luther never could find serenity, he became
over–whelmed with his sense of guilt. Despite all the good he has done he didn't feel sanctified.
Catholic you get justified by grace alone through faith". (GotQuestions) The Catholic Church views
"justification as a process, dependent on the grace you receive by participating in the Church".
(Rosario) In Catholicism justification is the cleansing of a person's sins. Through God's grace and
their faith in Jesus Christ they would be able to be "born again" through baptism. They believe that
everyone has inherited sin from Adam and Eve. Through Adam and Eve sinning they created a wall
of that mankind had to pass through. This wall separated God and man. Since God is graceful he is
willing to breakdown the wall through

The Protestant Reformers And The Catholic Church
Introduction
Although the Protestant Reformers (i.e., Luther, and Zwingli) challenged the Roman Catholic
Church to return to Scripture as the primary source of Christian theology, members of other groups
believed Luther and Zwingli failed to include the New Testament teachings on the difference
between the church and society. As a result, a group of Protestant radicals led by Georg Blaurock
and Conrad Grebel founded a new congregation that became known as the Anabaptist. The split
occurred when the radicals could not convince Zwingli to agree with their views on the connection
between the civic community and the religious community. Consequently, the Anabaptist and later
the Mennonites expanded on the Protestant Reformation. In ... Show more content on
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. . so that no one who is in the state of grace . . . can be lawfully hindered therefrom". In regards to
confessions, Canon 21 of the Fourth Lateran Council stated that, "Every Christian who has reached
years of discretion to confess all his or her sins at least once a year to his or her own priest".
Moreover, On December 8, 1854 on the Feast of the Conception, Pope Pius IX declared that, "The
most blessed Virgin Mary . . . by a special grace and privilege of Almighty God . . . was preserved
immaculate from all stain of original sin". The Pope's motive for declaring the Blessed Virgin Mary
immaculate was to assure blessing for the Church. Specifically, Pope Pius IX believed the Blessed
Virgin Mary was the way to salvation. He stated, "the whole ground of our confidence is placed in
the most holy Virgin . . . if there be any grace, if there be any salvation we must receive it solely
from her". Furthermore, all Catholics were required to understand and believe in the teachings of the
church, accept the supreme authority of the church and develop his or her inner life. In other words,
it was required that devout Catholics adhere to all decrees issued by ecumenical councils.
Accordingly, at the Fourth Lateran Council the Catholic Church the following decrees were issued.
1) The Catholic Church is the one universal church and no one outside of the church can be saved,
2) Jesus' body and blood is contained in the sacraments, 3) Only ordained

Protestant Reformation And Moral Decay Of The Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, while being the oldest institution in the western world, was also at one point
one of the most corrupt and immoral institutes of the time. The early sixteenth century was an age of
culture and art, with the Renaissance in full swing and countries such as Spain and Portugal
exploring the world's seas and finding new trade routes. However, the Protestant Reformation was a
major blow to the power of the Church and papacy. This reformation occurred due to the
institutional and moral decay of the Catholic Church through problems such as the extremely
controversial Pope Alexander VI, priestly greed, depravity in the clergy, and a universal fear of the
power that the current reigning pope held. This all led to many individuals ... Show more content on
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The level of depravity in the clergy was also astounding, from inappropriate behavior to lust, the
clergy did not have the same values as they once had when the church was created. This of course
led to most of the common people to question what kind of an institution they were supporting and
if these people were truly following gods word or simply claiming to. By far one of the greatest
leading causes of institutional decay in the Catholic church was due the reigning pope of the time: "
[...] a derivative of the universal belief that whoever wore the tiara could, at his pleasure, determine
how each individual would spend his afterlife" (92). This led to a type of fear mongering in which
the average person would have an extreme fear of the power that the pope held and therefore never
question the papacy. This of course led to depravity working its way into the church because no one
would ever dare speak against the church and point out the corruptness occurring. Similarly: "The
pope, he said, had more power than all the apostles, all the angels and saints, more even than the
Virgin Mary herself, for these were all subjects of Christ, but the Pope was equal to Christ"

Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation Essay
Most common historical writers would mark the date, October thirty–first, 1517, as the initial rise of
early reform movements. It was the day Martin Luther had encrypted his floating thoughts of early
reformation onto paper, with the help of the printing press. Many others before Martin had
speculation of somewhat of a reform, but didn't have the courage to go up against the authoritative
Church. Martin and his actions had officially sparked the revolution, and the start of European
Reformation. But Martins actions would end up transforming the world indefinitely. Successors of
the Roman Church would end up finding themselves on a boat destine for the new world. He
galvanized the migration of many Europeans, hoping to evade harsh persecution. Not only did
Martin set the stage for early reform of religion, he also opened the doors of westward expansion
and economic growth.
The reformation had completely redirected religion and its viewpoints for eternity. The protestant
reformation had empowered several others along the side of Martin Luther, to apostatize from the
powerful Roman Catholic Church, and revolutionize what we call religion. Martin Luther was an
average citizen in the Roman Empire, all until a life changing event had taken place. By the strike of
a lightning bolt near Martin on his way home one day, he began to believe that God was judging him
by his actions, also known as sins. Along with believing this, Martin had chosen to become a monk
in 1505, hoping it would

Vincent Willem Van Gogh Of The Protestant Church
Vincent Willem Van Gogh was born to Anna Cornelia Carbentus and Reverend Theodorus van Gogh
of the protestant church on March 30th, 1853. Exactly a year to the date after their first child was
stillborn. Biographers speculate that being the replacement child of his brother, who Vincent was the
namesake of, could have added to his psychological trauma. There however is no historical evidence
of this being factual. While not is known much about Vincent, we do know that he was a quiet child
and spent little to no time in the arts that would one day make him famous. In his adolescence
Vincent had attended multiple schools, including a boarding school in Zevenbergen for two years
and then went on to attend the King Willem II secondary school in Tilburg for two more years. By
the time Vincent was 15 he had left his studies for good. After leaving his studies, Vincent acquired
a job at Goupil & Cie., a firm of art dealers in The Hague, in 1869. Many of the people in Vincents
family worked at Goupil & Cie., including two of his uncles and later his brother Theo. Vincent
thoroughly enjoyed his job as an art dealer, and stayed in the Netherlands branch for seven years,
and was even transferred to the London branch of the firm. By 1875 Vincent was transferred to the
Paris branch of Goupil & Cie., Vincent soon grew tired of dealing paintings and by March of the
next year he had left the firm and returned to England. In April of that year he began teaching at a
school in Ramsgate where

Differences Between Luther And Philip Melanchthon
Martin Luther (1483–1546) – Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian whose initial
concern with the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation.
He was a prolific writer and his theology challenged many of the accepted traditions of the church,
perhaps most importantly his doctrine of "justification by faith," affirming that human faith and
justification are not works of their own hands, but gifts from God.
Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560) – Philipp Melanchthon was a follower and colleague of Martin
Luther that played a vital role in the development of Lutheranism during the Reformation. He was a
primary author of the Augsburg Confession and promoted many of Luther's ideas. After Luther died
he became the primary authority of Lutheran theology and his book Loci theologici became the
primary source for theological study for Lutherans. The differences between his theology and that of
Luther's caused a split between the Philippists that would follow him, and the strict Lutherans who
accused him of deviating too much from Luther's theology.
John Calvin (1509–1564) – Rather than attempting to become a leading reformer, John Calvin
sought simply to study Scripture and to write about it. Calvin's greatest contribution to Christianity
was perhaps the way he systematized the Protestant theology during the sixteenth century. One of
the ways in which Calvin provided that systematized theology was through his manual Institutes of
the

What Do These Pictures Of The Pazzi Chapel?
What do these pictures of the Pazzi Chapel (exterior and interior) suggest to you about the core
ideas/beliefs of the Italian Renaissance? The Pazzi Chapel epitomizes the Italian Renaissance's core
beliefs of humanism, individualism, and the salience of religion. The first thing that people will
notice about the chapel is its unique dimensions. The Pazzi Chapel is comparatively small to the
Gothic cathedrals that were designed in the Middle Ages. This emphasizes the Renaissance belief of
humanism. Humanism is the rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts as well as the belief that human
beings have the potential and capacity to succeed. By molding the chapel to be relatively small to
Gothic cathedrals, Brunelleschi created an environment in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moreover, the Pazzi Chapel also represented the rediscovery of Greek and Roman methods of
architecture, another aspect of humanism. For example, the dome, as well as the arches inside the
chapel, are taken from Roman architecture. The façade of the chapel imitates arches such as the
Arch of Constantine. Furthermore, the columns inside the chapel represent Greek Corinthian
columns, with their elaborate, but symmetrical designs. A famous painting by Raphael, The School
of Athens, represents a similar aspect of humanism. The School of Athens depicts all of the greatest
mathematicians, artists, and scientists gathering to share ideas while learning from one another. This
illustrates that the Renaissance rebirth was of not only arts, but of education too. In his painting,
Raphael borrowed Greek ideas and incorporated the importance of education, suggesting the
resurgence of classical literatures, another aspect of the central belief of humanism. Furthermore, the
Pazzi Chapel, with its smaller size, also conveys another central belief of the Renaissance–
individualism. Individualism is the celebration of the individual and this is

The Invention Of The Printing Press
The printing press, a simple invention compared to the technology we have today, however, it was a
huge stepping stone to getting to the technology today. The printing press represents the spread of
information and knowledge. There were two major effects of the printing press. These two effects
were the exploration of the Americas and the Protestant Reformation. Exploration was Colombus
and his explorers "discovering" America. The printing press had great influence on these events. The
Protestant Reformation was also shaped by the printing press, in some cases more than exploration.
The Protestant Reformation, or more simply, The Reformation, was a mass conversion of people
from the Catholic Church to the Protestant Church. The citizens of Europe started to access more
information and the opinions of people that were questioning the Catholic Church's authority. The
people started to convert to the Protestant Church, as they gained secularism. The Reformation and
exploration are different reflections of the same source, the spread of information through the
printing press. However, one reflection shines brighter than the other, this is the reflection of the
Protestant Reformation.
The Reformation was a mass realization made by many people of the Catholic church. These people
began to learn about the world from information gained from the printing press. As shown in
documents A B and C, the Protestant Reformation was shaped by the printing press. Document A
shows the

Individualism In America Case Study
1) What influence, if any, do you feel Protestant individualism has had on American social and
political life?
The influence that Protestant individualism has had on American social and political life is freedom.
As the freedom, that Protestant individualism brought was all thanks to the printing press. For
example, the congregations of the Catholic Church had no opportunity to decipher the Bible for
themselves because they did not have the technology to make many copies. However, once the
printer was invented every individual had the opportunity to read the Bible. Consequently, this
enabled people the freedom to interpret the Bible for their selves, which meant they no longer had to
be dependent on the pope or priests anymore. As a result, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
What the broadcast of "America's Changing Religious Landscape" contributed to my understanding
of Protestantism in contemporary America was that Protestantism dominated America through 1607
to 1955. That Protestantism began to diminish once the Vietnam War started as new political
movements occurred in the 1960s. There were drastic changes as little girls in bikinis were getting
baptized and worship teams being changed into rock bands. In addition, despite the fact that
Protestantism is declining in America it will not disappear from the world as 23,000 Africans
convert to Christianity every day.
3.) What were some of the major theological issues that led to the formation of Protestantism? What
led to the formation of Protestantism was the corruption within the Catholic Church. As people were
held in bondage as they feared that they would be condemned to hell for eternity if they disobeyed
the Catholics Church. However, the theological issues that led to the formation of Protestantism
were the teachings of the Catholic Church. For example, Protestant reformers believed that the
scriptures within the Bible should be the authority in the church, not the pope. In addition, the
Protestant reformers asserted that God was merciful and that you did not have to earn your way to
heaven through your

Observation Of The Protestant Church
The first picture shows a church that is full of paintings and sculptures, this is a photo of the
Catholic Church. In the Catholic Church they worshiped relics and used many statues and other
pieces of art. Along with the use of relics, the Catholic Church used the bible to teach and preach
about God, whereas the protestant Church did not. The second picture is of a church that is mostly
empty, this shows the protestant church, because they did not use relics and they focused on their
relations with god. In the Protestant Church as seen in the image, relics were not worshiped.
Protestants believed that they should not worship relics because they thought that if they did
worship relics that they would end up worshiping the object and not God.

Why Was Martin Luther The Main Influencer Of The...
Martin Luther was the main influencer of the protestant church. All of the ideas of the protestant
church were influenced by the reformer, Martin Luther. The Catholic Church was in complete
corruption before Martin Luther started to question the ideas of the pope. Martin Luther reformed
the Catholic Church and created principles that are the basis for all protestant churches. Martin
Luther once said: "If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write." Martin Luther saw
a need for reformation within the Catholic Church, and he took action. Throughout his life, he
demonstrated many examples of the five solas: scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone, Christ
alone, and for the glory of God alone. To start off, Luther demonstrated many examples in his life of
scripture being the only basis for truth. First, when being held in trial for changing the principles of
the Catholic Church, he told the jury that he would not recant his '95 Theses' unless scripture proved
him wrong. He also argued that the pope and Catholic Church twisted the truth in the Bible, but
scripture was the only truth to follow. John 17:17 (NIV) tells us, "Sanctify them by the truth; Your
word is truth". Furthermore, since Luther strongly believed that scripture was the base for truth, he
translated the Bible into German! He wanted all of the people to be able to read and understand
scripture. "He said to them, 'Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation'" (Mark
16:15, NIV).

Martin Luther And His Influence On The Luther 's ' Burned...
I could write a 20 page biography on Luther, however, that's quite boring. I was more admired by
his motivation and conviction. After researching, I was right about his passion, but more so his
profound effect created a movement that essentially "burned a hole through Europe". This paper will
give a brief introduction into Luther and then show the impact Luther had socially, religiously, and
globally. In addition, an attempt to share a few things I have learned in class and read in the
textbook, including some online, scholarly sources. Luther was born into a poor, peasant German
family where he was taught to pray to God and to respect the church and the priests.Becoming a
monk, he entered a monastery at Erfurt in 1505. As a monk, Luther's ... Show more content on
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While a monk, Luther continued his studies and in 1507. He was appointed to the priesthood and
celebrated his first mass. In 1511, he was sent to Wittenberg to be the professor of Bible at the newly
formed university there, and, in the same year, he received his doctor of theology degree. He began
to lecture in the vernacular on the books and the Bible and realized to study the Bible in the original
languages, therefore his translation of the Bible. Luther began to see the truth of justification
through faith in Jesus alone. Due to his translation from Latin to German, the spread of his word was
more efficient. Along with his translation, by the early 1520s, Luther had attracted a mass following
while the invention of the printing press gave wealth to his message and reputation across Germany.
Although, he had passed away 20 years later, there is plenty of evidence of how popular his
movement. But historians ask why was his word so popular and how did his word change his
surroundings. Historians say that the people were prepared for the message Luther delivered. They
say that it was bound to happen eventually and it happened to be Luther. It was simply a matter of
Luther appearing at the right time and place? Perhaps. Since the 15th century there had been a
growing resentment against clerical privilege. The clergy paid no taxes and were exempt from
responsibilities that exponentially fell on the shoulders of the people. Adding to this simple

The Reformation Was the Rejection of the Secular Spirit of...
Contrary to the Middle Ages, when the afterlife and glorifying God was the primary focus, the
Renaissance concentrated increasingly on the present day, demonstrating a more secular philosophy.
Humanism developed, making human beings, and not God, the center of attention. People not longer
considered their lives solely as a preparation for the afterlife, but instead gave them actual value.
The church's authority fused with that of the state, resulting in a monopolized power greatly
influenced by religion. The rejection of the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in
the varying art themes of the Reformation. The Reformation rejected the secular spirit that had
developed during the Italian Renaissance and replaced it with a ... Show more content on
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Since Protestantism was not only a religion but a way of life, and since priests and other clergy
members were no longer as necessary in religion, in many countries the state and the church began
to fuse, and formed a single, all powerful rule. As a result, many Protestant
countries' sole authority was at once the state and religion. Although during the Renaissance state
rulers were religious, there had always remained two separate powers. By unifying the two, there
was no longer a relatively secular authority. The state monopolized the power and made it a
religious one.
Differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Reformation can be seen in art. Renaissance art
exhibited a secular spirit. Artists, for the first time since the antiquity, painted secular themes. The
human body was portrayed as being beautiful in its nature and glorified humans, rather then God.
Art was dynamic and vivacious, often seeming as though it was in movement. This portrayal both
was a reaction to the iconographic God worshipping art of the Middle Ages, and caused a reaction in
Protestants, resulting in their more conservative style. Nude bodies, often seen in Italian
Renaissance paintings and sculptures, are never seen in those of the Protestants. Their religious
beliefs and way of life, in many ways countering that of the

The Protestant Reformation: Break Down Of Authority And...
The protestant Reformation was Break down of authority and power of catholic church.Martin
luther put 95 thesis on the church about what they did wrong and people agreed with him then they
all were in war against each other.It effected Europe because of the war against cotholics and
protestants.Europe grows richer because of the church people still give them money to forgive
them.It is untable because of the war between the people.The monarchs are doing there best to get
there power back and people to listen to them.Monarchs incease there power by more taxes which
means more taxes more soldiers and that means bigger army and feel more safe.The monarchs
respond to god and hope he does something good.An absolute monarch have good clothes and

Italian Baroque And The Protestant Baroque Styles
The Baroque era spans a period of 150 years. During this time, baroque art had four distinct styles. I
plan to focus on the Italian Baroque and the Protestant Baroque styles. While these styles share
some similarities, they are also very different. The Italian Baroque style is often ornate and focused
on religion with an emphasis on the need for the church's guidance. The Protestant Baroque style is
plain with no obvious religious messages and less need for guidance from the church. Both styles
contain many amazing pieces of artwork, but I plan to focus on Bernini's Baldacchino and Vermeer's
Woman Holding a Balance.
The Italian Baroque style of art was established by the Catholic Church to bring individuals focus
back to the church. This is also known as Counter Reformation. The artwork was often very
elaborate, large in scale, showed movement and contained religious objects that glorified the
Catholic Church (Armstrong). Another trademark of this time was the ability of the artwork to evoke
emotions (Hollander). It was their attempt to show people they must lean on the church to be
successful. If there is one piece of art that displays all of these characteristics perfectly, it is the
Baldacchino by Bernini. This is a magnificent piece that one could stare at for hours and probably
not take in all of the details. The scale of the Baldacchino is enormous. The Baldacchino is located
in St. Peter's Basilica and made of bronze and stands ninety–three feet high

Effects Of The Printing Revolution

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